Overview of Layered Architectures
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1 Overview of ed Architectures Douglas C. Schmidt Professor of Computer Science Institute for Software Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2 1. Know what layered architectures are Learning Objectives in this Lesson Application Presentation Session Transport Internet Data Link Physical 2 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware
3 Learning Objectives in this Lesson 1. Know what layered architectures are 2. Understand the s architectural pattern C interface implementation B A 3
4 Learning Objectives in this Lesson 1. Know what layered architectures are 2. Understand the s architectural pattern 3. Recognize the layers in Android s software stack ART Dalvik Virtual Machine 4
5 Learning Objectives in this Lesson 1. Know what layered architectures are 2. Understand the s architectural pattern 3. Recognize the layers in Android s software stack 4. Realize why layering is used in Android ART Dalvik Virtual Machine 5
6 Overview of ed Architectures 6
7 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains 7
8 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Application Presentation Session Enables end-to-end communication by specifying how data should be (un)packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, & received Transport Internet Data Link See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protocol_stack 8 Physical
9 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Lower layers handle interactions with the hardware e.g., GSM, DSL, & Ethernet 9 Application Presentation Session Transport Internet Data Link Physical See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/link_layer & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/physical_layer
10 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Lower layers handle interactions with the hardware Middle layers exchange packets across hosts & routers e.g., IP, TCP, & UDP 10 Application Presentation Session Transport Internet Data Link Physical See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet_layer & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transport_layer
11 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Lower layers handle interactions with the hardware Middle layers exchange packets across hosts & routers Upper layers implement & interact with applications e.g., PPTP, XDR, CDR, JSON 11 Application Presentation Session Transport Internet Data Link Physical See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/session_layer & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/presentation_layer
12 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Lower layers handle interactions with the hardware Middle layers exchange packets across hosts & routers Upper layers implement & interact with applications Applications (& middleware) mostly just deal with the upper layer(s) e.g., FTP, TELNET, SMTP, & SNMP 12 Application Presentation Session Transport Internet Data Link Physical See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/application_layer
13 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Communication middleware in multi-tier enterprise IT systems Provides services beyond the operating system & protocol stacks to enable components in a distributed system to communicate & manage data 13 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/middleware_(distributed_applications)
14 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Communication middleware in multi-tier enterprise IT systems Lower layers provide portable APIs for accessing hardware & system resources e.g., Linux, Windows, JVM, & ACE 14 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware See
15 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Communication middleware in multi-tier enterprise IT systems Lower layers provide portable APIs for accessing hardware & system resources Middle layers shield applications from network programming details e.g., DDS, Web Services, MQTT, Spring, CORBA, etc. 15 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware See
16 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Communication middleware in multi-tier enterprise IT systems Lower layers provide portable APIs for accessing hardware & system resources Middle layers shield applications from network programming details Upper layers enable domain-specific reuse of capabilities e.g., MD-PnP, IIC, & FACE 16 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware See
17 An Overview of ed Architectures ing is applied in many domains, e.g. Computer networking protocol stacks Communication middleware in multi-tier enterprise IT systems Lower layers provide portable APIs for accessing hardware & system resources Middle layers shield applications from network programming details Upper layers enable domain-specific reuse of capabilities Applications may deal w/multiple layers 17 Applications Domain-Specific Middleware Services Common Middleware Services Distribution Middleware Host Infrastructure Middleware Operating Systems & Protocols Hardware See
18 Overview of the s Architectural Pattern 18
19 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The concept of layering has been expressed as an architectural pattern See 19
20 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The concept of layering has been expressed as an architectural pattern a structural organization schema for software systems that provides a set of predefined subsystems specifies their responsibilities & includes rules & guidelines for organizing the relationships between these roles See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/architectural_pattern 20
21 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The concept of layering has been expressed as an architectural pattern a structural organization schema for software systems that provides a set of predefined subsystems specifies their responsibilities & includes rules & guidelines for organizing the relationships between these roles See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/architectural_pattern 21
22 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The concept of layering has been expressed as an architectural pattern a structural organization schema for software systems that provides a set of predefined subsystems specifies their responsibilities & includes rules & guidelines for organizing the relationships between these roles See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/architectural_pattern 22
23 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The concept of layering has been expressed as an architectural pattern a structural organization schema for software systems that provides a set of predefined subsystems specifies their responsibilities & includes rules & guidelines for organizing the relationships between these roles See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/architectural_pattern 23
24 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s architectural pattern has been described in various publications See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multilayered_architecture 24
25 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern structures software apps & infrastructure in several ways C interface implementation B A See posa1.blogspot.com/2008/05/layered-architecture-pattern.html 25
26 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern structures software apps & infrastructure in several ways a. Partitions an overall system architecture into groups of subtasks C interface implementation B A 26
27 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern structures software apps & infrastructure in several ways a. Partitions an overall system architecture into groups of subtasks b. Decomposes groups of subtasks into levels of abstraction C interface implementation B A 27
28 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern helps to simplify software development & evolution 28
29 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern helps to simplify software development & evolution e.g., it replaces tightly coupled big balls of mud Function 2 Function B Function 1 Function Y Function 3 Function X Function A Function C Function Z See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/big_ball_of_mud 29
30 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern The s pattern helps to simplify software development & evolution e.g., it replaces tightly coupled big balls of mud with modular solutions that can be extended & contracted more easily C interface implementation B A See 30
31 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern Be careful when implementing a layered architecture to avoid unnecessary overhead when exchanging data between the layers C interface implementation B A See 31
32 An Overview of the s Architectural Pattern Be careful when implementing a layered architecture to avoid unnecessary overhead when exchanging data between the layers e.g., minimize context switching, synchronization, & data copying overhead C interface implementation B A See 32
33 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture 33
34 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture Android s architecture is structured in accordance to multiple layers ART Dalvik Virtual Machine 34
35 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture Android s architecture is structured in accordance to multiple layers ART Dalvik Virtual Machine The Android Linux kernel controls hardware 35 & manages system resources
36 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture Android s architecture is structured in accordance to multiple layers ART Dalvik Virtual Machine Several layers of middleware provide 36 higher-level reusable services to apps
37 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture Android s architecture is structured in accordance to multiple layers ART Dalvik Virtual Machine The application layer provides packaged 37 functionality to end-users
38 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons Applications Application Frameworks Native Libraries VM & Runtime Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware 38
39 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Application Frameworks Native Libraries VM & Runtime Hardware Abstraction An intentional strategy for increasing productivity & improving software quality Operating System Kernel Hardware See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/code_reuse#systematic_software_reuse 39
40 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Application Frameworks Native Libraries VM & Runtime Hardware Abstraction libc provides a common API for accessing OS kernel capabilities Operating System Kernel Hardware 40
41 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Application Frameworks Native Libraries VM & Runtime Hardware Abstraction Enable apps to run concurrently over various types of multi-core hardware Operating System Kernel Hardware 41
42 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Application Frameworks Native Libraries Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware VM & Runtime 42
43 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Shield apps from inconsistent hardware APIs Application Frameworks Native Libraries Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware VM & Runtime 43
44 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Application Frameworks Native Libraries Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware VM & Runtime Effects of updates can be confined to the 44 layer whose implementation changes
45 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Application Frameworks Reduce the complexity of APIs that app developers must understand See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/facade_pattern 45 Native Libraries Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware VM & Runtime
46 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Application Frameworks Reduce the complexity of APIs that app developers must understand Native VM & Libraries Runtime Enable use of popular protocols, APIs, & programming languages Hardware Abstraction Operating System Kernel Hardware 46
47 An Overview of Android s ed Architecture ing is applied in complex systems like Android for several reasons, e.g. Enhance systematic software reuse Applications Enable plug & play replacement of certain layer implementations Application Frameworks Reduce the complexity of APIs that app developers must understand Native VM & Libraries Runtime Enable use of popular protocols, APIs, & programming languages Hardware Abstraction These popular protocols & APIs are available in open-source form Operating System Kernel Hardware See source.android.com & source.android.com/source/building-kernels.html 47
48 End of Overview of ed Architectures 48
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