TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS"

Coral Welch
5 years ago
Views:

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS PAGE NO. iii viii ix xiv xv xviii 1 INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION 2 SYSTEMS Early History Of Mobile Technology First generation cellular phones GSM and GPRS networks Recent 3G networks High-Speed 4G mobile networks Future Heterogeneous Wireless Networks and 5 Challenges 1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATION CONTRIBUTIONS STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 15

2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF HANDOFF AND MOBILITY 16 MANAGEMENT Handoff Terminologies Horizontal vs. vertical handover Make-before-break vs. break-before- 19 make handover Hard vs. soft handover Layer-2 vs. Layer-3 mobility Global vs. local mobility Handoff Issues Architectural issues Handoff decision issues TRENDS IN DECISION MAKING UNDER 30 HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT 2.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE 34 HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 2.5 CROSS LAYER MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN 35 HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS IP Layer Mobility Application Layer Mobility Transport Layer Mobility TCP-based mobility SCTP-based mobility SUMMARY 40 3 TECHNOLOGY PREREQUISITES FOR 42

3 PROPOSED MOBILITY SOLUTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION STREAM CONTROL TRANSMISSION 43 PROTOCOL 3.2.1Multihoming Path monitoring Multistreaming SCTP Packet Format SCTP - Dynamic Address Reconfiguration SCTP - Partial Reliability Extension WIRELESS SCTP EXTENSION (WiSE) MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER 54 FUNCTION Introducing IEEE IEEE Reference Model Framework for enabling transport 57 service Handover-Enabling functions Service access point Service Management MIH protocol MIH communication model SUMMARY 69 4 VERTICAL HANDOFF DECISION MAKING 70 ALGORITHM 4.1 INTRODUCTION SYSTEM MODEL Optimization Problem Formation Formation of VHDMA 76

4 4.2.3 Multi Objective Optimization Scheduler MIH TRANSPORT USING WiSE Handoff latency and Packet Loss Path Selection Algorithm Quick Movement Detection using MIH 87 Services Prioritization of Messages SUMMARY 91 5 PERFOMANCE EVALUATION INTRODUCTION ANALYZED HANDOFF SCHEMES Performance Improvement Effect of the Percentage of Call Arrivals in the 97 AP Area Effects of the Reward Rate Ratio between the 97 BS and AP Coverage Network Handoff Signaling Flow Impact of the Packet Loss on the MIH 102 Handoff Signaling Delay Effect of the multihoming capability Effect of using MIH services Effect of MIHF controlling WiSE Channel contention and radio channel 107 errors 5.3 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 110

5 6.1 CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH FINDINGS SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 112 APPENDICES 114 APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX REFERENCES 122 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 130 CURRICULUM VITAE 132

6 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. Table 1.1 Technology Features Comparison 7 Table 3.1 Example SCTP Chunk Types 49 Table 4.1 Maximum number of pending events and its priority 90 Table 5.1 Parameters used for performance analysis 95

7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. Figure 1.1 Example Architecture of Future Heterogeneous 2 Access System Figure 1.2 Wireless Standards 6 Figure 1.3 Hand-off in the integrated NGWS architecture 8 Figure 2.1 Vertical mobility model 18 Figure 2.2 Macro-View of Interworking Architecture for 22 Integrated WLAN and Mobile WiMAX Figure 2.3 Relationship between radio resource management 24 functions and handoff Figure 2.4 Tight & Loose coupling Architecture 25 Figure 3.1 Multi-Homed SCTP Host 45 Figure 3.2 Multistreamed SCTP Association 48 Figure 3.3 SCTP Packet Format 50 Figure 3.4 Mixed wired-wireless simulation scenario for WiSE, 54 SCTP, and TCP protocols Figure 3.5 Timeline of the IEEE Standardization 56 Effort Figure 3.6 The IEEE Reference Model 60 Figure 3.7 MIHF Services 60 Figure 3.8 Example Topology with Heterogeneous Overlapping 61 Wireless Access Networks Figure 3.9 MIH Protocol Header 67 Figure 3.10 MIH Protocol Frame Structure 68 Figure 4.1 Integrated heterogeneous network 71

8 Figure 4.2 VHDMC implementation based on MIHF 73 Figure 4.3 High level procedure used by the VHDMC 74 Figure 4.4 Architecture of MIHF in Mobility Management 85 Protocol Figure 4.5 Path Selection 87 Figure 4.6 Wise Signaling using MIH services 88 Figure 5.1 Simulation Topology 94 Figure 5.2 Average reward in different schemes 96 Figure 5.3 Percentage of reward gain versus new call arrival rate 96 Figure 5.4 Percentage of reward gain versus % of call arrivals in 98 AP area Figure 5.5 Reward rate ratio between BS area and AP area 98 ( =0.001) Figure 5.6 Reward rate ratio between BS area and AP area ( =0.003) 99 Figure 5.7 Average power comparison of VHDMA at extreme 100 trade-off factors Figure 5.8 Data rate comparison of VHDMA at extreme tradeoff 100 factors Figure 5.9 Outage comparison of VHDMA at extreme trade-off 101 factors Figure 5.10 Handoff signaling according to the proposed 101 architecture Figure 5.11 MIH Handoff signaling delays (MT Initiated 102 Handoff) Figure 5.12 MIH Handoff signaling delays (Network Initiated 103 Handoff) Figure 5.13 Handoff latency 104 Figure5.14 Behavior of packet loss as a function of packet arrival 105

9 rate Figure 5.15 Behavior of delays on evet rate genaration for a 106 standard SCTP Figure 5.16 Behavior of delays on evet rate genaration for a WiSE 107 Figure 5.17 Average delay experienced by a wireless station 107 during the reception of data packets Figure 5.18 Resequencing times of both WiSE and SCTP 108 Figure 5.19 Packet loss probabilities 109

10 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBRIVIATIOS R i ACK AID AMPS ABC AHP ASST ARR Pt i η i BS (x) B3G BLR CoA h CDMA CMDP CN DoS d DAR DHCP e ij e ij (c) EDGE Achieved data rate Acknowledgement Action Identifier Advanced Mobile Phone System Always Best Connected Analytic Hierarchy Process Application Signal Strength Threshold Automatic Repeat Request Average transmission power of MT Back ground noise Base Station Beyond Third Generation Boundary Location Register Care-of Address Channel gain Code Division Multiple Access Constrained Morkov Decision Process Corresponding Node Denial of Service Distance Dynamic Address Reconfiguration Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Effective data rate in AP Effective data rate in BS Enhanced Date Rates for GSM evolution

11 FMIP 1G FA 4G FN FQDN GFA GPRS GSM GRX HoLB HWN HMIP HSPA HSCSD HA HIA ITS IETF ISP IDE LTE MTU MICS MIES MIH MIHF MIHP MIIS MAC Fast Handoff for MIP First Generation Foreign Agent Fourth Generation Fragment Number Fully Qualified Domain Name Gateway for Foreign Agent General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communication GPRS Roaming exange Head of Line Blocking Heterogeneous Wireless Network Hierarchical Mobile IP High Speed Packet Access High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data Home Agent Hybrid Interworking Architecture Intelligent Transportation System Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Service Provider Interworking Decision Engine Long Term Evolution Maximum Transmission Unit Media Independent Command Service Media Independent Event Service Media Independent Handover Media Independent Handover Function Media Independent Handover Protocol Media Independent Information Service Medium Access Control

12 MAP MIP msctp MS MT MADM MO NIC NAC NGWN NMT N M m(t) PRSCTP PDA PHY PoA PSTN T f QoS RAN RF R R s t γ i RTT 2G SAP Mobile Anchor Point Mobile Internet Protocol Mobile SCTP Mobile Station Mobile Terminal Multi Attribute Decision Making Multi-objective Optomization Network Interface Card New Address Configuration Next Generation Wireless Network Nordic Mobile Telephone Number of access points Number of base station Number of MT s requesting handoff at time t Partial Reliability SCTP Personal Digital Assistant Physical Layer Point of Access Public Switched Telephone Network Pulse repetition time Quality of Service Radio Access Networks Radio Frequency Rate vector Requested data rate Requesting handoff time Required Signal to Noise Ratio Round Trip Time Second Generation Service Access Point

13 SID SLA SIP U Service Identifier Service Level Agreement Session Initiated Protocol Set of all mobile terminals Shape of the pulse SINR Signal Interference Noise Ratio SS7 Signaling System 7 SIGTRAN θ a Signaling Transport SINR threshold to connect to AP θc SOHO SDR SCTP SSN SOHYP δ TOPSIS Solution 3G 3GPP TACS TID TCP TSVWG TLV UIR UMTS UMA UDP SINR threshold to connect to BS Small Office and Home Office Software Defined Radio Stream Control Transport Protocol Stream Sequence Number Summation of Hyper Exponential Target SINR Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Third Generation Third Generation Partnership Project Total Access Communication Systems Transaction ID Transmission Control Protocol Transport Area Working Group Type Length Value Unauthenticated Information Request Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services Unlicensed Mobile Access User Datagram Protocol

14 VHO VHDMA VHDMC VoIP WAP WLAN WMAN WiSE WWAN Vertical Handoff Vertical Handoff Decision Making Algorithm Vertical Handoff Decision Making Controller Voice over Internet Protocol Wireless Application Protocol Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless SCTP Extension Wireless Wide Area Network

WiMax-based Handovers in Next Generation Networks

WiMax-based Handovers in Next Generation Networks Nadine Akkari Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computing and Information Technology King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia nakkari@kau.edu.sa