Computer Networks. Course Reference Model. Topic. Error Handling with ICMP. ICMP Errors. Internet Control Message Protocol 12/2/2014.

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1 Course Reference Model Computer Networks 7 lication Provides functions needed by users Zhang, Xinyu Fall Transport Provides end-to-end delivery 3 Network Sends packets over multiple links School of Software East China Normal University 2 1 Physical Sends frames over one or more links Sends bits as signals Topic Error Handling with ICMP What happens when something goes wrong during forwarding? Need to be able to find the problem What happened? XXXXXXX Yikes! Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP is a companion protocol to They are implemented together Sits on top of ( Protocol=1) ICMP Errors When router encounters an error while forwarding: It sends an ICMP error report back to the source address It discards the problematic packet; host needs to rectify Provides error report and testing Error is at router while forwarding Also testing that hosts can use Oh, now I see XXXXXXX Report then toss it! ICMP report 1

2 ICMP Message Format ICMP Message Format (2) Each ICMP message has a Type, Code, and Checksum Often carry the start of the offending packet as payload Each message is carried in an packet Each ICMP message has a Type, Code, and Checksum Often carry the start of the offending packet as payload Each message is carried in an packet Portion of offending packet, starting with its header Src=router, Dst=A Protocol = 1 Type=X, Code=Y Src=A, Dst=B XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX header ICMP header ICMP data Example ICMP Messages Name Type / Code Usage Dest. Unreachable (Net or Host) 3 / 0 or 1 Lack of connectivity Dest. Unreachable (Fragment) 3 / 4 Path MTU Discovery Time Exceeded (Transit) 11 / 0 Traceroute Echo Request or Reply 8 or 0 / 0 Ping Traceroute header contains TTL (Time to live) field Decremented every router hop, with ICMP error if it hits zero Protects against forwarding loops Testing, not a forwarding error: Host sends Echo Request, and destination responds with an Echo Reply Traceroute (2) v4 Header Traceroute repurposes TTL and ICMP functionality Sends probe packets increasing TTL starting from 1 ICMP errors identify routers on the path Local Host 1 hop 2 hops... 3 hops N-1 hops N hops Remote Host 2

3 Topic version 6 version 6, the future of v4 that is now (still) being deployed Why do I want v6? Internet Growth At least a billion Internet hosts and growing And we re using 32-bit addresses! The End of New v4 Addresses Now running on leftover blocks held by the regional registries; much tighter allocation policies Exhausted on 4/11 and 9/12! Exhausted on 2/11! IANA (All s) ARIN (US, Canada) APNIC (Asia Pacific) RE (Europe) LACNIC (Latin Amer.) AfriNIC (Africa) ISPs Companies Version 6 to the Rescue Effort started by the IETF in 1994 Much larger addresses (128 bits) Many sundry improvements Became an IETF standard in 1998 Nothing much happened for a decade Hampered by deployment issues, and a lack of adoption incentives Big push ~2011 as exhaustion looms v6 Deployment Percentage of users accessing Google via v6 Time for growth! Source: Google v6 Statistics, 30/1/13 3

4 v6 Features large addresses 128 bits, most of header New notation 8 groups of 4 hex digits (16 bits) Omit leading zeros, groups of zeros 32 bits 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042: :db8::ff00:42:8329 v6 (2) Lots of other, smaller changes Streamlined header processing Flow label to group of packets Better fit with advanced features (mobility, multicasting, security) 32 bits v6 Transition The Big Problem: How to deploy v6? Fundamentally incompatible with v4 Tunneling Native v6 islands connected via v4 Tunnel carries v6 packets across v4 network Dozens of approaches proposed Dual stack (speak v4 and v6) Translators (convert packets) Tunnels (carry v6 over v4)» Tunneling (2) Tunnel acts as a single link across v4 network Tunneling (3) Tunnel acts as a single link across v4 network Difficulty is to set up tunnel endpoints and routing Tunnel Tunnel v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v4 v4 Native v6 Native v4 Native v6 4

5 Topic Network Address Translation What is NAT (Network Address Translation)? How does it work? NAT is widely used at the edges of the network, e.g., homes I m a too! Internet Layering Review Remember how layering is meant to work? Routers don t look beyond the header. Well Middleboxes Sit inside the network but perform more than processing on packets to add new functionality, Firewall / Intrusion Detection System Router Middlebox / Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Middleboxes (2) Advantages A possible rapid deployment path when there is no other option Control over many hosts (IT) Disadvantages Breaking layering interferes with connectivity; strange side effects Poor vantage point for many tasks NAT (Network Address Translation) Box connects an internal network to an external network Many internal hosts are connected using few external addresses Middlebox that translates addresses Motivated by address scarcity Controversial at first, now accepted 5

6 NAT (2) Common scenario: Home computers use private addresses NAT (in AP/firewall) connects home to ISP using a single external address Looks like one computer outside Unmodified computers at home home ISP How NAT Works Keeps an internal/external table Typically uses address + port This is address and port translation What host thinks Internal : port What ISP thinks External : port : : : : 1502 Need ports to make mapping 1-1 since there are fewer external s How NAT Works (2) Internal External: Look up and rewrite Source /port a How NAT Works (3) External Internal Look up and rewrite Destination /port Internal source Internal :port External : port External destination =X, port=y Internal destination Internal :port External : port External source =X, port=y How NAT Works (4) Need to enter translations in the table for it to work Create external name when host makes a connection Internal destination Internal :port External : port External source =X, port=y NAT Downsides Connectivity has been broken! Can only send incoming packets after an outgoing connection is set up Difficult to run servers or peer-to-peer apps (Skype) at home Doesn t work so well when there are no connections (UDP apps) Breaks apps that unwisely expose their addresses (FTP) 6

7 NAT Upsides Relieves much address pressure Many home hosts behind NATs Easy to deploy Rapidly, and by you alone Useful functionality Firewall, helps with privacy Kinks will get worked out eventually NAT Traversal for incoming traffic 7