Fenestration Codes and Standards

Transcription

1 Fenestration Codes and Standards Charles Eley, FAIA, PE Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 1

2 A Brief History Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 3

3 A Brief History Oil Embargo 1974 Governor Jerry Brown First Star Wars ASHRAE approves Standard Maximum Overall U-factor Maximum OTTV California Energy Commission created CEC adopts first generation standards Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 4

4 A Brief History First Generation Prescriptive Criteria U <= 0.41 for San Francisco Max WWR 32% Single glass 80% double glass OTTV <= 33 for San Francisco Max WWR 20% single clear 26% single tinted 51% single reflective 26% double clear 36% double tinted 100% double reflective Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 5

5 A Brief History Chariots of Fire wins Best Picture 1983 Space shuttle Challenger Loma Prieta Earthquake Second generation standards were adopted for offices and retail ASHRAE updates Standard 90.1 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 6

6 A Brief History California Prescriptive Requirements U-factor <= 0.65 Standards expressed in terms of maximum glazing area Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 7

7 A Brief History ASHRAE Standard Both California and ASHRAE defined fenestration standards in terms of maximum glazing area Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 8

8 A Brief History Gulf War O.J. Simpson National Fenestration Rating Council CEC simplifies the nonresidential standards which consider glass area to be neutral unless WWR > 40% Paradym Shift Energy codes start to focus on fenestration performance instead of glazing area ASHRAE Standard follows an approach similar to California Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 9

9 A Brief History California 2001 ASHRAE ASHRAE California 2005 ASHRAE California 2008 c California and ASHRAE play a game of leapfrog Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 10

10 A Brief History Hurricane Sandy ASHRAE ASHRAE California 2013 California 2013 becomes effective ASHRAE 90.1 Addendum BM out for public review Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 11

11 A Brief History New residences to be zero net-energy Moving toward zero net-energy 2029 New commercial buildings to be zero net energy Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 12

12 Typical Window Wall Ratios Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 13

13 Typical Window Wall Ratios Offices Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 14

14 Typical Window Wall Ratios Restaurants Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 15

15 Typical Window Wall Ratios Schools Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 16

16 Typical Window Wall Ratios Healthcare Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 17

17 Typical Window Wall Ratios Lodging Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 18

18 Typical Window Wall Ratios Data from CBECS 2003 (Commercial Building Energy Conservation Survey) Referenc e Number Reference Building Type 10 percent or less 11 to 25 percent 26 to 50 percent 51 to 75 percent 76 to 100 percent Average WWR 1 Large Office 0% 13% 26% 47% 13% 54% 2 Medium Office 17% 37% 27% 14% 6% 31% 3 Small Office 43% 34% 16% 6% 1% 19% 4 Warehouse 92% 6% 1% 0% 0% 6% 5 Stand-alone Retail 66% 27% 6% 1% 0% 11% 6 Strip Mall NA NA NA NA NA NA 7 Primary School 35% 36% 21% 5% 2% 22% 8 Secondary School and University 26% 48% 19% 8% 0% 22% 9 Grocery Store 81% 19% 0% 0% 0% 7% 10 Fast Food 18% 21% 37% 25% 0% 34% 11 Restaurant 27% 40% 21% 12% 0% 24% 12 Hospital 16% 41% 34% 7% 1% 27% 13 Outpatient Health Care 35% 36% 21% 8% 0% 21% 14 Motel 27% 39% 28% 3% 3% 24% 15 Hotel 2% 36% 45% 16% 0% 34% Source: Analysis of Building Envelope Construction in 2003 CBECS, Dave Winiarski, et. al., June 2007, PNNL Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 19

19 Orientation and Shading Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 20

20 Orientation and Shading Projection Factor H V Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 21

21 Orientation and Shading Relative Solar Heat Gain North South East/West North South East/West a b Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 22

22 Orientation and Shading California Orientation Restrictions West facing glazing as well as total glazing is limited to 40% Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 23

23 Orientation and Shading ASHRAE 2013 Orientation Restrictions OR AND AND Exceptions Windows with permanent shading (overhangs or louvers) Buildings shaded by existing structures Alterations Facades with 20% WWR or less Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 24

24 Orientation and Shading Special Case for Street Level Display California allows a minimum of six feet times the display perimeter ASHRAE allows 75% WWR, but requires overhang with PF 0.50 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 25

25 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 26

26 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements California Requirements Code CZ U-factor SHGC VT California Bay North No requirement All Valley North 0.57 All California 2001 Bay 0.81 WWR All North No requirement California % 20% 30% 40% Valley 0.49 WWR All North All All Climates 0.36 Fixed 0.46 Operable 0.41 Curtainwall 0.45 Glass doors 10% 20% 30% 40% All Climates 0.25 Fixed 0.22 Operable 0.26 Curtainwall 0.23 Glass doors All Climates 0.42 Fixed 0.32 Operable 0.46 Curtainwall 0.17 Glass doors Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 27

27 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements California Requirements 1992 Single 1.00 U-factor Double Low-e Double VT Requirement 2001 Bay 2001 Valley Zero Zero Low-e Glass Reflective Glass Tinted Glass Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 28

28 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Fenestration Products that Comply with California 2013 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 30

29 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Options with Shading Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 31

30 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Component Examples Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 32

31 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Code Simplification The following is a quote from the research report supporting the California 2013 Standards... there is a move towards simplification of the Standards.... This code simplification included: A single SHGC and VT for all fenestration ratios up to the maximum fenestration ratio A single U-factor, SHGC and VT for all climate zones A single SHGC and VT for all orientations Source: Nonresidential & High-Rise Residential Fenestration Requirements, 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California Utilities Statewide Codes and Standards Team September 2011 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 33

32 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements Visible Light Transmission Clear and green glass with low-e coatings Permited Products Now a prescriptive requirement in California Bronze and gray glass with reflective coatings Source: Nonresidential & High-Rise Residential Fenestration Requirements, 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California Utilities Statewide Codes and Standards Team September 2011 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 34

33 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements ASHRAE Requirements ASHRAE 1999 ASHRAE 2004 ASHRAE 2007 and 2010 ASHRAE 2013 Climate U-factor SHGC VT Bay (B12) 1.22 Fixed WWR All North No requirement 1.27 Operable Valley (B11) 3C Bay and Valley 3C 3C 0.57 Fixed 0.67 Operable 0.57 Fixed 0.67 Operable 0.65 Nonmetal 0.60 Curtainwall 0.90 Entrance door 0.95 Metal (other) 0.35 Nonmetal 0.50 Metal Fixed 0.60 Metal Operable 0.77 Entrance door 10% 20% 30% 40% WWR All North No requirement 10% 20% 30% 40% WWR All North No requirement 10% 20% 30% 40% All No requirement 0.25 All VT/SHGC >= 1.10 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 35

34 Progression of Prescriptive Requirements ASHRAE Requirements 1999 Bay Single 1.00 U-factor Double Low-e Double Plus requirements for VT and orientation 1999 Valley Zero Zero Low-e Glass Reflective Glass Tinted Glass Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 36

35 Performance Standards Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 37

36 Performance Standards First Generation Energy Budgets Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 38

37 Performance Standards First Generation California Climate Zones There is some differentiation along the coast, but note that Walnut Creek and Truckee are in the same climate zone Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 39

38 Performance Standards 2 nd Generation Energy Budgets for Offices Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 40

39 Performance Standards The Custom Budget Approach Proposed Design Meets mandatory requirements As designed: Envelope Lighting HVAC SHW Simulation Model Identical Surfaces Orientations* Identical Weather Schedules Energy rates Budget Building Design Meets mandatory requirements Meets prescriptive requirements: Envelope Lighting HVAC SHW Simulation Model 1988 First implemented in California 1999 Included in ASHRAE ASHRAE added the PRM in Appendix G Baseline is rotated WWR is fixed with latest version Design Energy Cost Energy Cost Budget *Unless glazing area in budget design requires adjustment California comparison was based on source energy but was changed to TDV energy in 2005 Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 41

40 Performance Standards Tradeoffs with California 2013 Proposed Design Fenestration modeled with PD U-factor, SHGC and VT Penalty if U, SHGC is higher VT is lower No daylighting controls Baseline Building Fenestration has the prescriptive U-factor, SHGC and VT levels Automatic daylighting controls In primary daylighting zone Under skylights Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 42

41 Performance Standards WWRs in ASHRAE Performance Rating Method Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 43

42 Performance Standards Comparison of Performance Methods California and ASHRAE ECB Performance Rating Method Window Area Neutral if less than 40% Asset Window Orientation Neutral Asset U-factor Asset Asset SHGC Asset Asset VT Asset Asset Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 44

43 Performance Standards CBECC-Com Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 45

44 Zero Energy Performance Index Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 46

45 Zero Energy Performance Index Zero Energy Performance Index A stable scale that does not change over time Same scale for code compliance, LEED energy points, utility incentive programs and green building ratings Baseline does not change so that software developers have more incentive to automate the process. Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 47

46 Zero Energy Performance Index Movement Towards zepi IgCC Addendum BM (proposed) ASHRAE Building EQ Rating System ASHRAE Standard Referenced by CalGreen Referenced by IgCC MOU with ICC Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 48

47 Zero Energy Performance Index zepi Resources (available at eley.com/resources) Go to and click on: Rethinking Percent Savings Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 49 More technical piece published in the ASHRAE 2011 summer proceedings

48 Zero Energy Performance Index Using the zepi as a Framework for Code Development 100 All Buildings zepi 2008 New Nonresidential New Residential Year Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 50

49 Questions and Clarifications Charles Eley, October 8, 2014 Slide 51