CS 101 Representing Information. Lecture 5
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1 CS 101 Representing Information Lecture 5 1
2 Representing Information Computers are capable of storing, transmitting, and displaying information For example, Text files, Word documents, JPEG videos, MOV video file, and so on How does a machine store this type of information? We will answer this question in this section of the class 2
3 Representing Information Before diving into the details of how computers represent information, let s take a step back and ask: How do humans represent information, without a computer? 3
4 Poem How does a human represent a poem? Speak the words of the poem Write the poem down with penand-paper The former is temporal Once you speak the poem, it isn t stored anywhere (except, perhaps, in your memory banks) 4
5 Poem By storing the poem with written english, we have a representation of the poem which is stored for later retrieval 5
6 Poem Storage for a poem: a. Storage medium: Paper b. Storage representation: English words c. Storage Retrieval: A human that can interpret the english language 6
7 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? 7
8 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Drafting paper 8
9 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Drafting paper A. What is the Storage Representation? 9
10 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Drafting paper A. What is the Storage Representation? Lines, measurements, architectural schematics 10
11 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Drafting paper A. What is the Storage Representation? Lines, measurements, architectural schematics A. What is the Storage Retrieval? 11
12 Storage for Architectural Drawings ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Drafting paper A. What is the Storage Representation? Lines, measurements, architectural schematics A. What is the Storage Retrieval? Someone with specific knowledge who can interpret 12
13 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? 13
14 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Canvas, paper, drywall, etc 14
15 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Canvas, paper, drywall, etc A. What is the Storage Representation? 15
16 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Canvas, paper, drywall, etc A. What is the Storage Representation? Oil/Water/other paint in patterns 16
17 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Canvas, paper, drywall, etc A. What is the Storage Representation? Oil/Water/other paint in patterns A. What is the Storage Retrieval? 17
18 Storage for Portrait Painting ICA A. What is the Storage Medium? Canvas, paper, drywall, etc A. What is the Storage Representation? Oil/Water/other paint in patterns A. What is the Storage Retrieval? Anyone who enjoys art - relative? 18
19 Representing Information We just discussed 3 different ways that humans store, and interpret information Computers also store and interpret/display information, but they do it differently that how humans do Let s learn... 19
20 Representing Information Computers store information (called files) on Hard Drive Disk (HDD) and/or SSD (Solid State Drive) Both HDDs and SSDs are types of Hard Drives We ll learn more about hard drives later 20
21 Representing Information Hard drives store information in Binary This means that computers can only use 1s and 0s for storing every type of file! Before learning about how computer store text, images, and videos with binary, we need to learn how binary works 21
22 Representing Information The most common type of hard drive today is the SSD (Solid State Drive). As solid state drive uses tiny electrical components called floating gate transistors (FGT) to store each 1 and zero A single SSD can have millions, billions, or even trillions of FGTs in them 22
23 Representing Information 1 Gigabyte = 8,000,000,000 (billion) bits of information Meaning, a 1 GB hard drive can store 8 billion 1s and zeroes! A more common sized hard drive, like 256GB can store over 2 trillion 1s or 0s! We will talk more about hard drives and how computers are built in a few weeks 23
24
25 How does binary work? 25
26 Storing things in Binary ICA In your groups, come up with a methodology of translating English to only 1s and 0s. How you go about it? 26
27 Representing Information Binary (also called base-2) is just another way of representing numbers Decimal (also called base-10) is the numeric representation that we are all used to In decimal, there are ten digits to use for representing numeric values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 In binary, there are two digits to use for representing numeric values: 0, 1 27
28 Representing Information When we count in decimal When we count in binary
29 Representing Information For every binary number, there is an equivalent decimal number When computers retrieve, process, modify, and store information, it is all just numbers at its core When we talk about information being represented by numbers we will often refer to a decimal number, but the computer is really using binary internally Let's look at converting to binary 29
30 Converting from Decimal To Binary To convert a number to binary: o divide the number by 2 o keep track of the quotient and the remainder o continue dividing the quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0 o write out the remainders in reverse order an algorithm! 30
31 Converting from Decimal To Binary Example: convert 14 to binary quotient remainder 14 / 2 = 7 0 7/ 2 = 3 1 3/ 2 = 1 1 1/ 2 = 0 1 Answer:
32 Converting from Decimal To Binary Example: convert 142 to binary quotient remainder 142 / 2 = / 2 = / 2 = / 2 = 8 1 8/ 2 = 4 0 4/ 2 = 2 0 2/ 2 = 1 0 1/ 2 = 0 1 Answer:
33 Convert to Binary ICA Front Half: 171 Back Half: 98 33
34 Convert to Binary ICA Front Half: Back Half: 98 34
35 Convert to Binary ICA Front Half: Back Half:
36 Converting from binary to decimal Remember that decimal numbers are shorthand for powers of = 1 x x x x 10 0 = 1 x x x x 1 Binary numbers are shorthand for powers of = 1 x x x x 2 0 = 1 x x x x 1 = = 14 36
37 Converting from binary to decimal Example: convert to decimal = 1x x x x x x x x2 0 = = =
38 Convert from Binary ICA Front Half: Back Half:
39 Image Files How do computers represent image files? There are lots of formats out there.jpeg.gif.bmp.png.psd etc.jpeg is one of the most common, but understanding the format is a complex because it uses compression In this lecture, we ll look at the simpler.ppm format We'll start with talking about how computers display images but first... 39
40 How are images represented ICA Given what you know about drawing on a screen in Processing (and using color), how do you think computers represent images on a hard drive? Remember - only have 1 s and 0 s to work with. 40
41 Image Files On a screen, each pixel has a red, green, and blue (RGB) component By varying the brightness of each color dot in a pixel, each pixel can be a different overall color When these pixels are combined, they create graphics and images 41
42 Image Files Common resolutions are 1920 x 1080 (1080p) 3840 x 2160 (4k) 2880 x 1800 (Retina) 42
43 Image Files Images files come in many flavors One thing most image formats have in common: They specify what each pixel of the image should look like A.ppm image specifies what the red, green, and blue value should be for each dot within each pixel for the entire image The specification starts from the top-left of the image, and goes across 43
44 PPM Image Format 44
45 PPM Image Format 45
46 PPM Image Format 46
47 PPM Image Format 47
48 PPM Image Format 48
49 PPM Image Format
50 PPM Image Format 50
51 Determine the Pixel values ICA Need four colors (other than white): The orange hair The blue face The red eyes The green mouth Use the color picker (or your intuition) to find these... 51
52 PPM Image Format With Red Green Blue Decimal values 52
53 The First Row
54 The Second Row
55 The Third Row
56 The Fourth Row
57 The Fifth Row
58 The Sixth Row
59 The Seventh Row
60 All of the pixels
61 Image Files In the next assignment, you will be writing some PPM images byhand! No need to worry about all of that format complexity You only need to specify four things Image format Width/Height Max Color The pixels! For example... 61
62 P
63 P3 is one of the standard types of PPM images. Don t forget to make this the first line! The Width and Height (in that order) of the image file P The max color brightness. Typically, you always want this to be The Red/Green/Blue values for every pixel in the image 63
64 What image will this produce? ICA P
65 What image will this produce? ICA P
66 What image will this produce? ICA P
67 Example PPM image ICA P
68 Text Files Now that we re familiar with binary, let s see how computers use binary (numbers) to represent other types of information We ll start with text files Files that end with.txt 68
69 The ASCII Table 69
70 Condensed ASCII Table a i q y b j r z c k s d l t ? e m u ! f n v : g o w spc h p x nwl
71 letter Decimal number Binary number a i q y b j r z c k s d l t ? e m u ! f n v : g o w spc h p x nwl
72 hello in binary 72
73 hello in binary h = e = l = o =
74 hello in binary h = e = l = o = h e l l o
75 Coffee to ASCII ICA Convert the word coffee to ASCII, both in it s binary representation and it s decimal representation a i q y b j r z c k s d l t ? e m u ! f n v : g o w spc h p x nwl
76 coffee in binary ICA c = o = f = e =
77 coffee in binary ICA c = o = f = e = c o f f e e
78 I think that's the single best piece of advice: constantly think about how you could be doing things better - Elon Musk
79 Problem Solving - Materials Required Materials UTDW Chapter 2 79
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