Jeffrey Garbus. ASE Administration. SAP* ASE 16/Sybase. 9 Rheinwerk. Publishing. Bonn Boston

Transcription

1 Jeffrey Garbus SAP* ASE 16/Sybase ASE Administration 9 Rheinwerk Publishing Bonn Boston

2 Acknowledgments 23 Preface 25 Introduction to SAP ASE System Administration Placement within the SAP Landscape Architecture Overview SAP ASE 16: Key Features Increased Speed and Scalability Security and Auditing Simplicity SAP ASE Key Capabilities SAP ASE Cluster Edition Partitioning Compression Data Federation (via Component Integration Services) Graphical Monitoring and Administration Encryption Replication ASE In-Memory Database Summary Preparation Logical Page Size Physical Devices Server Names Networking Information Sybase Software Asset Manager File Transfer Running Installation Device Installation Database Configuration Server Startup Installation Files Interfaces File 73 7

3 2.4.2 Runserver File Error Log File Server Configuration File: servername.cfg SSL in SAP ASE Environment Variables Frontend Installation Starting the Server Normal UNIX Startup Normal Windows Startup Manual UNIX Startup Automatic System Boot Verifying the Server Is Running Shutting the Server Down Graceful Shutdowns Immediate Shutdowns Maintenance Shutdowns Summary 90 Defining Physical and SAP ASE-Mirrored Devices to the Server Creating and Dropping Devices Master Device Creation Raw Devices versus File System Create Devices Create Devices: Examples im Default Devices IU Dropping Database Devices Dsync Option 102 SAP ASE Mirroring Disk Mirror Syntax Deciding What to Mirror Disable Mirroring Software- and Hardware-Level Mirroring RAID 110 Volume Management 11 *l Maintenance and Ease of Use ^ Load Balancing 111 Summary 8

4 4.1 Database Structures System Databases master model tempdb sybsystemprocs Other System Databases Working with the Database Create Database Database Ownership Creating Database Logs on Separate Devices Sizing a Database Alter Database Find Database Description Dropping the Database Setting Database Options System Tables sysdevices sysusages Summary Transactions Transaction Modes Transaction Control Statements The Transaction Log Commit Transaction Data to Disk When the Transaction Log Is Full Automatically Truncating the Log Free Space Thresholds Summary SAP ASE Security Levels Operating System-Level Security Server-Level Security

5 6.1.3 Database-Level Security 6.2 Standard Roles The System Administrator Role The sysusers Table The Operator Role The System Security Officer Role 6.3 Server Roles System Role Definitions System Role Functions syslogins, sysloginroles, and syssrvroles Turning System 6.4 User-Defined Roles Creating Roles Roles Off Activating Roles Role Hierarchy Roles to Users Assigning Dropping Roles Mutually Exclusive Roles g Assigning Passwords to Roles Default Roles for Logins Granting Permissions to Roles Displaying Information about Roles Show Active Roles Display Permissions Groups Login Activities Dropping Logins The syslogins Table Show Login Information Change Existing Login Information Commands Display Server Connections 2^ Granting the Set Proxy Command The Kill Command Command 205 Security System Built-in Functions Object Permissions With Grant Option Revoking Object Access Granting Vast Permissions Displaying Permissions

6 6.7.5 Ownership Chains Test/Change Permissions Access Rules Access Rules Using Java Function and Application Contexts Syntax for Access Rules Disable Access Rules Access Rules and bcp Fine-Grained Access Control (FGAC) Column Encryption Enabling Encryption The sysencryptkeys Table Creating New Tables with Encryption Altering Existing Tables Select Into Syntax with Encryption Cipher Text Randomization Column Encryption Performance Considerations Decryption Permissions Summary Installation Overview The sybsecurity Database and Tables sybsecurity Transaction Log sybsecurity Stored Procedures Set Auditing Options Display Enabled Auditing Options Write User-Defined Comment to Audit Trail Add Audit Table to Audit Trail Audit Storage Queue Audit Database Storage Requirements Archiving Audit Records Creating Audit Tables Querying the Audit Trail External Applications and Third-Party Software Additional Tips on How to Effectively Audit Summary

7 Backing Up and Restoring Roles and Responsibilities Backup Types Backup Scenario Restore Scenario Backup Server ?C5,S 2^ Remote Backup Server Server Identification Starting a Backup Server Media Changes during Dump and Load 258 Dumping the Database Dump Devices Dump Database Command 2^1 7* Dump Compression Dump Database Summary 266 Loading the Database ~)fcl Loading a Corrupted Database ZD/ Online Database Load Database Summary 2^ Creating a Database for a Restore 269 Monitoring the Transaction 27^ Log Last-Chance Threshold Free-Space Thresholds Aborting versus Suspending Transactions 274 Dumping Transactions Truncate Transaction Log without Dump Truncate Transaction Log without Checkpoint Truncate Transaction Log in the Case of Media Failure Dump Transaction Log from Primary Server ?7fi Dump Transaction Activities Z/D Loading Transactions Up-to-the-Minute Recovery Point-in-Time Recovery 278 Restoring the Master Database Steps to Restore The sybdumptran Utility 281 Cumulative Dumps 282 Dumping and Loading Across Platforms 283 Quiesce Database 283 Database Recovery Scenarios: Q&A Scenario ^ 12

8 Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Miscellaneous Topics Summary Enabling Resource Limits Time Ranges Add Time Ranges Simplify the Creation of Time Ranges Modify Time Ranges Remove Time Ranges Creating a Limit Choose a Limit Type Choose the Type of Enforcement Choose an Action Choose a Scope Limit Hierarchies Examples of Limit Hierarchies View Limits Change Limits Remove Limits System Tables spt_limit_types sysresourcelimits Summary Purpose of the Logical Process Manager Logical Process Manager Execution Classes Base Priority Engine Affinity Timeslice (Quantum) Logical Process Manager Procedures Add Execution Class Remove Execution Class Bind Objects to Execution Class Remove Object Bindings from an Execution Class

9 Set Dynamic Execution Attributes Reset Dynamic Execution Classes Thread Pools and Engine Groups Create Engine Group Drop Engine from Group Detailed Examples 10.5 Logical Process Manager Conflicts and Precedence Summary Memory Configuration and Tuning SAP ASE Releases Pre-SAP ASE 12.5 Memory SAP ASE 12.5 and Later Memory Use SAP ASE Configuration Basics Current Memory Configuration Dynamic versus Static Options Configuration System Tables Configuration File Parameter Format Summary Table of Memory-Related Variables Recommended Configuration Settings 3^ Cache Configuration Memory Guidelines for a Cache 3*> Calculating Procedure Cache 3^ Sample Server Configuration 3^ Statement Cache Summary Data Cache Named Caches Transaction Performance and Named Caches Creating a Named Cache Guidelines for Configuring a Named Cache Buffer Pools 371 3/ Creating a Buffer Pool Removing a Buffer Pool Using Buffer Pools Wash Area Binding Binding an Object to a Named Cache 377 H

10 Dropping Cache Bindings Information on Bindings fred cache after Partitioning How to Tune Caches Tuning Ideas Spinlocks Creating Cache for In-Memory or Relaxed Durability Databases MRU Cache Replacement Strategy Summary Why Use Data Partitioning? Reducing the Cost of Managing and Maintaining Databases Using Data Partitioning Data Availability Index Partitioning Types of Partitioning Range Partitioning List Partitioning Hash Partitioning How and When to Use Data Partitioning Range Partitioning List Partitioning Hash Partitioning Local versus Global Indexes Working with Partitions Configuring Partitions Getting Partition Information Some Uses for Semantic Partitioning Data Loads Data Truncation Updating Partition Statistics Summary Remote Procedure Call Server Naming Remote Access

11 Login Mapping Example: Remote Access Setup 411 Component Integration Services Adding a Remote Server for CIS Use Local Storage Proxy Databases Creating Tables from System Files Enhanced Mapping of External Logins File Access SAP ASE Variable Page Size Issues 421 Summary Preventative Maintenance Regimen Server-Level Maintenance System Use Information MDA Tables Locking Contention Monitoring System Parameter Monitoring Monitoring the System Error Log Resource Verification 4^ Software Maintenance Recording Runtime Data 4^ 456 Database-Level Maintenance 4^ Scheduling Database Maintenance Run dbcc Commands General-Purpose Checks 4^ Understanding the Output from dbcc Commands Errors Generated by dbcc 1 4^ Planning Resources Maintaining dbccdb Generating Reports from dbccdb Database Dumps Disaster Recovery Log Management Space Management Script Maintenance 494 Table-Level Maintenance Update Statistics Indexes 495 Summary

12 16 High Availability and Disaster Recovery Definitions and Causes Uptime Data Loss Prevention Recovery Unavailability Causes Broad Approaches to High Availability Planning and Disaster Recovery Hardening: Reduce the Chance of Failure Redundancy: Reduce the Impact of Failure Recovery Planning: Reduce the Cost of Recovery Post-Failure Hot, Warm, and Cold Standby Architecting the System for Availability and Recoverability Hardware Operating System Storage/Disk 16.4 DBA and User Activity SAP ASE Patches Multiple SAP ASE Listener Ports Multiple tempdbs SAP ASE Boot Time Costs of Inadequate DBA Housekeeping Offload DBA Housekeeping from Production Key Person Dependencies 16.5 Backup Strategies Incremental/Transaction Database Backups Native Database Backups versus Other Backup Solutions Disk Replication Dump to Tape versus Dump to Disk Test Dumps by Loading Elsewhere Test Dumps by Validating 16.6 Cold 525 Standby: Dump Shipping Dump and Load Database dump and load tran Dump with standby_access, load, online database for standby_access 16.7 Warm Standby: SAP Replication Server Replicate Transactions, Not Data

13 Warm Standby versus Multi-Site Availability 52y Reduce Downtime for Upgrades and Migrations Hot Standby: Clustering Vanilla SAP ASE with OS Clustering SAP ASE HA with OS Clustering SAP ASE Cluster Edition 16.9 Summary Advantages of SAP Replication Server New Features in SAP Replication Server (Support Packages Series) Replication Methods Components and Features System Tables Partitions and Stable Queues Data Servers Replication Agent Installation of SAP Replication Server Obtaining a License at SPDC or SMP Installation of SAP Replication Server Software Preparation for Installing and Configuring SAP Replication Server Perform Post-Installation Tasks Setting Up Warm Standby Consistency and Latency Warm Standby Considerations Setting Up Warm Standby Replication Setting Up the Warm Standby at the Database Adding the Standby Database to the Replication System Switching between the Active and Standby Databases Troubleshooting Overview Summary Changes in SAP ASE Showplan Utility Relaxed Query Limits

14 Improvements in the Hash Joins Improvements in the Query Plan and Execution Statistics in HTML Query Optimization Process Layers of SAP ASE Application Layer Database Layer Network Layer Loads Hardware Device Layer Operating System Layer Query Processor and the I/O Size Determine Total Actual I/O Cost Value Search Engine Display Access Method Costs Query Optimization and the Performance Impacts on Tuning Statistics in Query Optimization Storing Statistics in Tables Parallel Query Processing Controlling the Query Optimization Automatically Updating Statistics The datachange Function Viewing the Processor Statistics Using the optdiag Utility Deciding How Often to Run update statistics Recommendations for Adding Statistics for Unindexed Columns User Input 18.7 Changing Rules for LRU and MRU in Query Optimization Default Strategy (LRU) Fetch-and-Discard (MRU) Strategy Summary SAP ASE In-Memory Database Use Cases for SAP ASE IMDBs Difference between SAP ASE IMDB and Traditional SAP ASE Performance Recovery/Durability Database Cache Operations Supported By Different Database Configurations In-Memory Temporary Databases

15 Steps to Create an In-Memory Database Administering In-Memory Databases Using Minimally Logged DML Creating and Managing Relaxed Durability Databases Summary Bulk Copy Program bcp Modes bcp Command Examples Copy Definitions (defncopy) defncopy Command Examples defncopy Command Tips Extract Creation Script (ddlgen) ddlgen Command Examples ddlgen Command Tips Command Parser (isql) isql History isql Tips Display System Table Information (optdiag) Interactive SQL 20.7 Summary A Tips and Tricks 633 A.1 System-Specific Recommendations 633 A.1.1 UNIX Systems Backup 633 A.1.2 Solaris: Total Physical Memory 633 A.2 Database Maintenance 634 A.2.1 A.2.2 A.2.3 A.2.4 A.2.5 Index Maintenance Deadlocking A.3 Performance Tuning Find Source Procedure Code Moving tempdb Off the Master Device Loading Production Databases into a Development Environment A.3.1 Tune I (Before You Get There) A.3.2 Tune IV (Free DB) A.3.3 Tune V (After You're There) 1.II"

16 A.3.4 Process 643 A.3.5 Monitoring, Scripts, Tools 644 A.4 Common Problems and Solutions 648 A.4.1 Unique Users by Database 648 A.4.2 Kill User Connections to the Database 655 A.4.3 Database Device Utilization Report 658 A.4.4 Active versus Inactive Connections 663 A.4.5 Simple Data Mining 669 A.5 Security 685 A.6 DBA Commands: Reference Sheet 687 A. 7 Acknowledgements 693 B Troubleshooting 695 B. 1 The Server Won't Come Up 695 B.2 Some Users Claim the Server Stopped 696 B.3 Server Is Up, Some Users Can't Gain Access 696 B.4 Processing Slows Down or Stops 697 B.5 Some Database(s) Can't Be Accessed 697 B.6 Users Can't Access Objects 698 C Other Resources 699 D The Authors 701 Index