The perception and expression of nouns in 2.5 to 4 year-old normal Persian-speaking children in Arak, Central Iran

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1 Audiol. 2011;20(2): Research Article The perception and expression of nouns in 2.5 to 4 year-old normal Persian-speaking children in Arak, Central Iran Esmat Rezaei 1, Yunos Amiri Shavaki 2, Afsane Arshi 2, Mohammad Reza Keyhani 1 - Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2 - Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran - Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Received: 20 November 2010, accepted: 17 May 2011 Abstract Background and Aim: The words are the symbolic tools for communication. Nouns are the initial and the most frequent components of language that children acquire and use during the procedure of language development. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the noun perception and expression abilities in Persian-speaking children, as well as gathering the normative data for two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 110 normal Persian-speaking children (54 girls and 56 boys), 2.5 to 4 year-old in four groups, were selected randomly throughout Arak kindergartens. Two pictorial perception and expression tests were performed in this study. Results: Mean scores of perception and expression was statistically different between all age groups, except and.5 year-old groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically difference between mean scores of girls and boys. In addition, a significant positive correlation between mean scores of perception and expression was shown (p=0.001, r=0.896). Conclusion: The perception and expression abilities are different in 4 age groups. The two picturepointing and picture-naming tests can show these differences. Regardless of rapid development of perception, perception and expression abilities develop in parallel, and the ability of girls and boys shows similar trends. Keywords: Perception of nouns, expression of nouns, Persian Corresponding author: Department of Speechtherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmide St., Hamedan, , Iran. Tel: , rezaeibahareh@yahoo.com

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8 61 "# $ %&' 4 A 2)< K :6 A <B <B (K :6) EL (K :6) EL (K :6) EL (K :6) EL () = 4/0(14/1) 1/58(1/74) 59/4(10/18) 56/(8/41) 2/5 54/45(11/60) 56/4(11/4) 66/75(6/60) 66/44(9/04) 58/2(11/25) 56/76(11/74) 68/87(5/48) 69/20(5/24) /5 64/80(6/12) 66/59(7/9) 71/60(2/02) 72/7(1/95) 4 55/8(1/50) 5/07(16/49) 66/79(7/95) 66/24(8/90) M F $j" YO$&" an# 8MRN" #" '' # "> 04 <.(p<0/001 r=0/869) #<M" 8N# 04 8' A ' : " 8' (r=0/81 p=0/000) " g4$ 8$4 E4 > # YW# A%! " ' c&' (185) # # Y B5" 8 '# :4 K# 4 K# :5$" 0" 0 :#<M" B% 0<Z.<<'" 8 5$" 0" 4 X<F # "> # $ # 66/24 "> K# #) <$& b4 44 # $ # 5/07 "> & # 66/79?O" ' : " :8$4 g4$ 04.( & # 55/8?O" : ># g4$ <.# B 4~" 8<"5 04 # (185) # 4 5 "> K# # & 8&4O" # $ 8 A> 0" DH 04 g4$ 8$R h$_ #8. 9 " (<>) g4$ # X<F. ## : $' 6 I?n" "5 <$" $< < :B% # B% 04 5 "5 A ^! R? "6 A>8 g4$ _ DH 5?f_ :8$4 R.A> 8$>' Klann-Delius (185) # ' : " DH d8 # (2006) # Plante (1981) "> K# 4 X<F <$" :B% >#" : "> "56 R <" # ; ># #" # &4 #.A> # "> K# "56 5 8MRN" #" '' #" '' :5$" 0" 8' " 8d_Å" 8I$ 8f?"' 5$" 5< 8R> 4 <>! # $_ 8MRN"! # $_ 8' Y<" "> K# # 8' R_ #.# :45 "56 5$" j'_ 8 K# :5$" 0" 8R> /5 <> 4 <>! #" # b4 (74) #M" G n " 8' A> 'o?;.# "56?"' 5$" K# :5$" #M" G n 5 $ "> :5$" <>! # B% 04 A> <> :! # "> # 9/5 #M" G n) A>! 4> 5 $ #& 8R> 2/5 8$>' #M" G n " 5 0> D4 (14/95 K# :5$" #!<' 8' " cn" 04. " #8 4" D' Ä <> :! # "> D4 "> K# :4 # : :B% DH 04 5?f_ :8$4 x>.4" D' 0> ' : " (1979) Benedict DH g4$ ÇN" "> 4 5 Ä "> K# 4 (185) #.(92)A> K# 0 8' 04 _ DH g4$

9 ! 4 2/5 62 2/5 '' # 4 04 ># : 6 5 " H. ' %$> 8R> 4 2ULV $> $&4 "5> $n" A4 4" 5 4 # " Äv&" yk :;6 V<F :' " 04 I # # " 8' <4R K# :K'". " #; ' :#4 DH REFERENCES 1. Barrett M. The development of language. London: Psychology press Furey JE. The growth of early phonological and lexical development: A longitudinal investigation. Illinoise: University of Illinoise at Urbana-Champaign; Kauschke C, Hofmeister C. Early lexical development in German: a study on vocabulary growth and vocabulary composition during the second and third year of life. J Child Lang. 2002;29(4): Barry C, Hirsh KW, Johnston RA, Williams CL. Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the locus of repetition priming of picture naming. J Mem Lang. 2001;44(): Wheeldon LR. Aspects of language production. London: Psychology Press Kersner M. Tests of voice speech and language. London: Whurr Publishers; Leess J, Urwin Sh. Children with language disorders. London: CENGAGE learning; Paul R. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence assessment and intervention. 2 nd ed. St. louis: Mosby; Elsevier science Amiri-e-Shavaki Y, Jenabi MS, Kehani M,.(15 149)# :8d_Å"?; z{ 2@= < "> K# 4 8' DH 04 g4$ A> B%$" 44 8MRN" #" ar> 4 2/5 '' # $.<<'" # Y B5" 8 '# :4 0<Z.# 44 % 8<"5 04 # & 04 8 #; "> K# : 4L "56 <R #" # <$& 8MRN" #" <>! 4 # B% Ghelichi L, Kasbi F. Survey of perception and expression of common names in Persian speaking normal children in the age of 4-8. Koomesh. 2006;7(1): Hollingworth LS. Comparison of the sexes in mental traits. Psychol Bull. 1919;16(11): Gainotti G. The influence of gender and lesion location on naming disorders for animals, plants and artefacts. Neuropsychologia. 2005;4(11): Garn CL, Allen MD, Larsen JD. An fmri study of sex differences in brain activation during object naming. Cortex. 2009;45(5): Barbarotto R, Laiacona M, Capitani E. Does sex influence the age of acquisition of common names? A contrast of different semantic categories. Cortex. 2008;44(9): Klann-Delius G. Sex and language acquisition-is there any influence? Pragmatic. 1981;5(1): Plante E, Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK, Byars AW. Sex differences in the activation of language cortex during childhood. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(7):

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