Geomagnetic Disturbances and High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Research

Transcription

1 Geomagnetic Disturbances and High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Research Bob Arritt, Technical Executive Grid Operations and Planning, Electric Power Research Institute Grid Security Conference (GridSecCon) 2017 St. Paul, Minnesota Wednesday, October 18, 2017

2 Agenda Who is EPRI? Overview of EPRI GMD Research Portfolio New EPRI GMD Research Project FERC Directed Research Update on Present EPRI Research Update on EMP Research 2

3 About EPRI Born in a Blackout Founded in 1972 as an independent, non-profit center for public interest energy and environmental research EPRI Members 450+ participants in more than 30 countries The Great Northeast Blackout New York City EPRI members represent approximately 90% of the electricity revenue in the United States International funding of nearly 25% of EPRI s research, development and demonstrations 3

4 EPRI GMD Research EPRI has been performing GMD-related research since the late 1970 s. Research areas include: GIC Calculation and System Modeling Software Tools Vulnerability Assessments Mitigation Measures Measurement Systems (EPRI SUNBURST Network) 4

5 GMD Research Portfolio New GMD Research Project Benchmark GMD Event Transformer Thermal Assessment GMD Harmonics Assessment EPRI GMD Vulnerability Assessments GMD Assessment Guidelines Benchmarking Commercial Tools Road Map for Future Assessment Methods/Tools SUNBURST & Adv. Sensors GIC Monitoring (neutral and line) Magnetometers Data Analytics 5

6 New GMD Research Project 6

7 FERC Order No. 830 FERC Order continues efforts addressing geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) Implementation of GMD Vulnerability Assessments (TPL-007-1) Revisions to TPL through Standards Development Process GMD research work plan NERC and EPRI collaborated to develop a research work plan addressing issues identified in Order 830 FERC Order No FERC Required Work / Research Plan Benchmark GMD Event Transformer Thermal Impacts GMD Harmonic Assessments 7 Preliminary GMD Research Work Plan filed with FERC in May 2017 Inform GMD Assessments

8 TPL-007 Assessment Process Benchmark GMD Event Assessment Criteria Harmonic Modeling Harmonic Assessment Transformer Thermal Assessment *Potentially Impacted by FERC Required Research Work Plan 8

9 Benchmark GMD Event Research will advance the technical basis of the GMD Benchmark used in system planning Spatial Averaging Latitude Scaling Earth Conductivity Equator Reduction Phenomenology Area of impact / Impact to BPS Investigate Existing Values Propose New Values (if appropriate) 3D vs. 1D Scaling Factors 1-in-100 Year Benchmark GMD Event 9

10 Improve Transformer Thermal Impact Assessment Process Determine if existing thermal assessment criteria and procedures are adequate. Develop enhancements to models and data to improve accuracy of transformer thermal impact assessments. FERC Order 830 P68. The Commission believes that the heating effects of harmonics on transformers,, are of concern and require further research. Will inform the transformer screening criteria presently in GMD Assessments 10

11 Harmonic Impact Studies GMD harmonic assessments provide guidance and tools to address GMD-related harmonics Impacts of harmonics on power system equipment; in particular, the impacts of vibrations on power transformers. FERC Order 830 P68. Accordingly, we direct NERC to address the effects of harmonics, including tertiary winding harmonic heating and any other effects on transformers, as part of the GMD research work plan. May result in additional screening and/or monitoring criteria that can be used to determine GMD impacts 11

12 Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMD) Grid Resiliency Furthering the Research of GMD Impacts on the BPS Objectives and Scope A research plan to meet the specific areas of GMDrelated concerns identified in FERC 830. Provide solid research to inform any future revisions of TPL-007. Value Better understanding of the threats posed by GMD events on the bulk power system Better planning tools to meet existing and future TPL-007 requirements. Details and Contact Qualifies for TC and SDF Sujit Mandal smandal@epri.com, Todd Myers tmyers@epri.com, Bob Arritt (Technical Information) barritt@epri.com,

13 GMD Vulnerability Research Project 13

14 Why Model GMD Harmonics? GMD-related harmonics was the root cause of the 1989 Blackout in Hydro-Quebec Harmonics can cause protection systems to actuate GMD harmonics assessment is a huge challenge (lack of models, tools and guidance) 14

15 Part-Cycle Core Saturation DC current flow (or quasi-dc) in the transformer winding causes a shift of the operating point of the B-H characteristic of the transformer. Transformer is driven into deep saturation (air core) during ½ of the cycle (but not for the entire ½ cycle). Causes pulse-like exciting current and significant stray flux. Exciting current contains both odd and even harmonics (different than symmetrical saturation which only contains odd harmonics) 15

16 Challenges of Harmonic Assessment Large number of independent harmonic sources distributed throughout the transmission grid. Current injections are over a range of harmonic frequencies, including both even and odd orders. Harmonic voltage distortion interacts with the transformers to alter the magnitude and phase of the injected harmonic currents; i.e., saturated transformers do not behave as ideal harmonic current sources. When the results of a properly performed harmonic assessment are performed a much more accurate evaluation of grid security during GMD events can be obtained. 16

17 GMD Vulnerability Assessments - Harmonics Analysis Focus in 2017 has been to develop methods/tools to accurately study GMD harmonic flow on a system level. Initiated development of open source software tool Current, pu pu flux Per Unit Saturation Curve Conducting a 2017 GMD Workshop with members 17

18 Transformer Thermal Assessment Tool (NERC) 18

19 Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Transformer Thermal Analysis Tool Developing an open-source tool for NERC to model transformer hot spots due to GIC (structural parts and windings) Winding Temperature Rise Temperature Rise GIC Temperature Rise [ o C ] Provide the industry a tool to conduct thermal analysis for transformers Time [min] 19

20 Support of Executive Order

21 Executive Order 13744: Coordinating Efforts To Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events On October 18, 2016, President signed Executive Order Extreme space weather events degrade critical infrastructure--could disable large portions of the electrical power grid, This Executive Order has several directives including: implement a pilot program to deploy, test, and evaluate technology and/or devices (in the field) to prevent or block geomagnetically-induced currents (GICs) Evaluate GIC blocking devices 21

22 Executive Order 13744: Coordinating Efforts To Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events EPRI is supporting the DOE and WAPA to help develop the pilot program plan to protect transformers in the field as directed in Executive Order. EPRI is tasked to provide other space weather related support such as Planning Monitoring Hardware specifications (for monitoring and hardening) Evaluate GIC blocking devices in the field 22

23 GMD Conclusions We are advancing the state of the science in GMD assessments New EPRI Research needed to address questions raised in FERC Order 830. EPRI will continue to support present and future needs of GMD Resiliency GMD Vulnerability Research Project Support of DOE in addressing the Space Weather Executive Order 23

24 High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Research 24

25 High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Detonation of a Nuclear Weapon in Space E2 Similar to lightning, but different coupling mechanism (100V/m) E1 Fast Pulse (50 kv/m nsec rise time) E3 Slow Pulse (10 s V/km, mhz) 25

26 Potential Impacts of HEMP to Bulk-Power System E1 (early-time) Damage to electronics MV and HV insulation E2 (intermediate time) Damage to MV insulation E3 (late time Similar to GMD) Voltage collapse Damage to bulk-power transformers (thermal) 26

27 EMP Research Plan How It All Fits Together Environment and Modeling Assessment Cost-Effective Mitigation Trial Implementation Menu of Options Testing Member and Stakeholder Communication Decision Support Implementation 27

28 E3 Assessment: GIC and Transformer Thermal Analysis Question: Would E3 destroy bulk-power transformers to an extent that would impact recovery efforts? EPRI evaluated potential impact of E3 using latest modeling advancements. 11 different target locations within the Continental U.S. were evaluated. Failure of 100+ bulk-power transformers unlikely, but reliability could be impacted. Potential for voltage collapse and the combined effects of E1, E2 and E3 are still being investigated. GIC GIC 28

29 Voltage Stability Assessment Summer Peak Continuation of E3 Transformer Thermal Assessment 29

30 E1/E2 Modeling Performing 1D and 3D modeling of substations Developing software tools and guidance to aid members in performing assessments 30

31 E1 Testing of Relays Performing testing to determine the ability of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to survive and E1 environment. Radiated Conducted (direct injection) To date, we have tested approximately 20 microprocessorbased relays. Direct Injection Testing in Knoxville, TN 31

32 Key Takeaways The potential effects of HEMP are real, but there are still a lot of open research questions that need to be addressed. The potential for transformer damage from E3 exists, but simulations show the quantity will be limited and manageable. The potential for voltage collapse and wide-scale blackouts due to E3 is real, and still under investigation. Report due at the end of the year. Mitigation options are currently being researched and developed. This is a complex engineering problem; building consensus and collaboration takes a great deal of time, effort and knowledge. 32

33 Together Shaping the Future of Electricity 33