Broadband Testing IxANVL, IxAccess

Transcription

1 TEST PLAN Broadband Testing IxANVL, , 2006

2 Copyright 2006 by Ixia All rights reserved Ixia West Agoura Road, Calabasas, CA (877) FOR-IXIA This Test Plan contains a general outline for testing a particular technology. Not all the capabilities of Ixia technology have been exposed in this document. Please feel free to contact us if additional capabilities are required.

3 Contents Overview Broadband Protocols Conformance Test Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results Recommended Conformance Test Coverage PPPoX Server Performance and Scalability Test.. 7 Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results PPPoX Client Performance Test Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC) Performance and Scalability Test Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results Continued on next page 2006 by Ixia p.3

4 Contents 5. L2TP Network Server (LNS) Performance and Scalability Test Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results System Testing End-To-End Testing Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results System Testing Failover and Recovery Test Objective Setup Input Parameters Test Methodology Results

5 Overview Modern broadband networks deployed to provision xdsl or cable-based, high-speed Internet access services to residential and commercial users rely on a number of complex broadband protocols, devices, and network systems to offer a high quality experience to the user. To provide these services reliably, a wide range of testing is required, focusing on the testing of the underlying protocols (PPPoX, L2TP) that enable these services, testing the various devices (DSLAM, CMTS, BRAS, Access concentrators, Network Access Servers) that implement the technology, and testing the network systems that are created by connecting the above devices. Typically, such testing is designed to verify the performance, scalability, and conformance of the broadband device to industry standards. This test plan provides testing guidance to Network Equipment Manufacturers (NEMs), Service Providers, and Enterprises who need to analyze their devices and network systems before deploying the services to commercial and residential users. The plan presents several test cases that depict how Ixia applications can be used to achieve these objectives. The following table provides an overview of the test cases covered in this plan by Ixia p.1

6 Test Cases 1. Broadband Protocols Conformance Objective Verify protocol conformance in broadband devices. Supported protocol test suites include PPP, PPPoE, L2TP, IGMP, MLD, DHCP, IPCP and LCP. 2. PPPoX Server Verify the Performance and Scalability Metrics for Layer 2 aggregation devices, including DSLAM, CMTS and BRAS s. 3. PPPoX Client Verify the performance metrics for Layer 2 session initiation devices such as DSL Routers and Cable Modems. 4. LAC Verify the performance and scalability metrics of L2TP Access Concentrators. 5. LNS Verify the performance and scalability metrics of L2TP Network Servers. 6. End to End Verify the end to end connectivity, performance and scalability of a system composed of a number of devices. 7. Failover/Recovery Verify the network system s ability to recover from failures. Table 1. Broadband Testing Test Cases 2006 by Ixia p.2

7 L/Err 1 L/Err 1 L/Err 1 1 L/Err L/Err TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd PBX TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications LMTX3 Out Gnd TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications Tx Rx Out Gnd LM0LX IXIA 1600T Traffic Generator / Performance Analyzer Tx Rx 1 TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications L/Err LM0LX Tx Rx Tx Rx Out Gnd 2 TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications L/Err LM0LX Tx Rx 2 TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications L/Err LM0LX Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Out Gnd Rx Tx Out Gnd Rx Out Gnd 1 2 TM IXIA communications Ixia Communications L/Err L/Err LM0LX Tx Rx Broadband Test Plan 1. Broadband Protocols Conformance Test Technically, every protocol implemented in the DUT should go through rigid conformance testing prior to deployment. The need for protocol conformity can never be over emphasized. Your device may function just fine without conformance tests in most circumstances, but you will never be percent sure that it will work as expected at all times with every device in all topologies. There are always corner cases where interpretation of the protocol varies with vendors. Conformance testing provides a rigid standard by which to interpret the protocols according to industry standards. Since there a multiple broadband conformance suites, it s impossible to cover all of them in this test plan. Instead, PPP Authentication conformance will be used to illustrate a general test methodology, and the results such a methodology will produce. All other conformance test suites work in the same fashion, proceeding from configuration setup to test results report). Objective To verify that the broadband device s PPP Authentication implementation conforms to the RFC standard specification (RFC 1334). Setup The baseline setup for this test requires a PC with Windows or Linux installed and an Ethernet card. A second option is to use an Ixia port instead of a PC to emulate an end host. Ixia s IxANVL (Automated Network Validation Library or ANVL) application can be used to set up and execute the conformance and interoperability tests. Option 1: Direct Connection to DUT Linux PC VNIC Option 2: Connect to DUT via Ixia s Load Module Using VNIC DUT Management Ixia Test Platform Figure 1. Broadband Protocols Conformance Test Setup Using IxANVL 2006 by Ixia p.3

8 Input Parameters Parameter Test Tool Configuration DUT Configuration Description PPP Authentication Method, Username, password PPP features (Authentication Method, Username, Password) via Expect scripts Table 2. Conformance Test Parameters Test Methodology 1. Enter parameters to describe both the Conformance Tester and DUT configuration. 2. Select all or a set of test cases to run (see Figure 2). 3. Run the conformance tests from the user interface or in batch mode via command scripts, reconfiguring the DUT as required between test cases to match the test setup. 4. Run the test. Protocol packets are sent to the DUT, and its responses to various state conditions are monitored and verified for conformance and interoperability. Select protocol suite and conformance elements to test Figure 2. IxANVL Select Protocol Suite and Specific Test Cases 2006 by Ixia p.4

9 Results 1. At the end of each conformance test, verify that the DUT behavior conforms to the standard. A summary report is produced at the end of the test, which indicates whether or not the DUT s protocol implementation is in conformance with the standard implementation. Refer to Figure 3 below. Verify that the DUT sends retry packets as specified in the RFC Figure 3. IxANVL Protocol Conformance Summary Report 2006 by Ixia p.5

10 Recommended Conformance Test Coverage The following table lists protocols that are used directly to provide broadband services. IxANVL Test Suites PPPoX Protocols Tested LCP, PPP, PPP in HDLC Authentication (PAP, CHAP) IPCP PPPoE MPPP Reference Specification RFC 1661, 1662 RFC 1334 RFC 1332 RFC 2516 RFC 1717, 1990 L2TP L2TP RFC 2661 IGMP MLD DHCP IGMPv2 IGMPv3 MLDv1 MLDv2 DHCP Client DHCP Server Table 3. Conformance Test Coverage RFC 2236 RFC 3376 RFC 2710 RFC 3810 RFC 2131 RFC by Ixia p.6

11 2. PPPoX Server Performance and Scalability Test Objective To verify the performance and scalability metrics for Layer 2 session aggregation devices. The actual devices that can be tested and the specific metrics that can be measured for each of them are listed in the following table. Devices DSLAM CMTS BRAS LAC Performance and Scalability Metrics PPPoX Control Session Session Capacity Session Setup Rate Session Teardown Rate Session Latency Data Plane Testing Throughput test Frame Loss test QoS test Meshed Topology Table 4. PPPoX Server Test Objectives 2006 by Ixia p.7

12 Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two test ports, one to emulate multiple PPPoX clients that initiate PPPoX sessions to the DUT and another to emulate hosts that are the destination end points for traffic generated from the PPPoX clients. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. PPPoX Clients Hosts on Destination Networks CMTS PPPoX PPPoX PPPoX Server IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 DSLAM Figure 4. PPPoX Server Performance and Scalability Testing Setup 2006 by Ixia p.8

13 Input Parameters Parameter Number of Sessions Setup Rate Teardown Rate PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication Frame Size Frame Rate Description Number of PPPoX sessions used in the test The session setup rate to use for the test The session teardown rate to use for the test The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test The frame size(s) to be used for the data test The frame rate to be used for the data test Table 5. PPPoX Server test parameters Test Methodology 1. Configure the number of sessions, setup rate, and teardown rate. The configured values should be higher than the DUT specifications to ensure valid measurements. 2. Configure Client IP and PPP authentication parameters. 3. Configure stream traffic with desired frame sizes and frame rate to measure the frame loss of the device under varying loads. When the test is run, PPPoX sessions are established with the DUT. The number of sessions and the observed session setup rate are measured. Once the sessions are established, stream traffic is run over the sessions and data throughput and frame loss metrics are measured. Finally, the sessions are torn down, and the observed session teardown rate is measured and recorded by Ixia p.9

14 Results 1. The setup/latency charts and the summary log can be used to review and record the DUT s PPPoX session capacity, setup rate, latency, and teardown rate. Session capacity and setup rate Figure 5. PPPoX Session/L2TP Tunnel Capacity and Setup Rates 2006 by Ixia p.10

15 Session latency Figure 6. PPPoX Session/L2TP Tunnel Setup Latency 2006 by Ixia p.11

16 2. The data throughput and the frame loss results can be reviewed and recorded from the graphs and the summary log. Frame(s) Size Sent Received Lost Figure 7. Frame Loss Test Results in Graphical Form Throughput rate for frame size 256 bytes Figure 8. Summary of Throughput (NDR) Test 2006 by Ixia p.12

17 3. PPPoX Client Performance Test Objective To verify the performance metrics for Layer 2 session initiation devices, such as DSL Routers and Cable Modems. These devices need to be tested for PPPoX session setup rate, latency, and asymmetric data throughput rates. Devices DSL Router/ Modems Cable Modems Performance and Scalability Metrics PPPoX Control Session Session Setup Rate Session Latency Data Plane Testing Throughput test Frame Loss test Table 6. PPPoX Client test objectives Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two ports, one to emulate multiple user work stations that connect to a DSL router/modem (DUT) and another to emulate a PPPoX Server that established PPP sessions with the DSL router/modem. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. IPv4 Clients PPPoE Server IPv4 IPv4 IPv4 DUT PPPoE PPPoA PPPoEoA Figure 9. PPPoX Client Performance Testing Setup 2006 by Ixia p.13

18 Input Parameters Parameter PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication Frame Size Frame Rate Description The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/ password combinations to be used for the test The frame size(s) to be used for the data test The frame rate to be used for the data test Table 7. PPPoX Client Test Parameters Test Methodology 1. Configure Client IP and PPP authentication parameters on the DSL Router/Modem. 2. Configure stream traffic with desired frame sizes and frame rate to measure the frame loss of the DSL Router/Modem under varying loads. 3. To measure the asymmetric throughput behavior of DSL Routers and Cable Modems, enable the NDR option and configure different upstream and downstream traffic loads, as shown in the next figure by Ixia p.14

19 When the test is run, PPPoX sessions are established and the session setup rate and latency are recorded. With the NDR option, stream traffic is run concurrently in upstream and downstream directions at the configured upstream and downstream rates respectively. By holding one of the configured rates constant and using a binary search algorithm, the asymmetric throughput of the device is computed. Configure different upstream and downstream traffic rates Figure 10. Configuring Varying Upstream and Downstream Traffic Loads Results The setup/latency charts and the summary log can be used to review and record the DUT s PPPoX session setup rate and latency. Review Figures 5-6, above. The data throughput and the frame loss results can be reviewed and recorded from the graphs and the summary log. Review Figures 7-8, above by Ixia p.15

20 4. L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC) Performance and Scalability Test Objective To verify the performance and scalability metrics for L2TP Access Concentrators. The specific metrics that can be measured are listed in the following table. The LAC functionality is typically found in Carrier/Provider Edge routers. These routers extend dial-up PPP sessions across the internet to an L2TP network server (LNS) which typically sits at the boundary of an enterprise network. Performance and Scalability Metrics PPPoX Control Session Session Capacity Session Setup Rate Session Teardown Rate Session Latency L2TP Tunnels Tunnel Capacity Tunnel Setup Rate Tunnel Teardown Rate Tunnel Latency Data Plane Testing Throughput test Frame Loss test QoS test Meshed Topology Table 8. LAC Test Objectives 2006 by Ixia p.16

21 Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two ports, one to emulate multiple PPPoX clients that initiate PPPoX sessions to the LAC (DUT) and another to emulate a Layer 2 network server (LNS) along with end hosts that serve as destination end points for traffic generated from the PPPoX clients. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. PPPoX Clients Hosts on Destination Networks CMTS PPPoX PPPoX LAC DUT L2TPoX LNS IP DSLAM Figure 11. LAC Performance and Scalability Testing Setup 2006 by Ixia p.17

22 Input Parameters Parameter Number of Sessions Setup Rate Teardown Rate PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication L2TP Control L2TP Authentication Frame Size Frame Rate Description Number of PPPoX sessions used in the test The session setup rate to use for the test The session teardown rate to use for the test The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test Number of PPP sessions to encapsulate within an L2TP tunnel The L2TP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test The frame size(s) to be used for the data test The frame rate to be used for the data test Table 9. LAC Test Parameters 2006 by Ixia p.18

23 Test Methodology 1. Configure the number of sessions, setup rate, teardown rate, PPP client configuration, and PPP authentication parameters. 2. Configure L2TP control parameters. Specify the number of PPP sessions to be encapsulated within a single L2TP tunnel. Configure L2TP authentication parameters. Specify the L2TP authentication method along with the associated hostname and secret. During the test run, the DUT establishes L2TP control sessions to an L2TP Network Server (LNS). These control sessions are used to forward PPPoX sessions to the LNS. The number of L2TP tunnels and the observed tunnel setup rate are measured. Once the tunnels are established, stream traffic is run over the PPPoX sessions. The frame loss is computed for the DUT at various frame sizes and for various frame rates. Next, the throughput of the DUT is measured by using a binary search algorithm. For a given frame size, the offered frame rate is varied in binary fashion until the highest frame rate with zero frame loss is recorded. Results The setup/latency charts and the summary log can be used to review and record the DUT s PPPoX session capacity, setup rate, latency and teardown rate. Review Figures 5-6, above. The data throughput and the frame loss results can be reviewed and recorded from the graphs and the summary log. Review Figures 7-8, above by Ixia p.19

24 5. L2TP Network Server (LNS) Performance and Scalability Test Objective To verify the performance and scalability metrics for an L2TP Network Server (LNS). The specific metrics that can be measured are listed in the following table. The LNS functionality is typically found at the boundary of an enterprise network in an Edge router. These routers accept dial-up PPP sessions from L2TP access concentrators. This functionality is also found in core routers, where the DUT forwards or switches L2TP tunnels. Performance and Scalability Metrics PPPoX Control Session Session Capacity Session Setup Rate Session Teardown Rate Session Latency L2TP Tunnels Tunnel Capacity Tunnel Setup Rate Tunnel Teardown Rate Tunnel Latency Data Plane Testing Throughput test Frame Loss test QoS test Meshed Topology Table 10. LNS Test Objectives 2006 by Ixia p.20

25 Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two ports, one to emulate PPPoX over L2TP traffic, which typically originates from a LAC and is directed towards an LNS (DUT), and another to emulate hosts that are the destination end points for traffic generated from the PPPoX clients. Alternatively, the network port could emulate an LNS to simulate the L2TP forwarding/switching that occurs in a core router. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. PPPoX Clients Hosts on Destination Networks CMTS PPPoX PPPoX LAC L2TPoX LNS DSLAM Figure 12. LNS Performance and Scalability Testing Setup 2006 by Ixia p.21

26 Input Parameters Parameter Number of Sessions Setup Rate Teardown Rate PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication L2TP Control L2TP Authentication Frame Size Frame Rate Description Number of PPPoX sessions used in the test The session setup rate to use for the test The session teardown rate to use for the test The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test Number of PPP sessions to encapsulate within an L2TP tunnel The L2TP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test The frame size(s) to be used for the data test The frame rate to be used for the data test Table 11. LNS Test Parameters 2006 by Ixia p.22

27 Test Methodology 1. Configure the number of sessions, setup rate, teardown rate, PPP client configuration, and PPP authentication parameters. 2. Configure L2TP control parameters. Specify the number of PPP sessions to be encapsulated within a single L2TP tunnel. Configure L2TP authentication parameters. Specify the L2TP authentication method along with the associated hostname and secret. During the test run, the DUT establishes L2TP control sessions initiated by an L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC). These control sessions are used by the DUT to accept PPPoX sessions tunneled by the LAC. The number of L2TP tunnels and the observed tunnel setup rate are measured. Once the tunnels are established, stream traffic is run over the PPPoX sessions. The frame loss is computed for the DUT at various frame sizes and for various frame rates. Next, the throughput of the DUT is measured by using a binary search algorithm. For a given frame size, the offered frame rate is varied in binary fashion until the highest frame rate with zero frame loss is recorded. Results The setup/latency charts and the summary log can be used to review and record the DUT s PPPoX session capacity, setup rate, latency, and teardown rate. Review Figures 5-6, above. The data throughput and the frame loss results can be reviewed and recorded from the graphs and the summary log. Review Figures 7-8, above by Ixia p.23

28 6. System Testing End-To-End Testing Objective To verify the end-to-end connectivity, performance, and scalability of a broadband network system. This testing is carried out by Service Providers who have to ensure the reliability and performance of their services across a system composed of disparate networks, devices, and protocol technologies. Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two test ports, one to emulate multiple PPPoX clients that initiate PPPoX sessions into the network system (SUT) and another to emulate hosts that are the destination end points for traffic generated from the PPPoX clients. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. PPPoX Clients Hosts on Destination Networks CMTS PPPoX PPPoX LAC L2TPoX LNS IP DSLAM Figure 13. Network System Performance and Scalability Testing Setup 2006 by Ixia p.24

29 The test illustrated above shows a simple SUT topology. More complex tests can be set up, creating system topologies that incorporate multiple LNS s switching/forwarding L2TP tunnels, or a mix of PPPoX clients connecting to the provider network over different Layer 2 network types, etc. Input Parameters Parameter Number of Sessions Setup Rate Teardown Rate PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication L2TP Control L2TP Authentication Frame Size Frame Rate Description Number of PPPoX sessions used in the test The session setup rate to use for the test The session teardown rate to use for the test The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test Number of PPP sessions to encapsulate within an L2TP tunnel. The L2TP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test The frame size(s) to be used for the data test The frame rate to be used for the data test Table 12. System Test Parameters 2006 by Ixia p.25

30 Test Methodology 1. Connect and configure the devices within the test system (SUT) in the same way that the network system is to be deployed. 2. Connect and configure two Ixia ports to emulate end points that are connected to two opposite ends of the network system. 3. Configure the number of sessions, setup rate, teardown rate, PPP client configuration, and PPP authentication parameters. 4. Configure L2TP control and authentication parameters. 5. Configure the PPPoX client sessions in the test with different QoS metrics. 6. Configure and distribute the L2TP tunnels in the test to terminate at different private networks. This emulates connections to multiple domains. 7. Configure the Ixia ports to send traffic in a full meshed topology. Results The system performance and scalability metrics can be viewed in the charts and the summary logs. Review Figures 5-8, above. By reviewing these numbers service providers can identify bottlenecks in capacity and performance along different paths of the system by Ixia p.26

31 7. System Testing Failover and Recovery Test Objective To verify a broadband network system s ability to recover from failures. This testing is carried out by Service Providers who have to ensure the reliability of their services across a system composed of disparate networks, devices and protocol technologies. Setup The baseline setup for this test requires two ports, one to emulate multiple PPPoX clients that initiate PPPoX sessions into the network system (SUT) and another to emulate hosts that are the destination end points for traffic generated from the PPPoX clients. Ixia s application can be used to set up and execute this test. PPPoX Clients Hosts on Destination Networks CMTS PPPoX PPPoX LAC L2TPoX LNS IP DSLAM Figure 14. Network System Performance and Scalability Test Setup 2006 by Ixia p.27

32 Input Parameters Parameter Number of Sessions Setup Rate Teardown Rate PPP Client IP Configuration PPP Authentication L2TP Control L2TP Authentication Description Number of PPPoX sessions used in the test The session setup rate to use for the test The session teardown rate to use for the test The address pool used in the test for PPPoX sessions The PPP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test Number of PPP sessions to encapsulate within an L2TP tunnel The L2TP authentication algorithm and username/password combinations to be used for the test Table 13. System Test Parameters 2006 by Ixia p.28

33 Test Methodology 1. Connect and configure the test system (SUT) in the same way the network system is to be deployed. 2. Connect and configure two Ixia ports to emulate end points that are connected to two opposite ends of the network system. 3. Configure the number of sessions, setup rate, teardown rate, PPP client configuration and PPP authentication parameters. 4. Configure L2TP control and authentication parameters. 5. To simulate the network systems ability to recover from failures, manually teardown sessions or tunnels, re-boot the DUT, disconnect and reconnect the links between the Ixia ports and the SUT. 6. Observe how the SUT recovers from these failures. Some failures can be emulated by Ixia s application directly for e.g., flapping of PPPoX sessions. 7. To effectively assess the built-in redundancy of the system, shutdown specific devices within the system that have redundant components. The SUT should recover all the PPPoX sessions and L2TP tunnels by switching them to the redundant device by Ixia p.29

34 Results The results from failure and recovery testing can be viewed in the real-time charts. From Figure 15 below, one can see that the total number of sessions decreases when a device within the system fails, and the total number of sessions increases when the associated sessions are switched to a redundant device. SUT session failure and recovery Figure 15. PPPoX Session/L2TP SUT Failure and Recovery 2006 by Ixia p.30

35 Notes:

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37 About Ixia Ixia is a leading provider of performance test systems for IP-based infrastructure and services. Its highly scalable solutions generate, capture, characterize, and emulate network and application traffic, establishing definitive performance and conformance metrics of network devices or systems under test. Ixia s test systems are used by Network and Telephony Equipment Manufacturers, Semiconductor Manufacturers, Service Providers, Governments, and Enterprises to validate the functionality and reliability of complex IP networks, devices, and applications. Ixia s Triple Play test systems address the growing need to test voice, video, and data services and network capability under realworld conditions. Ixia s vision is to be the world s pre-eminent provider of solutions to enable testing of next generation IP Triple Play networks. Ixia s test systems utilize a wide range of industry-standard interfaces, including Ethernet, SONET, ATM, and wireless connectivity, and are distinguished by their performance, accuracy, reliability, and adaptability to the industry s constant evolution.

38 Contact Ixia For more information, contact Ixia or visit our Web Site at Ixia Worldwide Headquarters Corporate Center W. Agoura Rd. Calabasas, CA (Toll Free North America) (Outside North America) (Fax) Info: Investors: Renewals: Sales: Support: Training: Ixia USA Sales Phone: Ixia Canada Sales Phone: Ixia China Sales Phone: Ixia Europe, Middle East, & Africa Sales Phone: Ixia India Sales Phone: Ixia Japan Sales Phone: Ixia Oceania Sales Phone: Ixia South Korea Phone: Ixia Federal Sales Phone:

39 Ixia. All rights reserved. This publication may not be copied, in whole or in part, without Ixia s consent. Ixia and its licensors retain all intellectual property rights in all products identified in this publication. Such products may be covered by one or more patents and/or pending patent applications, including but not limited to the following U.S. patents: 6,717,917; 6,408,335; 6,397,359; 6,061,725; 5,937,165; 5,881,237; and 5,838,919. All software and related documentation identified in this publication is licensed, not sold, pursuant to a separate license agreement between Ixia and the recipient. The recipient s use of such software and documentation is subject to the terms of that agreement. Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to the restrictions set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS and FAR THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. IXIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NONINFRINGEMENT. THE INFORMATION HEREIN IS FURNISHED FOR INFORMATIONAL USE ONLY, IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE BY IXIA WITHOUT NOTICE, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A COMMITMENT BY IXIA. IXIA ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS OR INACCURACIES CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION. Ixia, the Ixia four petal logo,, and IxANVL are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Ixia in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners.

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