AD2110/ADA2110 User s Manual

Transcription

1 AD2110/ADA2110 User s Manual Real Time Devices USA, Inc. Accessing the Analog World Publication No /1/99

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3 AD2110/ADA2110 User s Manual REAL TIME DEVICES USA, INC. Post Office Box 906 State College, Pennsylvania USA Phone: (814) FAX: (814)

4 Published by Real Time Devices USA, Inc. P.O. Box 906 State College, PA USA Copyright 1993 by Real Time Devices, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. 9332

5 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION... i-1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion... i-3 Digital-to-Analog Conversion (ADA2110 Only)... i Timer/Counter... i-3 Digital I/O... i-3 What Comes With Your Board... i-4 Board Accessories... i-4 Application Software and Drivers... i-4 Hardware Accessories... i-4 Using This Manual... i-4 When You Need Help... i-4 CHAPTER 1 BOARD SETTINGS Factory-Configured Switch and Jumper Settings P Timer/Counter Clock Sources (Factory Settings: CLK0-OSC, CLK1-OT0, CLK2-OT1) P4 DAC 1 Output Voltage Range (Factory Setting: +5 to -5 volts) P5 DAC 2 Output Voltage Range (Factory Setting: +5 to -5 volts) P6 Single-Ended/Differential Analog Inputs (Factory Setting: Single-Ended) P7 Analog Input Voltage Range and Polarity (Factory Setting: -5 to +5 Volts) P Timer/Counter TC1 & TC2 Gate Sources (Factory Setting: GT1-+5V, GT2-+5V) P9 Interrupt Source and Channel (Factory Setting: Jumper on OUT2; Interrupt Channels Disabled) P10 EOC Interrupt Channel Select (Factory Setting: Disabled) S1 Base Address (Factory Setting: 300 hex (768 decimal)) Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors on Digital I/O Lines Gm, Gain Multiplier Circuitry CHAPTER 2 BOARD INSTALLATION Board Installation External I/O Connections Connecting the Analog Input Pins Connecting the Analog Outputs (ADA 2110 Only) Connecting the Timer/Counters and Digital I/O Running the 2110DIAG Diagnostics Program CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION A/D Conversion Circuitry Analog Inputs A/D Converter D/A Converters (ADA2110 Only) Timer/Counters Digital I/O, Programmable Peripheral Interface Interrupts i

6 CHAPTER 4 BOARD OPERATION AND PROGRAMMING Defining the I/O Map BA + 0: PPI Port A Digital I/O (Read/Write) BA + 1: PPI Port B Channel/Gain Select (Read/Write) BA + 2: PPI Port C Digital I/O (Read/Write) BA + 3: 8255 PPI Control Word (Write Only) BA + 4: 8254 Timer/Counter 0 (Read/Write) BA + 5: 8254 Timer/Counter 1 (Read/Write) BA + 6: 8254 Timer/Counter 2 (Read/Write) BA + 7: 8254 Control Word (Write Only) BA + 8: Start 12-Bit Conversion/Read MSB Data (Read/Write) BA + 9: Start 8-Bit Conversion/Read LSB Data (Read/Write) BA + 10: Read Status/Update DAC Outputs (Read/Write) BA + 11: Reserved BA + 12: D/A Converter 1 LSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) BA + 13: D/A Converter 1 MSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) BA + 14: D/A Converter 2 LSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) BA + 15: D/A Converter 2 MSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) Programming the AD2110/ADA Clearing and Setting Bits in a Port A/D Conversions Initializing the 8255 PPI Selecting a Channel Setting the Gain Starting an A/D Conversion Monitoring Conversion Status Reading the Converted Data Interrupts What Is an Interrupt? Interrupt Request Lines Programmable Interrupt Controller Interrupt Mask Register (IMR) End-of-Interrupt (EOI) Command What Exactly Happens When an Interrupt Occurs? Using Interrupts in Your Programs Writing an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) Saving the Startup Interrupt Mask Register (IMR) and Interrupt Vector Restoring the Startup IMR and Interrupt Vector Common Interrupt Mistakes D/A Conversions (ADA2110 Only) Timer/Counters Digital I/O Example Programs and Flow Diagrams C and Pascal Programs BASIC Programs Flow Diagrams Single Convert Flow Diagram (Figure 4-3) D/A Conversion Flow Diagram (Figure 4-4) ii

7 CHAPTER 5 CALIBRATION Required Equipment A/D Calibration Unipolar Calibration Bipolar Calibration D/A Calibration (ADA2110) APPENDIX A 2110 SPECIFICATIONS... A-1 APPENDIX B P2 CONNECTOR PIN ASSIGNMENTS... B-1 APPENDIX C COMPONENT DATA SHEETS... C-1 APPENDIX D WARRANTY... D-1 iii

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9 List of Illustrations 1-1 Board Layout Showing Factory-Configured Settings Timer/Counter Clock Source Jumpers, P Timer/Counter Circuit Block Diagram DAC 1 Output Voltage Range Jumper, P DAC 2 Output Voltage Range Jumper, P Single-Ended/Differential Analog Input Signal Type Jumpers, P Analog Input Voltage Range and Polarity Jumpers, P Timer/Counter TC1 & TC2 Gate Source Jumpers, P Interrupt Source and Channel Select Jumper, P EOC Interrupt Channel Jumper, P Base Address Switch, S Adding Pull-ups and Pull-downs to Digital I/O Lines Pull-up/Pull-down Resistor Circuitry Gain Circuitry and Formulas for Calculating Gain and f Diagram for Removal of Solder Short P2 I/O Connector Pin Assignments Single-Ended Input Connections Differential Input Connections AD2110/ADA2110 Block Diagram Timer/Counter Circuit Block Diagram A/D Conversion Timing Diagram Programmable Interval Timer Circuit Block Diagram Single Conversion Flow Diagram D/A Conversion Flow Diagram Board Layout v

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11 i-1 INTRODUCTION

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13 The AD2110 and ADA2110 Low Cost Industrial Control boards turn your IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible into a high-performance data acquisition and control system. Installed within a single short or full size expansion slot in the computer, each 2110 series board features: 16 single-ended or 8 differential analog input channels, 12-bit, 20 microsecond analog-to-digital converter with 40 khz throughput, ±5, ±10, or 0 to +10 volt input range, Programmable gains of 1, 2, 4 & 8 with on-board gain multiplier, 16 TTL/CMOS 8255-based digital I/O lines which can be configured with pull-up or pull-down resistors, Three 16-bit timer/counters, Two 12-bit digital-to-analog output channels (ADA2110 only), ±5, ±10, 0 to +5, or 0 to +10 volt analog output range (ADA2110 only), Turbo Pascal, Turbo C, and BASIC source code; diagnostics program. The following paragraphs briefly describe the major functions of the board. A more detailed discussion of board functions is included in Chapter 3, Hardware Operation, and Chapter 4, Board Operation and Programming. The board setup is described in Chapter 1, Board Settings. Analog-to-Digital Conversion The analog-to-digital (A/D) circuitry receives up to 16 single-ended or 8 differential analog inputs and converts these inputs into 12-bit digital data words which can then be read and/or transferred to PC memory. The analog input voltage range is jumper-selectable for bipolar ranges of -5 to +5 volts or -10 to +10 volts, or a unipolar range of 0 to +10 volts. The board is factory set for -5 to +5 volts. Overvoltage protection to ±35 volts is provided at the inputs. The high-performance A/D converter supports fast-settling, software programmable gains of 1, 2, 4, and 8 with on-board gain multiplier circuitry so that you can customize the input gain. A/D conversions are performed by an industry standard successive approximation converter. The converter and high-speed sample-and-hold amplifier before it combine to provide a maximum throughput rate of 40 khz. The converted data is read and/or transferred to PC memory, one byte at a time, through the PC data bus. Digital-to-Analog Conversion (ADA2110 Only) The digital-to-analog (D/A) circuitry on the ADA2110 features two independent 12-bit analog output channels with individually jumper-selectable output ranges of -5 to +5 volts, -10 to +10 volts, 0 to +5 volts, or 0 to +10 volts. Data is programmed into the D/A converter by two write operations. The outputs of both channels are simultaneously updated by a single write operation Timer/Counter An 8254 programmable interval timer contains three 16-bit, 8-MHz timer/counters to support a wide range of timing and counting functions. Digital I/O The 2110 has 16 TTL/CMOS-compatible digital I/O lines which can be directly interfaced with external devices or signals to sense switch closures, trigger digital events, or activate solid-state relays. These lines are provided by the on-board 8255 programmable peripheral interface chip. Pads for installing and activating pull-up or pull-down resistors are included on the board. Installation procedures are given near the end of Chapter 1, Board Settings. i-3

14 What Comes With Your Board You receive the following items in your 2110 package: AD2110 or ADA2110 interface board Software and diagnostics diskette with Turbo Pascal, Turbo C, and BASIC source code User s manual If any item is missing or damaged, please call Real Time Devices Customer Service Department at (814) If you require service outside the U.S., contact your local distributor. Board Accessories In addition to the items included in your 2110 package, Real Time Devices offers a full line of software and hardware accessories. Call your local distributor or our main office for more information about these accessories and for help in choosing the best items to support your board s application. Application Software and Drivers Our custom application software packages provide excellent data acquisition and analysis support. Use SIGNAL*MATH for integrated data acquisition and sophisticated digital signal processing and analysis, or SIGNAL*VIEW for monitoring and data acquisition. rtdlinx and rtdlinx/nb drivers provide full-featured high level interfaces between the board and custom or third party software, including Labtech Notebook, Notebook/XE, and LT/Control. rtdlinx source code is available for a one-time fee. Hardware Accessories Hardware accessories for the 2110 include the MX32 analog input expansion board which can expand a single input channel on your board to 16 differential or 32 single-ended input channels, MR series mechanical relay output boards, OP series optoisolated digital input boards, the OR16 mechanical relay/optoisolated digital I/O board, the TS16 thermocouple sensor board, the TB50 terminal board and XB50 prototype/terminal board for prototype development and easy signal access, EX-XT and EX-AT extender boards for simplified testing and debugging of prototype circuitry, and the XT50 twisted pair flat ribbon cable assembly for external interfacing. Using This Manual This manual is intended to help you install your new board and get it running quickly, while also providing enough detail about the board and its functions so that you can enjoy maximum use of its features even in the most complex applications. We assume that you already have an understanding of data acquisition principles and that you can customize the example software or write your own applications programs. When You Need Help This manual and the example programs in the software package included with your board provide enough information to properly use all of the board s features. If you have any problems installing or using this board, contact our Technical Support Department, (814) , during regular business hours, eastern standard time or eastern daylight time, or send a FAX requesting assistance to (814) When sending a FAX request, please include your company s name and address, your name, your telephone number, and a brief description of the problem. i-4

15 CHAPTER 1 BOARD SETTINGS The AD2110 and ADA2110 boards have jumper and switch settings you can change if necessary for your application. The 2110 is factory-configured as listed in the table and shown on a diagram in the beginning of this chapter. Should you need to change these settings, use these easy-to-follow instructions before you install the board in your computer. Note that by installing resistor packs at three locations around the 8255 PPI and soldering jumpers in the associated pads, you can configure the 16 available digital I/O lines to be pulled up or pulled down. This procedure is explained near the end of this chapter. Also note that by installing components at R3, R4, TR4, and C14, you can add your own resistor configurable gain. The gain circuitry is described at the end of this chapter. 1-1

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17 Factory-Configured Switch and Jumper Settings Table 1-1 lists the factory settings of the user-configurable jumpers and switch on the AD2110 and ADA2110 boards. Figure 1-1 shows the board layout and the locations of the factory-set jumpers. The following paragraphs explain how to change the factory settings. Pay special attention to the setting of S1, the base address switch, to avoid address contention when you first use your board in your system. Switch/ Jumper P3 Table 1-1: Factory Settings Function Controlled Sets the clock sources for the 8254 timer/counters (TC0-TC2) P4 Sets the D/A output voltage range for DAC 1 P5 Sets the D/A output voltage range for DAC 2 P6 Selects single-ended or differential analog input type Factory Settings (Jumpers Installed) Jumpers installed on CLK0-OSC, CLK1-OT0, CLK2-OT1 (timers cascaded) Jumpers installed on ±5, X1 (+5 to -5 volts) Jumpers installed on ±5, X1 (+5 to -5 volts) Single-ended (jumpers installed on three S pins) Jumpers installed on 10V, +/- (-5 to +5 volts) P7 Sets the analog input voltage range and polarity P8 Selects the gate source for TC1 and TC2 GT1-+5V, GT2-+5V P9 Connects one of five interrupt sources to an interrupt channel Jumper installed on OUT2, interrupt channel disabled P10 Connects the EOC signal to an interrupt channel Disabled S1 Sets the base address 300 hex (768 decimal) BASE ADDRESS S1 20V 10V + +/- TR1 TR2 TR3 R2 R1 TR4 R4 C14 TR5 TR6 Made in USA Y1 U5 SWITCH XTAL C5 P7 RN1 C18 C17 AD574 U10 U17 U12 C29 C23 LF398 C35 C30 PGA203 AD712 C13 C24 R3 C32 P6 C31 U15 S D S D S D C19 HI-508A C21 HI-508A U14 RN6 P2 82C54 C26 AD7237 C25 U13 C12 C16 U9 C15 C20 C22 CLK0 CLK1 CLK2 P3 OSC EC0 OT0 OSC EC1 OT1 OSC P8 C8 GT1 GT2 +5V EXT +5V EXT U16 74LS125 74LS04 U6 C9 C28 AD712 C27 RN3 RN4 RN5 R AD2110/ADA2110,, Accessing the Analog World USA DAC1,, R P X1 X2 DAC2 P5 EC2 U8 C4 82C55 C7 U7 RN2 74LS244 C6 PAL U11 U2 PC3 PC0 OUT2 U4 OUT1 OUT0 IRQ2 IRQ3 IRQ4 IRQ5 IRQ6 IRQ7 RN9 PCH RN8 PCL PA RN7 PA C3 74LS688 C2 74LS367 P9 74LS245 C1 PCL U3 C11 + Copyright C 1993 Real Time Devices, Inc. State College, PA USA A31 EOC P10 IRQ U1 C33 + C C10 A1 P1 PCH V G Fig. 1-1 Board Layout Showing Factory-Configured Settings 1-3

18 P Timer/Counter Clock Sources (Factory Settings: CLK0-OSC, CLK1-OT0, CLK2-OT1) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-2, lets you select the clock sources for the 8254 timer/counters, TC0, TC1, and TC2. The factory setting cascades all three timer/counters, with the clock source for TC0 being the onboard 8 MHz oscillator, the output of TC0 providing the clock for TC1, and the output of TC1 providing the clock for TC2. You can connect any or all of the sources to an external clock input through the P2 I/O connector, or you can set TC1 and TC2 to be clocked by the 8 MHz oscillator. Figure 1-3 shows a block diagram of the timer/counter circuitry to help you with these connections. NOTE: When installing jumpers on this header, make sure that only one jumper is installed in each group of two or three CLK pins. P3 CLK0 CLK1 CLK2 OSC EC0 OT0 OSC EC1 OT1 OSC EC2 Fig Timer/Counter Clock Source Jumpers, P P I/O CONNECTOR P2 TIMER/ COUNTER 0 CLK GATE OSC EC0 8MHz +5 V PIN 39 PIN 41 EXT CLK 0 EXT GATE 0 OUT PIN 40 T/C OUT 0 OT0 TIMER/ COUNTER 1 CLK GATE OSC EC1 PIN 43 PIN 46 EXT CLK 1 EXT GATE 1/2 OUT P8 +5 V PIN 42 T/C OUT 1 OT1 TIMER/ COUNTER 2 CLK GATE OSC EC2 PIN 45 EXT CLK 2 OUT PIN 44 T/C OUT 2 Fig Timer/Counter Circuit Block Diagram 1-4

19 P4 DAC 1 Output Voltage Range (Factory Setting: +5 to -5 volts) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-4, sets the output voltage range for DAC 1 at 0 to +5, ±5, 0 to +10, or ±10 volts. Two jumpers must be installed, one to select the range and one to select the multiplier. The top two jumpers set the range, bipolar (±5) or unipolar (5). The bottom two jumpers set the multiplier, X2 or X1. When a jumper is on X2, the range values become ±10 and 10. The table below shows the four possible combinations of jumper settings, and the diagram shows the factory setting. This header does not have to be set the same as P5. Jumpers (Top to Bottom) Voltage Range 5 ±5 X1 X2-5 to +5 volts OFF ON ON OFF 0 to +5 volts ON OFF ON OFF -10 to +10 volts OFF ON OFF ON 0 to +10 volts ON OFF OFF ON DAC1 P4 5 ±5 X1 X2 Fig. 1-4 DAC 1 Output Voltage Range Jumper, P4 P5 DAC 2 Output Voltage Range (Factory Setting: +5 to -5 volts) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-5, sets the output voltage range for DAC 2 at 0 to +5, ±5, 0 to +10, or ±10 volts. Two jumpers must be installed, one to select the range and one to select the multiplier. The top two jumpers set the range, bipolar (±5) or unipolar (5). The bottom two jumpers set the multiplier, X2 or X1. When a jumper is on X2, the range values become ±10 and 10. The table below shows the four possible combinations of jumper settings, and the diagram shows thefactory setting. This header does not have to be set the same as P4. Jumpers (Top to Bottom) Voltage Range 5 ±5 X1 X2-5 to +5 volts OFF ON ON OFF 0 to +5 volts ON OFF ON OFF -10 to +10 volts OFF ON OFF ON 0 to +10 volts ON OFF OFF ON 5 ±5 X1 X2 DAC2 P5 Fig. 1-5 DAC 2 Output Voltage Range Jumper, P5 1-5

20 P6 Single-Ended/Differential Analog Inputs (Factory Setting: Single-Ended) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-6, configures the board for 8 differential or 16 single-ended analog input channels. When operating in the single-ended mode, three jumpers must be installed across the S pins. When operating in the differential mode, three jumpers must be installed across the D pins. DO NOT install jumpers across both S and D pins at the same time! P6 S D S D S D Fig. 1-6 Single-Ended/Differential Analog Input Signal Type Jumpers, P6 P7 Analog Input Voltage Range and Polarity (Factory Setting: -5 to +5 Volts) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-7, sets the analog input voltage range and polarity. Two jumpers are installed to select one of three input ranges, as shown in the diagram: ±5, ±10, and 0 to +10 volts. +/- +/- + 10V 20V +/- + 10V 20V + 10V 20V P7 P7 P7 Fig. 1-7a: -5 to +5 volts Fig. 1-7b: -10 to +10 volts Fig. 1-7c: 0 to +10 volts (Factory Setting) Fig. 1-7 Analog Input Voltage Range and Polarity Jumper, P7 P Timer/Counter TC1 & TC2 Gate Sources (Factory Setting: GT1-+5V, GT2-+5V) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-8, lets you select the gate sources for the 8254 timer/counters, TC1 and TC2. Each gate can be independently connected to +5 volts (tied high), or to the external gate 1/2 signal at I/O connector P2, pin 46. GT1 GT2 P8 +5V EXT +5V EXT Fig Timer/Counter TC1 & TC2 Gate Source Jumpers, P8 1-6

21 P9 Interrupt Source and Channel (Factory Setting: Jumper on OUT2; Interrupt Channels Disabled) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-9, lets you connect any one of five interrupt sources to any of six interrupt channels, IRQ2 (highest priority channel) through IRQ7 (lowest priority channel). To activate a channel, you must install a jumper vertically across the desired IRQ channel. Figure 1-9a shows the factory setting; Figure 1-9b shows interrupt source OUT2 connected to IRQ3. On the left side of the header, you can select any one of five signal sources to generate an interrupt. An interrupt source is chosen by placing a jumper across the desired pair of pins. The interrupt sources available are timer/ counter outputs OUT0, OUT1, and OUT2, and the 8255 PPI s PC0 (INTRB) and PC3 (INTRA) signals. Note that only ONE interrupt source on this header can be activated at a time. If you are also using the EOC interrupt on P10, make sure that you select different IRQ channels on each header. IRQ7 IRQ6 IRQ5 IRQ4 IRQ3 IRQ2 OUT0 OUT1 OUT2 PC0 PC3 Fig. 1-9a Factory Setting (IRQ disabled) P9 IRQ7 IRQ6 IRQ5 IRQ4 IRQ3 IRQ2 OUT0 OUT1 OUT2 PC0 PC3 Fig. 1-9b OUT2 connected to IRQ3 P9 Fig. 1-9 Interrupt Source and Channel Select Jumper, P9 P10 EOC Interrupt Channel Select (Factory Setting: Disabled) This header connector, shown in Figure 1-10, lets you connect the end-of-convert signal from the A/D converter to an interrupt channel, IRQ2 (highest priority channel) through IRQ7 (lowest priority channel). To activate this interrupt, you must install a jumper vertically across the desired IRQ channel. Figure 1-10a shows the factory setting; Figure 1-10b shows the EOC interrupt source connected to IRQ4. EOC EOC P10 P10 IRQ IRQ Fig. 1-10a: Factory Setting Fig. 1-10b: EOC connected to IRQ4 Fig EOC Interrupt Channel Jumper, P10 1-7

22 S1 Base Address (Factory Setting: 300 hex (768 decimal)) One of the most common causes of failure when you are first trying your board is address contention. Some of your computer s I/O space is already occupied by internal I/O and other peripherals. When the 2110 board attempts to use I/O address locations already used by another device, contention results and the board does not work. To avoid this problem, the 2110 has an easily accessible five-position DIP switch, S1, which lets you select any one of 32 starting addresses in the computer s I/O. Should the factory setting of 300 hex (768 decimal) be unsuitable for your system, you can select a different base address simply by setting the switches to any one of the values listed in Table 1-2. The table shows the switch settings and their corresponding decimal and hexadecimal (in parentheses) values. Make sure that you verify the order of the switch numbers on the switch (1 through 5) before setting them. When the switches are pulled forward, they are OPEN, or set to logic 1, as labeled on the DIP switch package. When you set the base address for your board, record the value in the table inside the back cover. Figure 1-11 shows the DIP switch set for a base address of 300 hex (768 decimal). Base Address Decimal / (Hex) Table 1-2: Base Address Switch Settings, S1 Switch Setting Base Address Decimal / (Hex) Switch Setting / (200) / (300) / (210) / (310) / (220) / (320) / (230) / (330) / (240) / (340) / (250) / (350) / (260) / (360) / (270) / (370) / (280) / (380) / (290) / (390) / (2A0) / (3A0) / (2B0) / (3B0) / (2C0) / (3C0) / (2D0) / (3D0) / (2E0) / (3E0) / (2F0) / (3F0) = closed, 1 = open Fig Base Address Switch, S1 1-8

23 Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors on Digital I/O Lines The 8255 programmable peripheral interface provides 16 TTL/CMOS compatible digital I/O lines which can be interfaced with external devices. These lines are divided into three groups: eight Port A lines, four Port C Lower lines, and four Port C Upper lines. (The eight lines of Port B are used for internal board functions.) You can install and connect pull-up or pull-down resistors for any or all of these three groups of lines. You may want to pull lines up for connection to switches. This will pull the line high when the switch is disconnected. Or, you may want to pull lines down for connection to relays which control turning motors on and off. These motors turn on when the digital lines controlling them are high. The Port A lines of the 8255 automatically power up as inputs, which can float high during the few moments before the board is first initialized. This can cause the external devices connected to these lines to operate erratically. By pulling these lines down, when the data acquisition system is first turned on, the motors will not switch on before the 8255 is initialized. To use the pull-up/pull-down feature, you must first install resistor packs in any or all of the three locations near the 8255, labeled PA, PCL, and PCH. PA takes a 10-pin pack, and PCL and PCH take 6-pin packs. Figure 1-13 shows a blowup of the PA, PCL, and PCH resistor pack locations. After the resistor packs are installed, you must connect them into the circuit as pull-ups or pull-downs. Locate the three-hole pads on the board below the resistor packs. They are labeled G (for ground) on one end and V (for +5V) on the other end. The middle hole is common. PA is for Port A, PCL is for Port C Lower, and PCH is for Port C Upper. Figure 1-13 shows these pads. To operate as pull-ups, solder a jumper wire between the common pin (middle pin of the three) and the V pin. For pull-downs, solder a jumper wire between the common pin (middle pin) and the G pin. Figure 1-12 shows Port A lines with pull-ups, Port C Lower with pull-downs, and Port C Upper with no resistors. +5 V PA 8255 PULL-UP V G 10K PORT A (PA0-7) +5 V CL PULL-DOWN V G 10K PORT C LOWER (PC0-3) +5 V CH V G PORT C UPPER (PC4-7) Fig Adding Pull-ups and Pull-downs to Digital I/O Lines 1-9

24 RN9 RN8 PA RN7 PCH PCL PA PCL PCH V G BASE ADDRESS S1 + 10V 20V +/- TR1 TR2 TR3 R2 R1 TR4 R4 C14 TR5 TR6 Made in USA Y1 U5 SWITCH XTAL C5 P7 RN1 C18 C17 AD574 U10 U17 U12 C29 C23 LF398 C35 C30 PGA203 AD712 C13 C24 R3 C32 P6 C31 U15 S D S D S D C19 HI-508A C21 HI-508A U14 RN6 P2 82C54 C26 AD7237 C25 U13 C12 C16 U9 C15 C20 C22 CLK0 CLK1 CLK2 P3 OSC EC0 OT0 OSC EC1 OT1 OSC P8 C8 GT1 GT2 +5V EXT +5V EXT U16 74LS125 74LS04 U6 C9 C28 AD712 C27 RN5 RN3 RN4 R AD2110/ADA2110,, Accessing the Analog World USA DAC1,, R P X1 X2 DAC2 P5 EC2 U8 C4 82C55 C7 U7 RN2 74LS244 C6 PAL U11 U2 PC3 PC0 OUT2 U4 OUT1 OUT0 IRQ2 IRQ3 IRQ4 IRQ5 IRQ6 IRQ7 RN9 RN8 PCH PCL PA RN7 PA C3 74LS688 C2 74LS367 P9 74LS245 C1 PCL U3 C11 + Copyright C 1993 Real Time Devices, Inc. State College, PA USA A31 EOC P10 IRQ U1 C33 + C C10 A1 P1 PCH V G Fig Pull-up/Pull-down Resistor Circuitry 1-10

25 Gm, Gain Multiplier Circuitry The 2110 has software programmable binary gains of 1, 2, 4, and 8. A gain multiplier circuit, Gm, is provided so that you can easily configure special gain settings for a specific application. Note that when you use this feature and set up the board for a gain of other than 1, all of the input channels will operate only at your custom gain settings. In other words, if you install circuitry which gives you a gain multiplier of 10, then the four programmable gains available are 10, 20, 40, and 80. Gm is derived by adding resistors R3 and R4, trimpot TR4, and capacitor C14, all located in the upper center and right areas of the board. The resistors and trimpot combine to set the gain, as shown in the formula in Figure Capacitor C14 is provided so that you can add low-pass filtering in the gain circuit. If your input signal is a slowly changing one and you do not need to measure it at a higher rate, you may want to add a capacitor at C14 in order to reduce the input frequency range and in turn reduce the noise on your input signal. The formula for setting the frequency is given in the diagram. Figure 1-14 shows how the Gm circuitry is configured. As shown in Figure 1-14, a solder short must be removed from the board to activate the Gm circuitry. This short is located on the bottom side of the board under U12 (AD712 IC). Figure 1-15 shows the location of the solder short U12 J1 1 Remove solder short (see Figure 1-15) C14 R4 TR4 R3 To calculate Gain: Gain =[(TR4 + R4)/R3] + 1 To calculate frequency: f = 1/[2þC14(R4 + TR4)] Fig Gain Circuitry and Formulas for Calculating Gain and f 1-11

26 U12 Remove Solder Short Between These 2 Pads on Bottom Side of Board BASE ADDRESS S1 10V 20V +/- TR1 TR2 TR3 R2 R1 TR4 R4 C14 TR5 TR6 Made in USA Y1 U5 SWITCH XTAL C5 P7 RN1 C18 C17 AD574 U10 U17 U12 C29 C23 LF398 C35 C30 PGA203 AD712 C13 C24 R3 C32 P6 C31 U15 S D S D S D C19 HI-508A C21 HI-508A U14 RN6 P2 82C54 C26 AD7237 C25 U13 C12 C16 U9 C15 C20 C22 CLK0 CLK1 CLK2 P3 OSC EC0 OT0 OSC EC1 OT1 OSC P8 C8 GT1 GT2 +5V EXT +5V EXT U16 74LS125 74LS04 U6 C9 C28 AD712 C27 RN5 RN3 RN4 R AD2110/ADA2110,, Accessing the Analog World USA DAC1,, R P X1 X2 DAC2 P5 EC2 U8 C4 82C55 C7 U7 RN2 74LS244 C6 PAL U11 U2 PC3 PC0 OUT2 U4 OUT1 OUT0 IRQ2 IRQ3 IRQ4 IRQ5 IRQ6 IRQ7 RN9 RN8 PCH PCL PA RN7 PA C3 74LS688 C2 74LS367 P9 74LS245 C1 PCL U3 C11 + Copyright C 1993 Real Time Devices, Inc. State College, PA USA A31 EOC P10 IRQ U1 C33 + C C10 A1 P1 PCH V G Fig Diagram for Removal of Solder Short 1-12

27 CHAPTER 2 BOARD INSTALLATION The 2110 is easy to install in your IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible computer. It can be placed in any slot, short or full-size. This chapter tells you step-by-step how to install and connect the board. After you have installed the board and made all of your connections, you can turn your system on and run the 2110DIAG board diagnostics program included on your example software disk to verify that your board is working. 2-1

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29 Board Installation Keep the board in its antistatic bag until you are ready to install it in your computer. When removing it from the bag, hold the board at the edges and do not touch the components or connectors. Before installing the board in your computer, check the jumper and switch settings. Chapter 1 reviews the factory settings and how to change them. If you need to change any settings, refer to the appropriate instructions in Chapter 1. Note that incompatible jumper settings can result in unpredictable board operation and erratic response. To install the board: 1. Turn OFF the power to your computer. 2. Remove the top cover of the computer housing (refer to your owner s manual if you do not already know how to do this). 3. Select any unused short or full-size expansion slot and remove the slot bracket. 4. Touch the metal housing of the computer to discharge any static buildup and then remove the board from its antistatic bag. 5. Holding the board by its edges, orient it so that its card edge (bus) connector lines up with the expansion slot connector in the bottom of the selected expansion slot. 6. After carefully positioning the board in the expansion slot so that the card edge connector is resting on the computer s bus connector, gently and evenly press down on the board until it is secured in the slot. NOTE: Do not force the board into the slot. If the board does not slide into place, remove it and try again. Wiggling the board or exerting too much pressure can result in damage to the board or to the computer. 7. After the board is installed, secure the slot bracket back into place and put the cover back on your computer. The board is now ready to be connected via the external I/O connector at the rear panel of your computer. External I/O Connections Figure 2-1 shows the 2110 s P2 I/O connector pinout. Refer to this diagram as you make your I/O connections. DIFF. S.E. DIFF. S.E. AIN1+ AIN1 AIN2+ AIN2 AIN3+ AIN3 AIN4+ AIN4 AIN5+ AIN5 AIN6+ AIN6 AIN7+ AIN7 AIN8+ AIN8 AOUT1 AOUT2 ANALOG GND PA7 PA6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 EXT CLK 0 EXT GATE 0 EXT CLK 1 EXT CLK VOLTS -12 VOLTS AIN1- AIN9 AIN2- AIN10 AIN3- AIN11 AIN4- AIN12 AIN5- AIN13 AIN6- AIN14 AIN7- AIN15 AIN8- AIN16 ANALOG GND ANALOG GND ANALOG GND PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC2 PC1 PC0 T/C OUT 0 T/C OUT 1 T/C OUT 2 EXT GATE 1/2 +5 VOLTS DIGITAL GND Fig. 2-1 P2 I/O Connector Pin Assignments 2-3

30 Connecting the Analog Input Pins The analog inputs on the board can be set for single-ended or differential operation. NOTE: It is good practice to connect all unused channels to ground, as shown in the following diagrams. Failure to do so may affect the accuracy of your results. Single-Ended. When operating in the single-ended mode, connect the high side of the analog input to one of the analog input channels, AIN1 through AIN16, and connect the low side to an ANALOG GND (pins 18 and on P2). Figure 2-2 shows how these connections are made. I/O CONNECTOR P2 SIGNAL SOURCE 1 OUT + PIN 1 AIN 1 GND MUX SIGNAL SOURCE 15 OUT + PIN 14 AIN 15 OUT + OUT GND PIN 16 AIN 16 PIN 22 Fig. 2-2 Single-Ended Input Connections Differential. When operating in the differential mode, twisted pair cable is recommended to reduce the effects of magnetic coupling at the inputs. Your signal source may or may not have a separate ground reference. When using the differential mode, you should install a resistor pack at location RN6 on the board to provide a reference to ground for signal sources without a separate ground reference. First, connect the high side of the analog input to the selected analog input channel, AIN1+ through AIN8+, and connect the low side of the input to the corresponding AIN- pin. Then, for signal sources with a separate ground reference, connect the ground from the signal source to an ANALOG GND (pins 18 and on P2). Figure 2-3 shows how these connections are made. 2-4

31 I/O CONNECTOR P2 SIGNAL SOURCE 1 OUT + - PIN 1 PIN 2 RN6 10K AIN 1+ AIN 1- MUX SIGNAL SOURCE 7 OUT + - PIN 13 PIN 14 10K AIN 7+ AIN 7- OUT + OUT GND PIN 15 AIN 8+ PIN 16 10K AIN 8- PIN 22 Fig. 2-3 Differential Input Connections Connecting the Analog Outputs (ADA 2110 Only) For each of the two D/A outputs, connect the high side of the device receiving the output to the AOUT channel (P2-17 or P2-19) and connect the low side of the device to an ANALOG GND (P2-18 or P2-20). Connecting the Timer/Counters and Digital I/O For all of these connections, the high side of an external signal source or destination device is connected to the appropriate signal pin on the P2 I/O connector and the low side is connected to any DIGITAL GND. Running the 2110DIAG Diagnostics Program Now that your board is ready to use, you will want to try it out. An easy-to-use, menu-driven diagnostics program, 2110DIAG, is included with your example software to help you verify your board s operation. You can also use this program to make sure that your current base address setting does not contend with another device. 2-5

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33 CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION This chapter describes the features of the 2110 hardware. The major circuits are the A/D, the D/A, the timer/counters, and the digital I/O lines. This chapter also describes the hardware-selectable interrupts. 3-1

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35 The 2110 board has four major circuits, the A/D, the D/A (ADA2110 only), the timer/counters, and the digital I/O lines. Figure 3-1 shows the block diagram of the board. This chapter describes the hardware which makes up the major circuits and hardware-selectable interrupts. DATA 12-BIT A/D CONVERTER S/H RANGE SELECT ±5 VOLTS 0TO+10VOLTS ±10 VOLTS RESISTOR CONFIGURABLE GAIN PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER 1/2/4/8 MUX ANALOG INPUTS 8 DIFF./16 S.E. -5V TO +5V 0 TO +10V -10V TO +10V EOC INTERRUPT SELECT 8255 PPI PORT B PORT A 8 8 PORT C 8 PC BUS 8254 PIT 8MHz OSC TIMER/ COUNTER I/O SELECT PULL-UP/DOWN RESISTORS 5 I/O CONNECTOR ADDRESS ADDRESS DECODE CONTROL 12-BIT D/A CONVERTER RANGE SELECT ±5 VOLTS 0TO+5VOLTS 0TO+10VOLTS ±10 VOLTS AOUT 1 AOUT 2 ±12 VOLTS CONTROL +5 VOLTS Fig. 3-1 AD2110/ADA2110 Block Diagram A/D Conversion Circuitry The2110 performs analog-to-digital conversions on up to 16 single-ended or 8 differential software-selectable analog input channels. The following paragraphs describe the A/D circuitry. Analog Inputs The input voltage range is jumper-selectable for -5 to +5 volts, -10 to +10 volts, or 0 to +10 volts. Softwareprogrammable binary gains of 1, 2, 4, and 8 let you amplify lower level signals to more closely match the board s input ranges. These gains can be customized for even greater input control by adding a gain multiplying resistor circuit as described in Chapter 1. Overvoltage protection to ±35 volts is provided at the inputs. A/D Converter The 12-bit A/D converter, when combined with the typical acquisition time of the sample-and-hold circuitry, provides a throughput rate of 40,000 samples per second. The A/D output is a 12-bit data word. Note that 8-bit conversions can be performed when speed is more critical than resolution. Eight-bit conversions increase the throughput rate to about 45 khz. 3-3

36 D/A Converters (ADA2110 Only) Two independent 12-bit analog output channels are included on the ADA2110. The analog outputs are generated by two 12-bit D/A converters with independent jumper-selectable output ranges of ±5, ±10, 0 to +5, or 0 to +10 volts. The ±10 volt range has a resolution of 4.88 millivolts, the ±5 and 0 to +10 volt ranges have a resolution of 2.44 millivolts, and the 0 to +5 volt range has a resolution of 1.22 millivolts. Timer/Counters An 8254 programmable interval timer provides three 16-bit, 8 MHz timer/counters to support a wide range of timing and counting functions. These timer/counters can be cascaded or used individually for many applications. Figure 3-2 shows the timer/counter circuit block diagram. Each timer/counter has two inputs, CLK in and GATE in, and one output, timer/counter OUT. They can be programmed as binary or BCD down counters by writing the appropriate data to the command word, as described in Chapter 4. The command word also lets you set up the mode of operation. The six programmable modes are: Mode 0 Event Counter (Interrupt on Terminal Count) Mode 1 Hardware-Retriggerable One-Shot Mode 2 Rate Generator Mode 3 Square Wave Mode Mode 4 Software-Triggered Strobe Mode 5 Hardware Triggered Strobe (Retriggerable) These modes are detailed in the 8254 Data Sheet, reprinted from Intel in Appendix C P I/O CONNECTOR P2 TIMER/ COUNTER 0 CLK GATE OSC EC0 8MHz +5 V PIN 39 PIN 41 EXT CLK 0 EXT GATE 0 OUT PIN 40 T/C OUT 0 OT0 TIMER/ COUNTER 1 CLK GATE OUT OSC EC1 P8 +5 V PIN 43 PIN 46 PIN 42 EXT CLK 1 EXT GATE 1/2 T/C OUT 1 OT1 TIMER/ COUNTER 2 CLK GATE OSC EC2 PIN 45 EXT CLK 2 OUT PIN 44 T/C OUT 2 Fig Timer/Counter Circuit Block Diagram 3-4

37 Digital I/O, Programmable Peripheral Interface The programmable peripheral interface (PPI) is used for digital I/O functions. This high-performance TTL/ CMOS compatible chip has 24 digital I/O lines divided into two groups of 12 lines each: Group A Port A (8 lines) and Port C Upper (4 lines); Group B Port B (8 lines) and Port C Lower (4 lines). Port A and Port C are available at the external I/O connector, P2. Port B is dedicated to on-board functions and is not available for your use. You can use the 16 lines of Ports A and C in one of these three PPI operating modes: Mode 0 Basic input/output. Lets you use simple input and output operation for a port. Data is written to or read from the specified port. Mode 1 Strobed input/output. Lets you transfer I/O data from Port A in conjunction with strobes or handshaking signals. Mode 2 Strobed bidirectional input/output. Lets you communicate bidirectionally with an external device through Port A. Handshaking is similar to Mode 1. These modes are detailed in the 8255 Data Sheet, reprinted from Intel in Appendix C. Interrupts The 2110 has five jumper-selectable interrupt sources on P9: timer/counter OUT0, OUT1, and OUT2, and PPI PC0 (INTRB) and PC3 (INTRA). The end-of-convert signal is available as an interrupt on P10 and can be used to interrupt the computer when an A/D conversion is completed. Chapter 1 tells you how to set the jumpers on the interrupt header connectors and Chapter 4 describes how to program interrupts. 3-5

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39 CHAPTER 4 BOARD OPERATION AND PROGRAMMING This chapter shows you how to program and use your 2110 board. It provides a complete description of the I/O map, a detailed description of programming operations and operating modes, and flow diagrams to aid you in programming. The example programs included on the disk in your board package are listed at the end of this chapter. These programs, written in Turbo C, Turbo Pascal, and BASIC, include source code to simplify your applications programming. 4-1

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41 Defining the I/O Map The I/O map for the 2110 is shown in Table 4-1 below. As shown, the board occupies 16 consecutive I/O port locations. The base address (designated as BA) can be selected using DIP switch S1 as described in Chapter 1, Board Settings. This switch can be accessed without removing the board from the connector. S1 is factory set at 300 hex (768 decimal). The following sections describe the register contents of each address used in the I/O map. Table 4-1: AD2110/ADA2110 I/O Map Register Description Read Function Write Function Address * (Decimal) 8255 PPI Port A Read Port A digital input lines Program Port A digital output lines BA PPI Port B (Channel/Gain Select) Read Port B bits Program channel and gain BA PPI Port C Read Port C digital input lines Program Port C digital output lines BA PPI Control Word Reserved Program PPI configuration BA Timer/Counter 0 Read count value Load count register BA Timer/Counter 1 Read count value Load count register BA Timer/Counter 2 Read count value Load count register BA Timer/Counter Control Word Reserved Program counter mode BA + 7 Start 12-bit Conversion/ Read MSB Read A/D converted data, MSB Start 12-bit A/D conversion BA + 8 Start 8-bit Conversion/ Read LSB Read A/D converted data, LSB Start 8-bit A/D conversion BA + 9 Simultaneously update DAC1 Read Status/Update DACs Read status word & DAC2 (ADA2110 only) BA + 10 Reserved Reserved Reserved BA + 11 D/A Converter 1 LSB (ADA2110 only) Reserved Program DAC1 LSB BA + 12 D/A Converter 1 MSB (ADA2110 only) Reserved Program DAC1 MSB BA + 13 D/A Converter 2 LSB (ADA2110 only) Reserved Program DAC2 LSB BA + 14 D/A Converter 2 MSB (ADA2110 only) Reserved Program DAC2 MSB BA + 15 * BA = Base Address BA + 0: PPI Port A Digital I/O (Read/Write) Transfers the 8-bit Port A digital input and digital output data between the board and an external device. A read transfers data from the external device, through P2, and into PPI Port A; a write transfers the written data from Port A through P2 to an external device. 4-3

42 BA + 1: PPI Port B Channel/Gain Select (Read/Write) Programs the analog input channel and gain. Reading this register shows you the current settings. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Channel Gain 00 = x1 01 = x2 10 = x4 11 = x8 Analog Input Channel Select 0000 = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel = channel 16 BA + 2: PPI Port C Digital I/O (Read/Write) Transfers the two 4-bit Port C digital input and digital output data groups (Port C Upper and Port C Lower) between the board and an external device. A read transfers data from the external device, through P2, and into PPI Port C; a write transfers the written data from Port C through P2 to an external device. BA + 3: 8255 PPI Control Word (Write Only) When bit 7 of this word is set to 1, a write programs the PPI configuration. The PPI must be programmed so that Port B is a Mode 0 output port, as shown below (X = don t care). 1 X X X X 0 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Mode Set Flag 1 = active Mode Select 00 = mode 0 01 = mode 1 10 = mode 2 Group A Port A 0 = output 1 = input Port C Upper 0 = output 1 = input Mode Select 0 = mode 0 1 = mode 1 Port B 0 = output 1 = input Port C Lower 0 = output 1 = input Group B 4-4

43 The table below shows the control words for the 16 possible Mode 0 Port I/O combinations. Port A 8255 Port I/O Flow Direction and Control Words, Mode 0 Group A Group B Control Word Port C Upper Port B Port C Lower Binary Decimal Hex Output Output Output Output Output Output Output Input Output Output Input Output Output Output Input Input Output Input Output Output Output Input Output Input Output Input Input Output A Output Input Input Input B Input Output Output Output Input Output Output Input Input Output Input Output Input Output Input Input Input Input Output Output Input Input Output Input Input Input Input Output A Input Input Input Input B When bit 7 of the PPI control word is set to 0, a write can be used to individually program the Port C lines. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Set/Reset Function Bit 0 = active Bit Select 000 = PC0 001 = PC1 010 = PC2 011 = PC3 100 = PC4 101 = PC5 110 = PC6 111 = PC7 Bit Set/Reset 0 = set bit to 0 1 = set bit to 1 4-5

44 For example, if you want to set Port C bit 0 to 1, you would set up the control word so that bit 7 is 0; bits 1, 2, and 3 are 0 (this selects PC0); and bit 0 is 1 (this sets PC0 to 1). The control word is set up like this: Sets PC0 to 1: (written to BA +3) 0 X X X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Set/Reset Function Bit X = don t care Bit Select 000 = PC0 Set PC0 BA + 4: 8254 Timer/Counter 0 (Read/Write) A read shows the count in the counter, and a write loads the counter with a new value. Counting begins as soon as the count is loaded. BA + 5: 8254 Timer/Counter 1 (Read/Write) A read shows the count in the counter, and a write loads the counter with a new value. Counting begins as soon as the count is loaded. BA + 6: 8254 Timer/Counter 2 (Read/Write) A read shows the count in the counter, and a write loads the counter with a new value. Counting begins as soon as the count is loaded. BA + 7: 8254 Control Word (Write Only) Accesses the 8254 control register to directly control the three timer/counters. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Counter Select 00 = Counter 0 01 = Counter 1 10 = Counter 2 11 = read back setting Read/Load 00 = latching operation 01 = read/load LSB only 10 = read/load MSB only 11 = read/load LSB, then MSB BCD/Binary 0 = binary 1 = BCD Counter Mode Select 000 = Mode 0, event count 001 = Mode 1, programmable 1-shot 010 = Mode 2, rate generator 011 = Mode 3, square wave rate generator 100 = Mode 4, software-triggered strobe 101 = Mode 5, hardware-triggered strobe BA + 8: Start 12-Bit Conversion/Read MSB Data (Read/Write) Writing to this address starts a 12-bit A/D conversion (the data written is irrelevant). A read provides the MSB (8 most significant bits) of the A/D conversion, as defined below. The converted data is left-justified. When you are performing 8-bit conversions, only the MSB must be read. MSB 12-Bit: 8-Bit: D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Bit 11 Bit 10 Bit 9 Bit 8 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 4-6

45 BA + 9: Start 8-Bit Conversion/Read LSB Data (Read/Write) Writing to this address starts an 8-bit A/D conversion (the data written is irrelevant). A read provides the LSB (4 least significant bits) of the A/D conversion, as defined below. The converted data is left-justified. LSB D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 X X X X BA + 10: Read Status/Update DAC Outputs (Read/Write) A read provides the status bit defined below. The end-of-convert bit goes high when a conversion is complete. A write simultaneously starts a D/A conversion in both DACs (data written is irrelevant). If the data written to either channel has not been updated since the last conversion, the output of the corresponding DAC will not change. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 BA + 11: Reserved End-of-Convert 0 = converting 1 = not converting BA + 12: D/A Converter 1 LSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) Programs the DAC1 LSB (eight bits). BA + 13: D/A Converter 1 MSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) Programs the DAC1 MSB (four bits) into D0 through D3; D4 through D7 are irrelevant. BA + 14: D/A Converter 2 LSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) Programs the DAC2 LSB (eight bits). BA + 15: D/A Converter 2 MSB: ADA2110 (Write Only) Programs the DAC2 MSB (four bits) into D0 through D3; D4 through D7 are irrelevant. DAC LSB D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 DAC MSB D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 X X X X Bit 11 Bit 10 Bit 9 Bit 8 4-7

46 Programming the AD2110/ADA2110 This section gives you some general information about programming and the 2110 board, and then walks you through the major 2110 programming functions. These descriptions will help you as you use the example programs included with the board and the programming flow diagrams at the end of this chapter. All of the program descriptions in this section use decimal values unless otherwise specified. The 2110 is programmed by writing to and reading from the correct I/O port locations on the board. These I/O ports were defined in the previous section. Most high-level languages such as BASIC, Pascal, C, and C++, and of course assembly language, make it very easy to read/write these ports. The table below shows you how to read from and write to I/O ports using some popular programming languages. Language Read Write BASIC Data=INP(Address) OUT Address,Data Turbo C Data=inportb(Address) outportb(address,data) Turbo Pascal Data:=Port[Address] Port[Address]:=Data Assembly mov dx,address in al,dx mov dx,address mov al,data out dx,al In addition to being able to read/write the I/O ports on the 2110, you must be able to perform a variety of operations that you might not normally use in your programming. The table below shows you some of the operators discussed in this section, with an example of how each is used with Pascal, C, and BASIC. Note that the modulus operator is used to retrieve the least significant byte (LSB) of a two-byte word, and the integer division operator is used to retrieve the most significant byte (MSB). Language Modulus Integer Division AND OR C % a = b % c / a = b / c & a = b & c a = b c Pascal MOD a := b MOD c DIV a := b DIV c AND a := b AND c OR a := b OR c BASIC MOD a = b MOD c \ a = b \ c AND a = b AND c OR a = b OR c Many compilers have functions that can read/write either 8 or 16 bits from/to an I/O port. For example, Turbo Pascal uses Port for 8-bit port operations and PortW for 16 bits, Turbo C uses inportb for an 8-bit read of a port and inport for a 16-bit read. Be sure to use only 8-bit operations with the 2110! Clearing and Setting Bits in a Port When you clear or set one or more bits in a port, you must be careful that you do not change the status of the other bits. You can preserve the status of all bits you do not wish to change by proper use of the AND and OR binary operators. Using AND and OR, single or multiple bits can be easily cleared in one operation. To clear a single bit in a port, AND the current value of the port with the value b, where b = bit. Example: Clear bit 5 in a port. Read in the current value of the port, AND it with 223 (223 = ), and then write the resulting value to the port. In BASIC, this is programmed as: V = INP(PortAddress) V = V AND 223 OUT PortAddress, V 4-8