Information Storage and Spintronics 16
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1 Information Storage and Spintronics 16 Atsufumi Hirohata Department of Electronic Engineering 09:00 Tuesday, 20/November/2018 (J/Q 004) Quick Review over the Last Lecture Millipede memory : Nano-RAM : Floating junction gate : *
2 16 RAID and Cloud Computing Cloud computing Storage technology RAID Parity error detection Data striping Data mirroring Cloud Computing In 2006, Eric E. Schmidt (Google) first introduced the phrase : *
3 Cloud Layers Cloud computing extends the existing concepts : * SaaS : Software as a service PaaS : Platform as a service IaaS : Infrastructure as a service Cloud Companies *
4 Cloud for Mobile Devices Mobile data are stored in servers in cloud : * 1 server in cloud Can store data from 120 iphones 8 ipads * Storage Technology In 1987, David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson and Randy Katz defined : * Redundant array of inexpensive (independent) disks (RAID) combines multiple disk drive components into a logic unit Data distributed across the drives Levels of redundancy and performance required RAID 0 ~ 10 ; **
5 RAID 0 Block-level striping without parity or mirroring : * Minimum number of drives : 2 Space efficiency : 1 Fault tolerance : 0 Array failure rate : 1 (1 r) n Read performance : nx Write performance : nx Parity Error Detection Parity bit is used for error detection : * Even / odd parity Binary stream contains even / odd number of 1. For example, serial data transfer uses Binary stream : 7 digit + Parity : 1 digit *
6 Data Striping Data stream is distributed to several drives : * * RAID 1 Mirroring without parity or striping : * Minimum number of drives : 2 Space efficiency : 1 / n Fault tolerance : n 1 Array failure rate : r n Read performance : nx Write performance : 1X
7 Data Mirroring Data are duplicated onto another drive(s) : * * RAID 2 Bit-level striping with dedicated Hamming code parity : * Minimum number of drives : 3 Space efficiency : 1 1 / n log 2 (n 1) Fault tolerance : 1 drive depending on the corresponding data and parity conditions Array failure rate : variable Read performance : variable Write performance : variable
8 Bit-level striping with dedicated parity : * Minimum number of drives : 3 Space efficiency : 1 1 / n Fault tolerance : 1 drive Array failure rate : 1 (1 r) (n 2) / 2 Read performance : (n 1 )X Write performance : (n 1 )X RAID 3 Block-level striping with dedicated parity : * Minimum number of drives : 3 Space efficiency : 1 1 / n Fault tolerance : 1 device Array failure rate : 1 (1 r) (n 2) / 2 Read performance : (n 1)X Write performance : (n 1)X RAID 4
9 Block-level striping with dedicated parity : * Minimum number of drives : 3 Space efficiency : 1 1 / n Fault tolerance : 1 device Array failure rate : 1 (1 r) (n 2) / 2 Read performance : (n 1)X Write performance : (n 1)X RAID 5 RAID 6 Block-level striping with double-distributed parity : * Minimum number of drives : 4 Space efficiency : 1 2 / n Fault tolerance : 2 device Array failure rate : 1 (1 r) (n 3) / 2 Read performance : (n 2)X Write performance : (n 2)X
10 RAID 10 Mirroring without parity and block-level striping : * Minimum number of drives : 4 Space efficiency : 2 / n Fault tolerance : 1 device Array failure rate : Read performance : nx Write performance : (n / 2)X Cloud Servers at Norther Isles 864 servers installed under the sea near the Orkney Islands : * Sea water is used for cooling servers. *
11 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) Data transfer via an optical fibre developed by hp : * The Machine component : * CWDM on a Chip
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