IPv6 (IP( version 6) 6 Essentials Ch0: Overwiew. Louis Chuang Fu Jen Catholic University EE ENCL
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1 IPv6 (IP( version 6) 6 Essentials Ch0: Overwiew Louis Chuang Fu Jen Catholic University EE ENCL
2 What s s the Internet Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet: network of networks loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force router server workstation mobile regional company network
3 Internet Structure (1) Roughly hierarchical: At center: tier-1 s (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage Treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately. Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs).
4 Internet Structure (2) Tier-1 : e.g., Sprint (Sprint US backbone network).
5 Internet Structure (3) Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s. Connect to one or more tier-1 s, possibly other tier-2 s. Tier-2 pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet. Tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider. Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-2 s also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP. Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier-2
6 Internet Structure (4) Tier-3 s and s. last hop ( access ) network (closest to end systems). Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet. Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2 NAP Tier 1 Tier-2
7 Internet Structure (5) A packet passes through many networks. Tier 3 Tier-2 Tier-2 Tier 1 NAP Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier 1 Tier-2 Tier-2
8 Internet Protocol Stack (1) Application: supporting network applications. FTP, SMTP, STTP. Transport: host-host data transfer. TCP, UDP. Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination. IP, routing protocols. Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements. PPP, Ethernet, WLAN. Physical: bits on the wire. application transport network link physical
9 Internet Protocol Stack (2) Each layer: Distributed. Entities implement layer functions at each node. Entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers. application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical application transport network link physical
10 Internet Protocol Stack (3) data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical
11 Protocol Layering & Data Encapsulation Hl Ht HnHt HnHt Each layer takes data from above. M M M M Adds header information to create new data unit (PDU: protocol data unit). Passes new data unit (SDU: service data unit) to layer below. source application transport network link physical destination application transport network link physical Hl Ht HnHt HnHt M M M M message segment datagram frame
12 ISO Protocol Stack 電腦系統 A 電腦系統 B 應用軟體 X 應用軟體 Y 應用層表達層會議層傳輸層網路層鏈結層實體層 應用層通訊協定表達層通訊協定會議層通訊協定傳輸層通訊協定網路層通訊協定鏈結層通訊協定實體層通訊協定傳輸媒介 應用層表達層會議層傳輸層網路層鏈結層實體層
13 ISO Protocol Stack & Data Encapsulation 往下送時訊框包裝 往上送時訊框拆裝 應用軟體 X 資料 資料 資料 資料 應用軟體 Y FTP/HTTP/ Telnet/DNS 應用層 AH 資料 應用層 FTP/HTTP/ Telnet/DNS 表達層 PH 資料 表達層 會議層 SH 資料 會議層 TCP/UDP 傳輸層 TH 資料 傳輸層 TCP/UDP IP 網路層 NH 資料 網路層 IP CSMA/CD 鏈結層 F A C 資料 FCS F 鏈結層 CSMA/CD 實體層 位元串 實體層 通訊路徑
14 Urgent Issues to Solve before IPv6 deployment Running out of IPv4 address. Growth of routing entries in the router. Short Term Solution CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing. (Before) 4 classes: classful addressing (is not suitable). Can be useful even with IPv6. NAT: Network Address Translation. We need NAT for inter-networking with IPv4 and IPv6. We do not need with native IPv6. Private IP Address. Can be useful even with IPv6. DHCP.
15 Features of CIDR (1) Before: IPv4 address classification. class Class A (8 bits), Class B(16 bits), Class C(24 bits), Class D (multicast), Class E (11110; for future use). A 0 network host to B 10 network host to C D 110 network host 1110 multicast address 32 bits to to
16 Features of CIDR (2) CIDR: Network ID -> any length. a.b.c.d/x : X represents network ID (prefix length). Subnetting: 2000 hosts -> a.b.c.d/21. 's block /20 Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization / Organization /23
17 NAT (Network Address Translation)
18 Private IP Addresses Reserved by IANA, RFC 1918 defines three ranges of IP address to be the private IP address. Address range mask , , , Private IP address for nodes, that does not need to access to outside nodes (Internet) with IP-level. For pure internal business. These hosts with private IP address are behind firewall router. Multiple nodes, in different private/internal networks, can be allocated the same IP address.
19 DHCP (1) (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network server when it joins network. Can renew its lease on address in use. Allows reuse of addresses. Support for mobile users who want to join network. DHCP overview : Host broadcasts DHCP discover msg. DHCP server responds with DHCP offer msg. Host requests IP address: DHCP request msg. DHCP server sends address: DHCP ack msg.
20 DHCP (2) (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
21 IPv4 Packet Format IP protocol version Number (4 bits) header length (4 bits) type of data (8 bits) max number remaining hops (seconds) (8 bits) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to (8 bits) ver Header length 20~60 bytes (at least 20 bytes ). head. len 16-bit identifier time to live type of service upper layer 32 bits flgs length fragment offset Internet checksum source IP address (32 bit ) destination IP address (32 bit) Options (if any) data (variable length) Including a typical TCP or UDP segment total datagram length (16 bits) for packet fragmentation/ Reassembly (16 bits, 3 bits, 13bits) error detect (16 bits) E.g. timestamp, record route taken, or specify a list of routers to visit.
22 IP protocol version Number (4 bits) like TOS in IPv4, identify priority among datagrams in flows (8 bits) Payload length (16 bits) Header changes to facilitate QoS. New anycast address: route to best of several replicated servers. Fixed-length 40 bytes header. No fragmentation in router. ver IPv6 Packet Format traffic class payload len 32 bits identify flow label next header source IP address (128 bit ) data (variable length) Including a extended header & a typical TCP or UDP segment hop limit destination IP address (128 bit ) datagrams in the same flow (20 bits) max number remaining hops (hops) (8 bits) identify the upper layer protocol carry in the extended header (8 bits)
23 Setup IPv6 in Windows XP (1) (Using Command Line) Using DOS Command: ipv6 install. View ipv4/ipv6 configuration: ipconfig.
24 Setup IPv6 in Windows XP (2) (Using GUI: Schematic) 1 2 Protocol 3
25 Setup IPv6 in Windows XP (3) (Using GUI: Schematic) 1
26 Setup IPv6 in Linux (Using Command Line) Setup IPv6 in Linux (RedHat 9.0): Use root login to your Linux server. # insmod ipv6 # ifconfig eth0 See as follows: eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00:64:11:07:14:11 inet addr: Bcast: Mask: inet6 addr: fe80::264:11ff:fe07:1411/64 Scope:Link inet6 addr: 2002:ac15:21f:1::1/64 Scope:Global UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:212 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:391 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:22160 (21.6 kib) TX bytes: (265.9 kib) Interrupt:6
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29 PMTU (Path Maximum Transmission Unit) Discovery Each link has a MTU value for packet size. The smallest MTU on the path. Using ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message. Initial PMTU=1500bytes; (1) PMTU=1400bytes; (2) PMTU=1280bytes. Initial PMTU=1400bytes; (1) PMTU=1280bytes. Initial PMTU=1280bytes; Initial PMTU=1350bytes; Client C1 (3FFE::C1) IPv6 Local Network v6 Router R1 Initial PMTU=1500bytes; (1) PMTU=1400bytes; (2) PMTU=1280bytes. v6 Router R2 IPv6 Backbone Network v6 Router R3 v6 Router R4 Client C2 (3FFE::C2) Initial PMTU=1350bytes; IPv6 Local Network
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