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27 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # !.& *. 2 #. #12 *.. *,. 2. #12). 20! Œ00 01 / 2 # 2#Œ #. 2 ò$ #..Œ2#$0.!02" Œ! 1 +10" # 12 1$0/.1). 2. )1 2& 2&. ". [Egolf et al., 1978] [Egolf et al., 1985] [Egolf et al., 1986] [Kates, 1988] [Kates, 1990]. þ 0Œ00! " 1.!.). #12)..Œ Œ) 1#$)22..Œ)!1". 01$#1. +0, $!1 Œ *2. 32!. #%" $." /0#1", 0)" /* Œ)&, $.21 # 2 1#$)22..Œ)!1" Œ # 2.!0 12 0Œ#2.Œ)!1.. /0/.Œ+0.. ".. Œ # " 0. 0Œ1" / /.2 # 2.0!22 1#$! 1) 2" 2.1" 0.. * 1#$)22.". ù #12" 2! Œ Œ 10" 12 1&&1 Œ # 1#/0 2 / 0)" ú ü! # 12. #12)., Œ!0 0Œ1". $!1 Œ 0.. 1# #$)22..Œ)!1" 2 #. #12 *.2 " ü*! " û#. * 0*! " /#. * 0)".2 ". " Œ0!!02..Œ) 2 01.&!* # )/ # $. * 0ŒŒ/ #..Œ)!01 01$# #% * 0ŒŒ/ #. ò. 1#1!)3&. #12 *.2 "$0 0ŒŒ0/!* # Œ0!Œ # 20 db SPL, 2 Œ 0. 1#!1 0.#2) 2 #.!+Œ #.#2 *. [Killion 1976]. þ Œ! 1 #&2& 0Œ00!.1.". 01$#1" " /0 1 /*.. 0ŒŒ0/.!* # 02.* 2& db SPL.. Œ 1*02 0Œ00!.1., )Œ&" Œ #. 2!Œ0. 32!&, Œ!0. Œ.!0 #%)20!. 0ŒŒ0/.!* # )& 2" 20$." 2& 0/+ #&2& Œ2+ + Œ # $!1 Œ *2..+". 2 #.! * 2&.Œ.2 *0& #&2&. 1)2 0ŒŒ0/!* # 2 #. #12 *.2 ", $#1, 0. Œ0!Œ # 10 db #%)20!.Œ).#2) 2 # 3#1 *.#2 * $&!" 0.. ù#2 2. 0ŒŒ0/.!* #! # Œ #.0Œ0 $!12". #12 *.2 " 2&.Œ) 1#0" 1#$.".",. )& 2" 0%" #%" Œ # Œ!.02..Œ) 2 01.&, $!12" &00)$1.Œ) 2 )!# Œ # #Œ!$0 12 ".

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29 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # " Œ.!.)!3&1" 0Œ!00 2"!10" 1$ Œ )22. 2&. #12+ 2&. Fortune & Preves [Fortune & Preves, 1992],. Œ.!/0.,!. )2 0&.2% 12 / 2 # 1.2 " 2 #. #12 *.2 " 1$02) $.)20! 0ŒŒ0/!01" 01$#1".. $.)20! 0ŒŒ0/ /#13!." 12 /#.2 3& (LDL). LDL ŒŒ0/ 12 Œ Œ!)#.. *10.. Œ.!.202. $!). ù#2) 2.Œ 201. /0$0 )2 $!120". #12+ 2&. /0. 0& # 2 Œ.!.)!3& , Œ0 %3. 2& $!12+ #Œ/00 )2. Œ )22. $ # 2. Œ 1.2 /)22. 2&. #12+ 2&, 0 2 0#! Œ 1.2)" Œ.! 2." Œ )22." $ # [Hagerman & Gabrielsson, 1984]. ò21, 0& Œ.!.)!3&1. Œ!Œ0. /10 10 Œ0!11)20! 01.. Œ 1 2 # $!12, &.2% 2 # ) # 10 #% 0ŒŒ0/. $ # ü*! " #$ 22& 0*! " 1#$ 22& 2& 2&. ",. Œ!Œ0. 0..!02 0#!*, Œ2*$ #0 0.2.)1 2 # ) #..!..Œ.!.& & $& Œ # 0/.3! # 2 $!12 2 #.2 ". French & Steinberg [French & Steinberg, 1947],.)!1. )2 Œ0! $ 1#$ 22& 02.* þ], /&10 Œ!.2.)1 ) # 10.!+Œ #" 0 3#1., 0+ Œ Œ!)13.20" 020" [Pavlovic, 1987], 0Œ20..#2 2 Œ0! $ Hz. 1#." $&!" ). 1#0$".. õ1.3! 12 #1,..Œ.!.& 2" Œ0! $" 1#$ 22&.Œ) þ] 10 Œ0!..2).. ", 30. Œ *!1 0. 0#!0." +" 1* #, $!1 Œ +2.". Œ.!.2" 0... [Killion, 1988]. #0Œ+",." )" 12)$ ".... " 0.. 0*! " 1#$ 22& 02.* þ]. Œ0!11)20!..2.. " Œ.! #1 # 0Œ.!.Œ)!1 12" $." 1#$)220",..0Œ.! 12" #%", &1 2".2.)1" 2"." 12" #%" 1#$)220" !./... 1#$)220" Œ&.Œ) þ] ù# 2." 2 01$#1. 2 0*! " 1#$ 22& 12" #%" 1#$)220" 10 0!.12!. 1#12.2., 0 0Œ2#$02. 02&1 2".2.)1" 2 # ) # [Skinner 1980]..!)..#2, 2. Œ #.#. # 0*! #" 1#$ 22& Œ! *Œ2 # " )

30 üœ00! "..2.. " $#2" Œ!0..20Œ00 12".#.)00" 00!0.".Œ.210", $&!". 010 Œ.!.!3+10". 03)1 2 1*12. Œ.! !), 0)1 #Œ!$ #.#.)0. 0ŒŒ0/.. #12". $."..2! 3 /)21". ò21,.*1 2 # 0*! #" 1#$ 22& 2& 2&. " Œ#2,. Œ!Œ0. Œ0!0 2 0Œ#1 & Œ! 2&. 1.5 ù*!&1 0..2! 3 /)21 2. Œ0!11)20!.. #12.2.,. #12. $...2! 3 /)21 Œ0!! # 2 12!/ " Œ # Œ!0. 0Œ20#$0.. + # 2.Œ)!1 1#$)22." 2 # 1#12.2 ". þ # 1#12.2 " Œ # Œ!.02..Œ) 2..2! 3 /)21, 0!" 3!" /.!02. &"." 1#0$" 2) " #%" 1#$)22." 13*!. Œ! 0!$)0.Œ) 2. #12).. Œ!0.0". Œ0!0 2.*1 2" Œ.!.)!3&1" 10. )!., 12 Œ0! $ 2 12.!$ 2".120.".3 * " 2"..2! 3 /)21". $!1 Œ 1 # 2 0.*20!! " 2" 12" /.1" 01$#1". $." / 10".Œ) 2 / " 0" 0!0." Œ! *. 0& * 1#/# 2." 2" 0)/ #" /* /02+ 2 Œ 02 #" /./ $, #!&0 2 Œ!.)0 3.)0. 0.#2) 2 2!)Œ, Œ!0. 0Œ20#$0.Œ) 2.!$ 2& & 0ŒŒ!)102!/ " $!. 10 db. õ&" 12. Œ0!11)20!. )!.., 2. 2 # BTE (behind the ear) 0.0 # 2 # ÿ ü (inside the ear) 0*3 #",.0!+0. /). #12"..2! 3 /)21" Œ # Œ0!! /#.2 01$#1.2 40dB [Kates, 1988].). )20! )2. Œ!)02..!)20!0" Œ".. Œ!.2.. #12"..2! 3 /)21 0. Œ 1.! 12" #%" 1#$)220",.3 * #12). Œ.! # *20! 01$#1.!2! 1$0/.1 *..Œ #Œ01..2! 3 /)21". Œ! * *1 2" 12" 01$#1" 0 2.#2)$! /.2!1 2" Œ! 3!." 2 # ) #. 2".2%" 2 # Œ0! 2 ". þ 1#" /./ *1 2" 0#120." 2 #.2 ". " 0. 0&1 2 #!/ #" 12" #%" 1#$)220" [Ammitzboll 1982]. O 0$ " 2"..2! 3 /)21" 0 2 2! Œ Œ 1 2".Œ)!1" 1#$)22." 2 # 1#12.2 " )&", 1.0 )2 0Œ#2.Œ)!1 2 # 1#12.2 " 12" #%" 1#$)220". Œ!Œ0.

31 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 30 #1.120 Œ! 0 #. /.2!1 #0 2 0# ).#2), $ # / !. 02.2)Œ1" 2" 1#$)22.". notch 32!. [üjroi 1982],. )Œ&".Œ /0$20 /0 2. /.20!..Œ Œ.Œ $ 0..*!&1 0..2! 3 /)21, 12 Œ "./!.1"..2)Œ.3.!02..Œ) 2 01 / 2 #! 3+ #. ü +10". %3. Œ!&2)2#Œ. 10 1#12.2..*!&1" 0..2! 3 /)21 [Bustamante et al., 1989] [Engebretson et al., 1990] [Kates, 1991a] [Dyrlund and Bisgaard, 1991] [Engebretson and French-St.George, 1993] [French-George et al., 1993], /0., )2 Œ! *. 0Œ20#$ *.#10" 12 01$#1 02.* db Œ! 2 *.!$10 2.2&1 $&!".Œ+00" 12.Œ)!1" 12" #%" 1#$)220". 0 0!.12!. Œ0!.2.,. #12+ 2&, [French and George et al., 1993],. /..! &.!+Œ& $!1 Œ 10. 0ŒŒ!)102 01$#1 2& 4dB, )2. 03.!)120.*!&1 2 # 01&.2& #!* #. /00 0.*20! 02& !1 2 # ) # 10 1#$ Œ0! 0. $. * 2) #. ü) û!.. 0)".2 ". " Œ # 01& Œ00! " 0.*!&1..2! 3 /)21"

32 üœ00! "..2.. " 31 û " 0&20! * $+! # 0)" Œ!.2 * Œ! 1.! 12 * 1#12.2 " 0.*!&1 0..2! 3 /)21 Œ # ú ü.. ", /00 02&1 8-10db 12 01$#1 )2. $!1 Œ 0.Œ) 1.!.! #".!+Œ #"[Bisgaard,1993]. ò. Œ.!/0. 1#12.2 ".*!&1" 0..2! 3 /)21 / $ ù#2) 2 1* #Œ) /0. Œ # $0 Œ! 2.0.! 3 / 2 *0 0 0)!# 1., #0. /)..2! 3 /)21" [Kates, 1991a] [Engebretson and French- St. George, 1993] [Bisgaard, 1993]. 7. $.!.2!12 2" / *..2! 3 /)21".! 2..Œ) 2 1#1$21 2 # 1.2 "!* # p(n) " e(n). ù#2 2!1 Œ0!.0 3.)0. 01$#1. 31" 2 # /2, 2". #12". $." / *..2! 3 /)21". 2".Œ)!1 2 #! 3+ # " e(n) 0.$12 Œ Œ! 1.! 12).)! 0.$12 # 202!.& * 13.2 " (least mean square LMS) [Widrow et al., 1975]. 0 0! 1#12.2. )!# " #0$+" 10. $.) 0ŒŒ0/ [Engebretson and French - St. George, 1993][úLVJDDUG 1993],. 2.! 2 # Œ! 1.! 12 *.)! # LMS #Œ #0$ 1. ù#2 Œ! 11 $0 &".Œ & ) 1.2 " Œ! " )!# (SNR). 2 $!12, )& 2" 01.&" 2 #!* #. üœœ!)102.,.)22. 2 # 1#12.2 ".*!&1"..2! 3 /)21" Œ!0. Œ0!!120, )& 2" Œ.! #1." 2 # 1.2 "." )1 2 1*12..). Œ! 1.!)02. [Kates, 1991a] [Maxwell and Zurek, 1995]..*20! 021 2" /./! "..2! 3 /)21", Œ!0. 1# Œ00! #.2 ". " g(n).œ Œ0.2 2 /!0. 0)"! * $! * /.12.2 " (50ms) 0+ /.!0 Œ! 1.! [Kates, 1991a] " 1#0" $! 7db, Œ.!.2!02. 0ŒŒ!)102.*!&1..2! 3 /)21" 10 1*!10. 1#0$+" Œ! 1.! )0 1*12.,..#2 Œ! 11 Œ!0. $0 /#1 0" 12 Œ.!. *1 0)" /.!+" 0..11)0 #. #12 * Œ0! 2 " [Maxwell and Zurek, 1995],.Œ) 2 12 Œ # 2. Œ! 1.! 1.! 00!+ 2. ) ) ".)! ".Œ)3.1". ñ Œ! 11, 0. Œ0!!1)" 2" Œ! 1.! " 2 # 1#12.2 " ) 12. $! /.12.2., )Œ # ù#2 20$ 0Œ1" 0.Œ) Œ0 2. 2".*!&1" 2"..2! 3 /)21" Œ& 10. 1#0$+" Œ! 1.! )0 1*12., Œ.!) )2 Œ )22. 2"." Œ!0. 0&0 )& 2 # 01.)0 #!* # [Maxwell and Zurek, 1995].

33 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # ü1$#1 2" 1#Œ01" þ1#œ01 /#."..",!1 0Œ1". 1..#2).2 "0$ "!/ #" (automatic gain control AGC) ", $!1 Œ 02.. /* /.3!02 *" 1 Œ *". Œ!+2 ". Œ 1.2)" 1 Œ)" 2" $!1" 2 # AGC 12 $!1 2&. ", Œ0!!12". 2 Œ!)% #Œ0!3)!2&1" 2& #&2& 2 # 01$#2 2 #.#2 * 2 # $!12 2 #.2 ", )2. 1#.0 2 " $ ". /0*20! " 1 Œ)", Œ # Œ " 3!"! Œ12!.20#.Œ &1, 0. 1*Œ2&1 2" /#.".." 2".". 2& $& 2 #Œ0! 2 ", 0 2Œ0!!1 /#... 2". " 2 # $!12. ù#2" /* $!10" Œ! (Œ 2 # /.3!02.. 1#! #)0.!2!.. 2!1) 2& Œ.!.2!& 1#Œ01". Œ )" 2!)Œ " 1#Œ01" ", *12., Œ # $!1 Œ &1 2" #Œ0!3)!2&1" 2 # 01$#2. +..# !,.Œ.202.."!! " $!) " /!1", Œ2*$ #0.!!.2/! Œ)2. 2 $. ù),.. Œ0!! ŒŒ0/ 2 # 1.2 ".Œ #Œ01", 0+.. Œ0!!12 * $ Œ # 10 Œ0!Œ2&1. 01$# * $&!" Œ.!.)!3&1 $! #%).2+3 1#Œ01". ùœ) 2 0!,. 2 0Œ12!.20#.Œ &1, 0. 0Œ#2. 0.*20! $!) 00#!&1", Œ! 0 #. 0.$12 Œ * 2. Œ./Œ 20 0Œ. 1#Œ2+.2. Œ # Œ!0. Œ! *% #.Œ) 2 1#Œ01" 2"." [Plomp 1988] [Boothroyd et al., 1988] /.!3+ 2." 2 $ 2 #Œ0! 2 " [Cole 1993] [Neuman et al. 1995]. #$ 0Œ 2. $. Œ #Œ01" Œ # 2.! # 2 /#... 2 #.2012!. #.#2 * 10.#2 0)" 3#1 *. üœ1", 1#$ 0Œ02.. $.).2+3 1#Œ01", +120 $." 10 )Œ 0Œ0/ Œ2 Œ&.Œ) 2. #12) #.2012!. #.#2 * [Waldhauer and Villchur, 1988] [Killion, 1993].

34 üœ00! "..2.. " #Œ01 þ 1$1 01)/ #-0)/ # ! )" 1#Œ012. #12 *.2 ", $ *12. 0.!.) )/ # $.)20! # 0ŒŒ/ #.Œ) #Œ01". ñ& 2 #.2&3 # 1#Œ01" 2!/ " 0+02., / "..#02. Œ! " 1/CR Gú. 0.*1 Gú 2" 01)/ #, )Œ # CR 1.0 Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01" (Compresion Ratio). ü) $1 01)/ #-0)/ #.. 2#Œ) 01$#2 1#Œ01".2 ". " ò. Œ /!.. 0)" 2#Œ *.2 ". " AGC $ [Cole, 1993]. To 1*12. #Œ 202. )2 02 #!0 1. Œ0!!12" #% * 0ŒŒ/ #. 1$0/.12" 2& 2&. " $0 Œ " 0Œ ". 2 Œ #.2 Œ !#12 2" 2.1". 0 0Œ, )Œ&" Œ) 2..Œ " 10" ù, ú, C 12 1$., /0./.3!02 0..Œ#+ 01)/ #-0)/ #,.+" 2.1!#02..Œ) 2 $! $ # ú, /0 01 / AGC, 12 Œ. 2!/ ". 2 12

35 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # ŒŒ0/ 0)/ #,!# 2. 1#$!)&".Œ) 2!#12) 2.1", #Œ01" Œ #..3! / /0 0Œ! $&!12!*1 Œ! 13! #Œ01". 10 0$ # ù. 2!#12) 2.1" /0. /0. 0)/ # AGC, 12 Œ 2!#12) 2.1"!#0 2.#2)$!. 2!/ " #Œ01".. 0$&!12) Œ 201)02! $!1 Œ Œ20#$ ŒŒ0/ 0)/ #. ñ. 0Œ 0. 1#Œ01 0 Œ!)1. 2! 3 /)21 12 Œ..$0#2" /02..Œ0#0.".Œ) #! 3+ #...#12! # 01$# $ # Œ!0. $!1 Œ 0.. 0&0 #Œ0!*%&1 (overshoot)12.œ)!1 2 # *&.2 " 1#Œ01" [Verschuure and Dreschler, 1993]. ü) û!...2 ". " 0..2! 3 /)21 1#Œ01". 1#.!210" 01)/ #-0)/ # $.2. ù,ú. C. (.Œ) 2 Cole, 1993) (..2*Œ&1.2)Œ./0.".Œ) [Cole, 1993],../ ü2.!..." ) #-.". ù #12"). þ 0Œ 2& Œ.!.2!& #Œ01, Œ )1 2 #) #Œ )22. 2".", 0..). $2. 1# !"

36 üœ00! "..2.. " 35! * $!) # /!1" (!)20! 2& 5ms) 0..Œ /02" 2)1 12 $.. )1..Œ) 0!0#2" Œ! 0 #..Œ 3* # 02.10".Œ) 2 10!01 * 2 # 01$#2 1$* " 2" 0)/ #..Œ)%0" Œ # 12! # 2 03.!!! # $!) # 00#!&1" (!)20! 2& 20 ms) Œ #.02.. "1#Œ01 1#.+", )" )2 1#." /.3! Œ *2. 12 *0 ),.+". 12 0Œ#. 01$#1" 2&.Œ.+ $& 2"." 10 1$0/)..!.. 1 [Vilchur, 1973], ùœ) 2.Œ)%0" Œ # #Œ 12! # 2 #" 0 #" $!) #" 00#!&1" Œ#. /.2!1" 2" / " Œ # 0Œ0!$ [Plomp, 1988]. 12.Œ 3#.0Œ*2&.# 0+10& 2 # 0ŒŒ/ #.2%" 2 #!* # 2 # Œ0! 2 " (0+ 12.,..Œ 021) Œ # Œ!0. Œ! *.Œ)!./ )!/ " 2 # 01$#2 1#Œ01" [Cole, 1993]. þ.1 /. Œ1&.Œ) 2 1#Œ01 1#.+, 0. )2 /.3!02 $.".Œ.2 * /.3!02 Œ $#1" 0 )" Œ # /10 10 Œ0!.2. Œ # ) 1#3+&-3&2& CV (Consonat-Vowel ) 12. [Gordon-Salant, 1986] [ Gordon- Salan, 1987] [Montgomery and Edge, 1988] [Kennedy et al., 1996]. 2. Œ0!.2..*1" 2 # ) # CV 2 # Kennedy et al.,. Œ.!/0., 01$#1 2& 1#3+& 10 1$ & #." 1#3+&-3&2&,!#120 0$&! #., 0 2" 2! Œ Œ 0" 1#.". Œ.! # Œ!.2.. " ŒŒ0/....Œ /0., )2..+!1 1#0!& 1#3+& /0/ # Œ # 0ŒŒ/ #Œ.! #1.1", Œ.. 1*3&. 2 Œ 1 12)..+!1" 00.0Œ! !" Œ0!Œ2+10" 0+0..)" 01$#1" 2& 1#3+& Œ # 0$0 &".Œ Œ 1 12)..+!1", /30! *Œ 2 # 1#3+ #, 2 3&2 * Œ0!. 2 1$. 2 #. #12 * /.!.2 ". ù), Œ.!.2!. 00" 0 &0" /.3!" 02.* 2&.2)& Œ # Œ!.! " !)13.2., Œ/!.1 2 # $!) # 00#!&1" 12 Œ )22. 2"." Œ # Œ.!.2!02. [Neuman et al., 1995].!. Œ #Œ01", 1.5:1, 2:1. 3:1, $!1 Œ. 10 %3." 0 +10". #12+ 2& 10 1#/#.1) 0 2 #" $!) #" 00#!&1" 2& 60, ms. $!) " /!1" 2. 5ms #Œ01" /.! dB 2&.Œ) 2 RMS 0ŒŒ0/ 2".". ý20.œ) Œ+0.. " )& Œ!.2+ 0#!.12!&,. 1#! #. 0* 2 Œ )22. 2"." 0 /.3!02 0)!#. Œ0! 2...

37 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # "!0#." Œ! *1..1#! # 0Œ00!.1. Œ! 0!$)0.Œ) /* /.3!02 1# Œ / Œ/!.1 02.* 2 # $!) # 00#!&1". 2 # 0ŒŒ/ # 2 #!* #. Œ!0 1.2 Œ! *20! $!) 00#!&1" )1.# 2. )!# " 2 #Œ0! 2 ". +. $. 0ŒŒ0/.!* #, /0 #Œ!0 /.20! Œ! #" $!) #" 00#!&1"..!.2!. 0 &0" /.3!".Œ) 2" 10" Œ! 210", Œ # )&" /0. )2 0$&!12!*1 2 # $!) # 00#!&1" 10.. #12). Œ!0. / *20!. Œ 1. 2 $!12.Œ) )2. 0$0,. $!1 Œ *10. 1#0! Œ!.!1 $!) 00#!&1". üœœ!)102., #Œ00" 2" 1#Œ01" 12 Œ )22. 2".", 2&.Œ) Œ.!). 0!.12!. Œ0!.2. [Neuman et al., 1994]. ü!0#. Œ #Œ01" 10. Œ0! $.Œ) 1.5:1 0+" 10:1 02.#2)$!!. 01$#1. $!) " 00#!&1" /.2!0 12.0!)" ms. þ.#1 2& /0/ &, Œ # Œ! #%..Œ) 2. 0* 1*!1,.Œ #%0 ) Œ!.2.. ", /0. /.20! Œ! $. Œ #Œ01", 0 2. Œ 1 12 Œ # #Œ0!.. 2 3:1. Œ! 2+2. )20!. þ Œ0 %3. 2&.!.2+ Œ! 21..!.).. ", )2. 2 0ŒŒ0/ 2 #!* # 2. #%).. Œ 1 12 Œ )22." [A. Neuman, personal communication, 1995], /0. ) &..2.. " 0 2. $.)20!. Œ #Œ01"!. &" Œ 0#$!12.. )20! 0)!#.. ù!.2" 0 0& /#.) Œ0/ (!)20! 2& 30dB), 0Œ0. 1#Œ *20!.2 2&.! #!*20! /#.) Œ0/ (0.*20! 2& 30 db)..). Œ0!..2.Œ Œ # Œ.! #1 2. Œ.!.Œ&. 2 Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01", 1# Œ)%0".Œ) 2. #12 3# # $., 00!)" $.1)" 2& 0+2.2& 2!$ 0/+ #22!& Œ.!$0 Œ0!Œ # 50-60dB!/ ".. 2 0/ 1#! #12).2+3 [Kiang, 1980]. ù*1 2 # 0ŒŒ/ # 2 # 1.2 " $0 1..Œ &1 2 #!/ #". /0*!#1 2".Œ)!1" 2&. #12+ 32!& [Johnstone et al., 1986], 0&" )2 # 12. #% 0ŒŒ0/. 2!/ ". 0&0 Œ0!Œ # dB. 0 $ & 0+2.2& 2!$ 0/+ #22!&, 2 1$. 2 # 32! #. 01$#1 10 ). 2.0ŒŒ0/. 01)/ # 0. /. 0 )2 Œ.!.2! # $. 12" #%" 1#$)220" [Harrison et al., 1981]... Œ! 11. 2" 1#$)220" 2".", #Œ 2 #0 )2 10. # $.. 01 / " 2& 0dB SPL.Œ.20 01$#1 2" 2" 2& 60 db, / " 2& 100 db SPL.Œ.20 01$#1 0 db, / 2." )

38 üœ00! "..2.. " 37 1#Œ01" 2.5:1. ò." 1.!.2012!. " $.".Œ) 2 Œ0#!, $0 01$#1 0 db 10 ). 2. 0ŒŒ0/. 01)/ #, 0.Œ Œ.! #0.!.) 1*12.. Œ " Œ),. Œ! *10. #Œ 12!0 ) Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01" Œ #.Œ #Œ01 0#!&" /#. * 31.2 " 10.. #12)., Œ #.212 $ ! 3 2& 0+2.2& 2!$ 0/+ #22!&, :1..+" 0Œ1" )2!)20!. Œ 1 12 "..Œ.2 *.212 $.!)20! #" ) #" 1#Œ01". þ!&2.2.12! 3 2& 0+2.2& 2!$ 0/+ #22!&, $0 1..Œ #.2&3 # )$ 0.*20! 2& 60 db,.3 *.#2) !/ " Œ # Œ.!$02..Œ) 2 #" $.1 *" 2 # $.. ù #12".Œ+00" 0.*20!0" 2& 60 db,. Œ!Œ0 Œ),. 1# /0* 2..Œ).2.12! 3 12 $.1) 2& 0*!& 02/ 1" &20! 2!$ 0/ *22.!.,. 2. /0/. Œ # Œ.! #112..Œ) 2 #" Liberman. Dodds [Liberman and Dodds, 1984], /0$ # )2 2& 01&20!+ 2!$ 0/+ #22!& $0 &".Œ )Œ1 2 #.2&3 #,. )$ $. 1#Œ0!3! 2 # $.. ò21, 2& 0&20!+ 2!$ 0/+ #22!& 10.#2) 2 2 2".Œ+0.". ", Œ!.0..Œ+0. 2" 0#.11." Œ #1#/# &1 12 Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01", ! 3 2& 01&20!+ 2!$ 0/+ #22!& Œ!.0.! " 0#.11.".#2". ò21 Œ), 0. 2&.Œ# ". 2" 01)/ #"-0)/ #". 0. )Œ&" Œ.! # $. 1.16, )Œ # ) " 1#Œ01".#02. )1.#02..Œ+0.. " $! db. ùœ).#2) ) " 1#Œ01" Œ.! !)". 01$#1.#02.. þ 0Œ 2 #Œ 1 12 * 1#Œ01". 2& $!)& /!1". 00#!&1",. $0 0Œ1" 1..Œ Œ.!.)!3&1 2 #.2 ". ", 0/. 0#!&" /#. * 31.2 " 1#Œ01, )Œ # $0/) Œ2. Œ&.Œ) #Œ01". þ Œ.!.)!3&1 12 1#Œ01 0)" 0 & #.2 ". ", 0020.Œ) 2 Kates [Kates, 1993b]... #12). 2 Œ $0 /..Œ)!1 12.0!" 1#$)22.".Œ) þ]!1 Œ / "!* # Œ # 0 0., db SPL. 2 2! 2" Œ.!.)!3&1" 2. ) " 2 # 1.2 " &" Œ! " 2 Œ.!.)!3&1 (Signal-to-Distortion ratio, SDR) Hz, #Œ 1 ".Œ)..0!)Œ2 1#!21 1# $" [Kates, 1992]...Œ Œ 1 12 * 1#Œ01" 2: #Œ01" db SPL, 0. Œ0!Œ # 30 db. 0 1#/#.1) $!) # /!1" 0.*20! # 2& 2 ms. $!) # 00#!&1" 0.*20! # 2& 50 ms [ANSI, 1987].

39 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 38 ü) Œ*0" 01)/ #-0)/ # 01$#2 1#Œ01" Œ # Œ! *Œ2 #.Œ)..Œ Œ 2.Œ+0.". ". ANSI $!) " /!1"!02. &" $!) " Œ # $! #Œ0!*%&1 0..*1".Œ) 50 &" 80 db SPL,0+ 2 0ŒŒ0/ 2 # 1.2 "./.3!0.2 2 db.œ) ! $!) " 00#!&1"!02. &" $!) " Œ # $! Œ db 2&.Œ) !.212.1,.3 * 2. / Œ12!% # 12 0ŒŒ0/ 2& 55 db SPL. ò21, Œ.!.)!3&1 / )1.",. 0Œ! Œ )22. 2".". 12.0!" $!) # #2 2. 0ŒŒ0/. [ Kates and Kozma-Spytek, 1994]. ù# 2." 2 Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01" 12 8:1, 2 SDR db, 0+. Œ / Œ! Œ )22. 2".2.)1" 2 # ) #.

40 üœ00! "..2.. " #Œ01 /*..+ ù!02 /.3!02 1#12.2. $ # Œ! 2.0.1#Œ01 /#. * 31.2 " /*..+. þ Œ 1#1 Œ! !22 02 #!. 2& /*..+ [ Villchur, 1993]. üœ! Œ! ')2. Œ # 01&.2+ # $#1, /.3!02 Œ #Œ01" #/02 1#$)22. /.$&!1 * (crossover) 02.* 2& /*..+, $ # # 020.Œ) /3! #".2.10#.12" [þrgjvrq and Lade, 1988] [Johnson and Schnier, 1988] [Pluvinage and Benson, 1988]. ù), 0. /.1. 1#12.2., Œ # Œ! 13! # Œ0!!1) 12 1#Œ #!&" /#. * 31.2 " 1#Œ01" [Branderbit, 1991]. ù#2 2. 1# Œ!!..2)0. Œ! 0 #. 0Œ2!Œ # Œ! 1.! 2".Œ)!1" 12.Œ+0.. " 2 # 0.2) #. $!1 Œ * %3.) 0$ 2" /./! " 2 #.. * 1.2 ". üœœ, 0. /.10", /3!0" Œ.!.." Œ #.3! * 12. 1# #Œ01". 0. Œ! 1Œ0.. 0&0.#.)0 /.1Œ! 2" 0Œ#%", Œ # Œ!0. Œ! 0.Œ) 2 )!# $." 1#$)22.", $0 $!1 Œ 0 1#Œ $." 1#$)22." 10 1#/#.1) 0.!.). 12" #%" 1#$)220"[Ono et al., 1983] [Kates, 1986]. 2. 1#12.2. Œ! * 0Œ1". # Œ * $!1 Œ +2.". #%Œ0!.2) 32! 0 00$)0 1#$)22..Œ Œ".Œ) 2 Œ! 0Œ)0 0ŒŒ0/ 2 # 1.2 "$." 1#$)22.". þ.œ)/ 1.#2+ 2& 1#122&, 1# # Œ0!!1 * 2 #!* # 10. )!)3&. ü..2, $0 Œ! 2.0 1#Œ #%" 1#$)22.", 1#/#.)0 0.!.). $." 1#$)22." !.2 )1..Œ+0.. " 12" #%" 1#$)220". $0 Œ.!.$0 Œ! ') Œ # 0. 0Œ1" / Œ)! [Killion, 1993]. Œ!$ # 0/00", )2 1#Œ01 /*..+ Œ!0. Œ! 13!0!" 02+10" 12.2.)1 2"." 10.!.). 1*12. 1#Œ01" [Villchur, 1973][Moore, 1987] Œ) 2 Moore. 1*12. /#..+ [Lawrence et al., 1983][Moore, 1987], Œ # $!1 Œ *10 1*12. 1#Œ01" /* & 1# 2.". 1#Œ012 Œ!)1 # 02+Œ # 0 $!) /!1" 5ms. $!) 00#!&1" 300ms,. # *0.Œ). 1#.) 1#Œ012 /*..+. AGC Œ!)1 # 02+Œ # $!10#0 12.! $02 120) /#.) 31., 0+ 1#.)" 1#Œ012" 0$0 1$0/ "." 02.* 2& 1#)!& 0)" 1$0/) 12.0! * 1 # 0ŒŒ0/ #...Œ

41 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 40 Œ0!.. Œ # 1#Œ0!.0.!.2" 0. #12" 0",.2 2 Œ 2. 0ŒŒ0/. 2 #!* #! !) 0ŒŒ0/. 2 0ŒŒ0/ 2"."!# /.2!0 12.0!) Œ 1 12) 1&12"..+!1".", /00 )2 2 1*12. 1#Œ01" /*..+ 0Œ2!0Œ0 12 #".!.2".. * db $0!)20! SNR, 0+.Œ)/ 1 0. # * #!1 0.#2 0)". #!. *.2 ". " 0)" 1#12.2 " 1#Œ01" 0)".. * #. 1#Œ01 þ Œ #. 1#Œ01 $&! "." 10 /3!0" +0" 1#$ 22&,. Œ! 13!0. 01$#2 1#Œ01" þ1#œ01 Œ! ! $ # 1#Œ01" /. 2!/ ". 0. 1#/0)0.. þ.0!22 1#. 1#Œ01 /0 $0 /00. Œ! 13! !) Œ "!." 01$#1" [Braida et al., 1979] [Lippmann et al., 1981] [Walker et al., 1984]. ò..œ) 2 Œ! #12.2. Œ #." 1#Œ01" 0..0Œ*20".0Œ/!10" 31". 01$#1" Œ # Œ!0. 1# * !. Œ # $!1 Œ *2.. 2.#1/1*01 2" 1#$)22." [Walker et al., 1984]. 2. Œ. Œ!0./+1 #.0Œ*20".$" Œ2+10" 12.Œ)!1 1#$)22." 2 # 1#12.2 ",.3 * 2!/ " Œ!). 2&.0Œ/!10& 2& 32!&, Œ!0..202&Œ120 0 %3. 32!.!." 31" (linear phase),..2.)1 2"." 10. Œ #. %3.) 1*12. /0 0. /.20!. 0.!!#2.2 0)".212 $ #.. * 1#12.2 ". [Kollmeier et al., 1993] ò$0 0Œ1" 0020 Œ #. 1*12. 1#Œ01", Œ # $!1 Œ 0 0.*20!0" 12.0!" $!) # [van Dijkhuizen et al., 1991]. ù#2) 2.! 02..)0 1*12. 1#Œ01", /& *20!..+!1 ) # 10 1$ *12. 1#Œ01". 0)!#., )2. )!# " Œ0!0$0 1# " +" 1#$ 22&..!)..#2,!#10" 12 01$# 31. 0Œ!.1..#/! ), 2.2.)1 2 # ) # ) #$)22." 2 #!* # 2.!.0 0.#2) 2"." [van Dijkhuizen et al., 1987] [van Dijkhuizen et al., 1989]. #0Œ+", Œ!0.0". 1#Œ0!0, )2 0Œ2#$. 2 # 1#12.2 ".102. Œ!&212&" 12 0&1 2" /.1Œ!" 0Œ#%", Œ # !* " +".

42 üœ00! "..2.. " 41. Œ Œ *Œ. Œ #.. 1# #Œ01" $!1 Œ * 20$" 1*/01" 2& 12& 0$ # 1#Œ01" /.!/ #" 1& 2&..+..1#12.2..#2, $ # 1 Œ). 02. # /# #$ 22& 2)1 Œ *, Œ 1 # 2 Œ 1) 2 # 1.2 "." Œ #! Œ0! $. #12)22." 2 #.2012!. #.#2 * Œ # /0 0Œ/$02. 0!.Œ0.". ò. Œ! 20)0 1*12.!#0 2" 1$02" 01$*10" 2& #!& 22& 2 # 31.2 " Œ0!!1 # $!) # [Bustamante and Braida, 1987], 0+. 1*12. /.3! Œ 0 2 #" 1#20012"." 10!" Œ #&*&, ! # Œ0!!1 # $!) # [Levitt and Neuman, 1991]. ù#2 2. 1# # 2.2.)1 2"." $. * 0ŒŒ/ #,. 2 #!)20! 0..*1 2 # 0 #" 2& 1# $." 2", 0 )" Œ # 1 /# #Œ01. +0,.*1 2 # 0 #" 2" /.*.1" #%" 2" / / &1 2".2.)1" 2 # ) # [Hagaard et a;., 1987] [ Stone and Moore, 1992]. ù), $ #..Œ2#$0 1# #Œ01", Œ # !$ 2" 1*Œ2&1" 2" 02 *0". #12)22." 2 #.2012!. #.#2 * 0 2. #12)22. 2 # # *".#2 * [Yund et al., 1987] [Dilier et al., 1993] [Kollmeier et al., 1993]. 2 1*12. 2 # Dilier et al. [Dilier et al., 1993],. #12)22. 0)" 0ŒŒ0/ # 31.2 " Œ0!!1 # $!) #,.! Œ) #$ 22&,. 2!/ " Œ ,. /+10 2 /.. #12) !..#2, 0.#2 Œ #. /0 10. #". 2 1#$0., #12)22. &"! 1. 2& 2+ 22&. Œ.!02.." 1#20012" /)!&1", Œ 2!.Œ0 1*01 0)" 1.2 " Œ #. 2. Œ * $!)...Œ *!1" #.2. #12.2. /0., )2 0.*20! 02& )1 2"." 1#.0 12" $." 1#$)220", 0+ 2 )30 " 2" 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " &1 2 #!* #. Kollmeier et al., [Kollmeier et al., 1993] $!1 Œ 10. Œ.!). Œ! #Œ 1) 2" 01$#1" # 31.2 " 1#$)22.", / #! !..#2,. 0ŒŒ0/. #12)22." Œ #.03.) #".#2. þ. #12)22. 2 # 2! Œ Œ # 1.2 " /0 #Œ 02.,. 12 ) /./.1. 0Œ02. /.1Œ! 2" 0Œ#%". 0ŒŒ0/, Œ # $!1 Œ #Œ 1) 2 #!/ #" 10 / 2. 1#$)22.", # 0ŒŒ/ # 2 # 1.2 "

43 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # #2) 12. /0.2. 0Œ#%".Œ) 2. Œ.! *12..#2), Œ.! *1 12 Œ )22. 2 # 0Œ00!.1 # 1.2 " 10 1$1 0. 1*12.!."!3 Œ 1" 2" 1#$)22.",..2.)1 2 # ) # / ! Œ/&)0 " 12)$ " 12 1$0/.1) 0)". #12 *.2 ". /0#20!0* #1..Œ+0.. " 0. 0Œ00!.1. 2 # 1.2 " 01)/ #, #0 2.*20! /#.2) 2.! * 2& /02& 0#!" Œ#! /)21" !..#2 10 1$1 0. #". Kates [kates, 1993d] Œ!)200. 1*12. Œ # $ !.&) 13. 1*Œ2&1" 02.* 2& 2& 2" 3#1 ". 2" Œ!.2". " )/ # /.! * 22& 1#$)22.". Œ 1 12) 1#Œ01" #Œ 02..Œ) 2.Œ+0.. ", $!1 Œ +2." 2 /./.1. Œ # Œ0!! $ *12..#2), /.3!0.Œ) 2. 1#12.2. Œ # #12)22.. Œ #Œ0!!3. Œ.!.Œ& 12 )2, $ # 1#Œ01" ŒŒ0/ 2 # 31.2 "Œ #02! Œ0! $, Œ # Œ). 2. 2& &" Œ&.Œ) 0 2! 2& 22& 1#$)22.". ù#2!3 2 # 0$ # 1#Œ01" 02. $.!.2! " /* 2)& [Sachs and Kiang, 1968] Œ # Œ.!.2!02. 3#1 12 #".!+Œ #" [Duifhuis, 1980], 12 Œ. 2 ) Œ 1 12) 0#!" Œ#! /)21" 10. Œ 0#.12 Œ0! $ 10 / 01. 1#$)22., Œ!0. 0&0 02 Œ! 1 0)" /0*20! # 2) # 10 /.3!02 1#$)22.. Œ!.2).Œ 201..#2 * 2 #.). 1#Œ01" 0., )2 2 $, )Œ&" 0. 3& 1#2 1 (formants) 2& 3&2& 0$ # 2!/ " 2& Œ0!. #1+ Œ0! $+ 1#$)22.". õ # 1.2 ".0, $ #. Œ0! $" 1. # &" Œ! " 2 1#$)22.. 2" Œ0!11)20!0" Œ0!Œ2+10" #Œ!$ # /* 2!0" Œ0! $" 1#$ 22&, )Œ # 2!/ " 10 0 Œ0! $.!02..Œ) 2 Œ 2.$,.#2" 2" Œ0! $" 2 # 31.2 ". 2 1*12. /0 $0.) /.1200.!.2" 0 Œ!.2.. " !* # 0 )!)3& þ 02&1 2".2.)1" 2 # ) # 10 0)!# Œ0!, 0.." 1.2)" 12)$ " 12 1$0/.1) 2&. ". 0 Œ0!Œ2+10" )Œ # Œ.!0 0Œ02!+02.

44 üœ00! "..2.. " $!) (Œ$. ) 12 1#$)22. (Œ$...! 2) ).2.)1 2"." Œ!0 Œ! &0. 0!+2." 2 1..Œ).2 /.!3&2. 32! )Œ&" Œ!..3!0, Œ!0. 0&0 2 0ŒŒ0/ 2 #!* # 10 Œ 1 12) Œ * 0.*20!.Œ) )2. [Weiss and Aschkenasy, 1975]. ò..) 0.*20! Œ!) &1 2".2.)1" 2 # ) #, )2. 0Œ!.20 )!# " 0#!&" 31.2 ". 20$" *! 3+ # Œ # $ #..Œ2#$ #Œ)01 )2,. 02&1 2 # SNR. $0 &".Œ $ 02& )1,.. 12 Œ!.#2) /0 $0.Œ /0$0 1&12) ! 1.! !.... Œ! 1.! 12 32!., Œ # 0+ # 2 / $." 1#$)22." 0)". #12 *.2 "Œ.! #1.!* #, 0. /.1. 0/+..!02 $!). [Ono et al., 1986]. ü+ Œ. )!.. $ # Œ! 11 2& /*..+, $ 2." 2 1#Œ & $.+ 1#$ 22& 0 1 Œ) 2 Œ0!!1) 2" 2.1" 2 #!* # 12" 1#$)220".#2", Œ 1#$!10.0". 1*12. Œ # $!1 Œ 0. #%Œ0!.2) 32! db/ 2. Œ # $0.#2).2.!#)0 1#$)22..Œ Œ". Œ! 1.! )0 #%Œ0!.2) 32! *! " 1#$ 22& 12" $." 1#$)220" 2 #.2 ". " )1.# ŒŒ0/!* # 10.#2" 2" 1#$)220". û " #12.2. /0. )2, /0 #Œ!$0 02& )1 2".", )2. 0$ " 2" 2.1" 2 # $ # /.2! ! 1 [Kuk et al., 1989] [Fabry and Tasell, 1990], 02 *2 " $0..30! &1 )2.!&Œ Œ # Œ!.! " 12" / " Œ! *1..0Œ # # $ # [Sigelman and Prves, 1987]. ù#2 0!21 12!*1 2" 2.1" #Œ /0*0 ) Œ/! )1 2"." Œ!..2)22..Œ " 0&1" 2" Œ.!.)!3&1". þ 0&1 2 #!/ #" 12" $." 1#$)220" 0Œ2!Œ0 2.*1 2" 01$#1" 12" #%" 1#$)220" Œ! 2 * 01$#2" )! [Fabry, 1991]. ù2 2 # SNR 1.!2! 2".Œ)/ 1" 2".Œ Œ"!* # Œ! $!1 Œ Œ 1 2 # Articulation Index (AI) /02" /!!&1", Œ # #Œ 02..Œ) 2 1*12.. ùÿ ! Œ #/.)22. 2& 2+ SNR !.212.1, 10 Œ0! $" 1#$ 22&.Œ) 200 &" þ] >)UHQFK DQG

45 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 44 Steinberg, 1947] [Kryter, 1962]. Œ0!.0 2 /.1Œ! 2" 0Œ#%" 12 *!. 1#$) " 2!/ " &2" 1.1.", /0.0Œ! SNR 10.#2 2 +,. Œ!0..#0 2 ùÿ. )!# " 12 +.#2, 12.!$) 0ŒŒ0/!/ #", 2..!02 2 " Œ.*Œ #Œ00" 2" 0Œ#%" #!&".# 2." 2 1#$)22.[ Egan and Hake, 1950]. ò21, 0 1#Œ00".Œ) 2 0Œ#%.Œ) 2 )!# 10 / $& #%" 1#$)22." #Œ0!0 2 0ŒŒ0/!* # 12 + #%" 1#$)22.", 2!/ " 10.# Œ!Œ0. 0&0. 0&1.#2.0. 2)1, &0 0Œ#% Œ # Œ.!.2!02. 02)" +". )!# " [Kates, 19889]. -2!! 2." Œ!. 2 # Œ 1 * Œ #.Œ Œ 1 2 # ùÿ, / Œ0!.2!& 2.2.)1 2"." [Fabry and Tasell, 1990]. ù#2 Œ % 1#3& Œ & Dillon and Lovegrove [Dillon and Lovegrove, 1993] Œ /.Œ12&1. Œ )30 ".Œ) 2.Œ Œ!* # !., )2. )!# " 2. 0Œ02!& " 12" $." 1#$)22.",... 02&1 12. $.+ 2)& ( #! *!1.). ù), 0. 1*3& 0 2.0#!.2. 2 # Kuk et al. [Kuk et al., 1989], )Œ # Œ # Œ!.! " 12. Œ0!.2., Œ! 21.. Œ! 1.! 12) 32! 0 1 6dB/ 2.,.2 0)" 32! # 1" 12dB/ ! $!1,.3 * 2 Œ!+2.Œ0/0$.0Œ.!" 12.3.!01 2" 0Œ#%" 12 *!. 1#$) #" Œ0!11)20! #".0! *"!* #" [Kates, 1993b] ù3.! " 2.3.! ",.3.! #1 # Œ2 #" 2 # 31.2 "!* #.Œ) )!#"." Œ0!!1 # $!) #, / & # 1.2 "." [Boll, 1979]. ù3 * 2 Œ2 " 2 # 31.2 "!* # /0 Œ! Œ)#2.!0., )2. #Œ01!$ ", 2 0 ".#2) #Œ ")! "2 # 31.2 "!* #, Œ # Œ.!.2! /!0. /.122& Œ.*1" 2".". þ ! $

46 üœ00! "..2.. " 45 ü) û!.. 1#12.2 " 0&1"!* # 0.3.! ". Œ2 " # 1.2 " 01)/ # #Œ $!1 Œ +2." 2 FFT # Œ2 #"!* # #Œ 02. &" 2!0$ *0 " 1 " )! " 2& 22& 1.2 ", Œ #.!02. )2 0. Œ!&212&" ) )!# ". ù#2)" 1 ")! ",.+" /.!3& 021,.3.!02..Œ) # 1.2 " 01)/ #..!2" /.3!" " 0 /. 2! Œ Œ 31. Œ2 #"..1# " 31" )/ # Œ! *Œ20 1& 0)".212! 3 # 02.1$.21 *. û.3!02 Œ! 11 2".3.!01" 31.2 ".Œ $ INTEL [Weiss et al., 1975], 12 Œ. #Œ !.&!. 2 # 31.2 " Œ2 #". 02.1$ & 0)" /0*20! # FFT..2)Œ,. #0 0Œ00!.1. Œ.!). 0.#2 Œ # Œ0!!30 Œ.!.Œ&. þ021 2" 1#!21" Œ2 #" 02.2!Œ $+! 2& 1#$ 22& 1& 0)".212! 3 # 02.1$.21 *. #%+ # !&.. 0Œ.0 12.!$ þ.2.)1 2".",.. Œ )22. 2", $ # / INTEL. +. 2" / " 2".2.)1", Œ.! #112..Œ &0" 1#."." 1& 0# *!* #, 0 0)!# 01 / Œ # ". 10 Œ0!

47 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # #.!.", ŒŒ0/!* # Œ! 1.!)120. /0. 1 Œ 1 12) 0Œ2#$." 50%. ù.0œ00!.1. INTEL, /&10 1..Œ &1 2" 2" 2& 8dB, ! SNR 0Œ/ !1.".2 0Œ00! Œ00!.1 1. /0 /30! ! 2 0 )" )2.2.)1." /0 02+0, Œ #..! " 12. Œ0!.2. /0.. Œ! Œ00!.1.. [Neuman et al., 1985].... Œ! 11 2".3.!01" 31.2 " 0. REDMASK 20$ 0Œ00!.1." [Neuman and Schwander, 1987]. 2 20$.#2, 01$#1 2 #. #12 *.2 "!#02. 21, +120 )!# " 2 #Œ0! 2 ".0..0Œ.12 " 10 )0" 2" 1#$)220". ù#2!*1 2" 01$#1" 0Œ2#$ ! $0#1"!* # 10 +0" 1/3 2" 2.". 12 1#$0..!# $.!.2!12 1#$)22."-!/ #" 21, #!* #.!102. 2&.Œ) #12)22.". Œ0!..2" 0210" /0. 02&1 12 Œ )22. 2 # $ #. 2.1 Œ0!Œ # 2., Œ # Œ!.! " 12 Œ0!..,..#2 02&1 12 Œ )22. 1# /0* &1 2".2.)1" 2".". ù),!0 )2.2.)1 Œ!0. 02&0,.# 2." 2 31.!* # 10. 0ŒŒ0/ Œ&.Œ) 2.+20!.2+3. #12)22.",. 21 Œ.!$ 2." 0.*20!!/ " ". õ&".#2) 2 3.)0 1# /0* &1 2" Œ )22." 2 # $ # ú02&1 Œ )22." 31.2 " $!02" 20$" $ # Œ! ! Œ Œ 1 2 # 1$.2 " 2 # 31.2 " Œ0!!1 # $!) #, / Œ # Œ120*02. ) % 2"." &0 2 Œ2 " 2& 22& Œ # 002. )2 0. )!# ".. Œ! Œ! 1.! 12) 32! 0Œ " 1#$ 22& [Lim et al., 1978]. 0.#2 2 /, /" 1#$)22. 2& $&.". 12 1#$0. Œ.!02..32! 0Œ ", Œ0!10 1$*" 2 # 1.2 " 12" Œ0! $" 2&.! +.$+...3.!00 1$*" 12" 02.* 2 #" /0"..!)..#2, 2. Œ0!..2.Œ Œ) , /0. )2 / & ) # 0/ #" 1#12.2. [Perlmutter et al., 1977] [ Lim et al., 1978].

48 üœ00! "..2.. " 47. Œ! # 0)" 212 # 32! # Œ #..#20!0*10 2 SNR 2".". ò. Œ #. 32! 1 /*... 1*12. FFT $!1 Œ #1 1#$)22.", 0+1$*" 2 # 1.2 ". 2 #!* #, #$)22.".!/ " !# & 0210& 2" 1$* " 2& 12&.".!* #. 1* Œ! 1.! 12),.3 * 0210" 1$* " # $.!.2!12 2 # 1.2 "." 2 #!* #. û3!.)0" $ # $!1 Œ 0.2 # Œ 1 2& 32!&.#2+, Œ0!.. &. 2& 32!& Wiener,.3.!01 Œ2 #". 022" 12" Œ. 30." [McAulay and Malpass, 1980] [Doblinger, 1982] [Vary, 1983] [Ephraim andd Malah, 1984]. õ&", 0+ $ #..30! " 12 02! *0 SNR $!. 20dB [Vary, 1983], /0 $0 Œ.!.2!0.. 02& )1 2"." [Sandy and Parker, 1982]. ù2. Œ! 1Œ.10.0"..Œ.!*0 2 )!#,. Œ! *10. / $* þ 0 Œ! 11 Œ # $0 $!1 Œ *1 2" 3.1.2".201" 2 # 31.2 " 2 # 1.2 "Œ0!!1 # $!) #, 0 2./.2! *0..# 0 2 Œ2 " 10 Œ0! $" 1#$ 22& Œ # Œ0!$ # 3.1.2".$", 0+ 2.#2)$!.. 0+ #0 2 Œ2 " 2& Œ0! $+ Œ # Œ0!$ # /0". 20$".#2" Œ0!. # *%& !&.. Œ 1 2 # * Œ2 #" [Boers. 1980].# 2." 2 Œ2 " 10 Œ 0" Œ0! $" " " [Bunnell, 1990], 32!! 2." 2 Œ0! #1. 2 # 31.2 " # * 2. #%)20!. Œ 1 12 /.*.1" [Simpson et al., 1990] [Stone and Moore, 1992] [Baer et al., 1993],. $!1 Œ +2." 2 2 ) 2.",.Œ.!* #0 2.)20! !, 0+ /.2! *0 2".$" [Kates, 1994]. +0,.*1 2 # 31.2 " /0.Œ //0 /.20! 02& )1 2 # ) #..1#12.2. Œ # 32!! # 2 Œ0! #1. 2 # 31.2 " [Simpson et al., 1990] [Stone and Moore, 1992], $ # 0Œ/ " 12.2.)1 Œ #.212 $ * 10.." 2 # SNR )20! 2 # 0)" db,..#2 2..Œ #0$#..Œ) 2 0 )" )2,. Œ #" $ #"." 0Œ00!.1. Œ!0..#10 2 Œ2 " 2 # /0*20! #. 2!2 # formant, 21 02&1 12.Œ)/ !".." # 31.2 ")$10 /.3!" 2 # 31.2 ". +.. / 10.#2 2 #Œ)01 Baer et al. [Baer et al., 1993], 0Œ..0 2 Œ0!.. /!+ 2." # 31.2 ". Œ!0.!) Œ Œ00!.1.. 1*12. 2 # Bunnell

49 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 48 [Bunnell, 1990], Œ #.#2).*.0 2 1$02) Œ2 " 2&.$+ 2 # /0*20! # formant 10 1$1 0 2".$" 2 # Œ!+2 # formant, 0Œ1" /00.! 02& ! *3&& ".#".201". 0. 1*12. Œ # 0&)2. 2!/ " 12" /0" 2 # 31.2 " $&!". 01$# * 2. 0ŒŒ0/. 2&.$+ [Kates, 1994] /0 #Œ!0.. 02& )1 2 # ) #. 2 Œ!..2)22. Kates [Kates, 1994],..#%0 ) " 2.!) 2&.! + Œ # $!1 Œ * Œ.!12.1 2".", 0&)2..2.)1 2 # ) #.2 2!)Œ ) 0 2.*1 2 #!* # 2 #Œ0! 2 ", 0 )" Œ # #Œ /+0 )2 /0". 2. sidelodes "." 02.3! # $!1 Œ 1)22. Œ! 3!.". 1.8 ùœ Œ!* # 0 Œ.Œ!)3&. 0 Œ " Œ0!Œ2+10" 2 0Œ#2) 1.!$02..Œ).. ).!1 Œ, )Œ&". Œ.!/0..Œ). 2 Œ # ! 0)" 2!.Œ0 *, 0+ )!# " Œ.!02..Œ). 0.!) Œ+ Œ #! ) 2 *!& Œ0! $, )2 1#.20. Œ.!/0. 12 Œ0! 0)" 012.2! #. 2&.Œ).#2" 2" 1#0",.. )!# " 20 #. $ # 2 /..2. 1#$ 22&. $&!" 2 #".2. " /.3! #. $&!)" /.$&!1)" 2".". 2 #!* #, Œ! )" 0 20&1 2 # 0ŒŒ/ # 2 #!* #, $&!". 0Œ! !02.. ù), " 20$".3.!01"!* # $!1 Œ +2.". )!)3&, 02+10" 2 # SNR Œ # 02! ##2!)3&... 0 /.20"! 3+&.212 $ * " 2".2.)1" 2 # ) # ##2!)3&.. ò..20##2)!)3& SNR 0 2. /.2!0 #%)!/ " 12.20*#1 2" 0Œ#2" Œ". 0&!/ ".2" Œ" Œ # 12 # 1.2..Œ) 0".20#*10".. /..!/ 0/".Œ)! SNR db 10 1*!10. Œ..20##2)!)3& )2. Œ $ # 0. Œ& ! Œ) Œ0!!* # (/$#2 " )!# ") [Olson, 1957]..!)..#2,

50 üœ00! "..2.. " 49 02!10" Œ # Œ!..Œ). Œ!..2).20##2)!)3& Œ # Œ! 1.!)120 Œ& 12 03, /00 )2 2. Œ Œ0!Œ # 2.5 db ), 10 1*! " 0 Œ..20##2)!)3&, 10 Œ0! /$#2 #!* # [Soede et al., 1993a]. 0.*20!. 3 Œ! *0..Œ 1 #0 2&.Œ) Œ.#12!" 1#0".. 1$02 02&1 2& 3-4 db. 2.20##2)!)3&!0 )2. Œ 2 # $ #, 2 Œ 020 Œ! 12, 0+ )!# " Œ1&.Œ) /& ". [Hawkins and Yacullo, 1984]. ù)...#2" 02+10" 0..!02!", 2..20##2!)3&. 0. ) Œ!.2 20$. #12+ 2& Œ # Œ! 13! # /.! &1 2".2.)1" 2 # ) # 10 0)!# Œ0!. D-MIC Oticon (directional microphone) +. 02&0.Œ)/ 1, Œ.! #1!* #, 2 D-Mic Œ0!30! *" $ #", SNR,.+" $ " 01!$ #12).. þ 02.!. Oticon 2! Œ Œ 10 2.!$) D-Mic, %0 2 Œ.!0.Œ) & Œ/!.1 2 #!* # )&. #, $&!". 0Œ! Œ )22. 2 #$ #. û0.2.! 3+& ù#2 0. Œ! " 0)/ # Œ # Œ.! $1 0 2 &. 2 Œ 21" 2" Œ" 2 #!* #. þ / ".Œ0 02..Œ) ".Œ*" 10 2#$.. &.. ü). 1.18: û3!. Œ /.!.2.

51 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 50 Omni þ Œ.Œ 1$0/.1! 3+ # 0. &12 &" Œ..20##2)!)3& (omnidirectional OM). 1#.0 ) #" 2 #" $ #".0!22..Œ) 2 10 Œ! 0#1" 2 #". ü. 0*$!12.!)3&.. 0 $ #.Œ). 0+" 0.!02.Œ)!1 1#$)22.". ü). 1.19: 2 0) /.3!" 2& Œ + /.!.2& 2&! 3+& omni-directional 10 1$102.bi-directional Bidirectional û0 0. Œ * /*1. Œ.!.$0!)3& Œ # 1#.0 2 $ Œ # $2#Œ0 12 Œ!)1 Œ # /.3!.2 ",. /0 $0..Œ)/ 1. $ #" Œ #!$ 2..Œ) Œ0#!".20#*10". þ 0&1 2 #.0Œ*2& $& 0. 0.*20! /#.2,. 2 0 )" )2 2 0 )!)3& /$02. $ #"..Œ) 2" /#!0"

52 üœ00! "..2.. " 51 (.3Œ0#!.) 2.12 /*1 12 $!1. þ.œ)!1 1#$)22." 0. 2 /.#2 2 #, 2 #$12. $ #" Œ # /0 0. Œ * 2 12!)3&.. 0 Cardioid ù2) 2 /0. 0. / 3" )2..Œ $#1 $!31 1#.#+, )Œ # )!# " 0.. Œ.) Œ!).. 0 )!)3& 1#.0 2 #" $ #".Œ) 2.20*#1 12 Œ. 12! Œ!..2) Œ!.2. /.3! #. Œ!+2 Œ!)., 0. )2 $.Œ) 2 Œ1. 0! /0.Œ!!Œ ",..Œ+" dB. /0*20!. 1.2) Œ!)., 0. )2 2 Œ!..2) 1$. 2 # /0.2 " Œ " 1#$)220". +. $." 1#$)220", 0. OM!)3&. ù).,.œ)!1 1#$)22.".1.2. Œ # 3 #.Œ) Œ1..20*#1. 0. /.3!02.Œ).#2 Œ #. Œ.!.0. $ " 0!$)2..Œ) Œ0#!.20*#1. ò. 2!2.Œ 201. Œ # Œ!0..Œ 2010 Œ!)., 0. )2 2!)3&. / $ #" $.+ 1#$ 22& Œ! 0!$)0&.Œ) 0 Œ Œ # /3!... ù#2) 0. &12) 1. 3.)0 0*22." (proximity effect). ü). 1.20: */01 Œ *.!/ 0/ *" /.!.2 "

53 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # ! 1.! 12.*!&1!* # 0 /*!)3&.. ü) û!.. 0)" Œ! 1.! 12 * 1#12.2 ".*!&1"!* # Œ! 1.! 12) 1*12..Œ Œ"!* # [Widrow et al., 1975], Œ.! # Œ /!.. 2" 0)." *12. $!1 Œ 0.!)3&.. 1#0 2 0)!# 1.."../0*20!!)3&.. 1#0. 1. Œ # 0. /.!" )!# ". ù#2) 2 200#2. 1.!02. &" )!# "..3!". )!# "..3!" 0Œ00!02..Œ). Œ! 1.! 12) 32!,.. 2.!0 )1 2 /#.2) Œ0!11)20! 0 2 )!#, Œ # #$, $!1 Œ 02. 2!2! 2 # 0$12 #1 # 202!.& * 13.2 " (LMS). 2 1#$0.,.3.!02.. #. 2 # 32!.!1 #!* #.Œ) 2 0)!#., Œ Œ $0 2 #!* #. 1#0Œ+". 02&0 2 SNR. þ 12 /#.2 02&1, Œ # Œ!0. Œ!..2 Œ 0, Œ0!!02..Œ) 2 )!* #-." 12!)3&..3!". 2&.Œ) 0# '" 1#0", Œ! 1.! 12.Œ Œ!* # Œ!0./ " 2 # SNR 10 Œ 1 12) Œ # 0Œ0! 2. 30dB [Chabries et al., 1987] [Weiss et al., 1987], 0+ $ #..30! " 12.2.)1 2"." % [Brey et al., 1987]. ò21, #Œ!$0 0 1#1$21 02.* 02+10& 2 # SNR. 2".2.)1" 2".". þ.œ)/ 1 0)" 1#12.2 "Œ! 1.! 12".Œ Œ"!* # 0 /*!)3&., Œ! 1.! # $!12, 0020.Œ) 2 Weiss [Weiss, 1987]. 2 #"

54 üœ00! "..2.. " 53 Schwander. Levitt [Schwander and Levitt, 1987]. 0.#2) 2 1*12. $!1 Œ 0. Œ..20##2)!)3&.. #Œ0!.!/ 0/"!)3& 0.20*#1 Œ! " 2. Œ1&. 2 )!#..3!"., Œ # Œ! 1.!)02..!+" 0Œ&.Œ) 2!)3& 1# " 2".". 0. /&2, Œ # 0$0 $!)..1" sec, 2 1*12..#2) 02&10 2..Œ !1" 2 # ) # 12 74%.Œ) 2 Œ 1 12) 1&12"..+!1". 0Œ00!.1 $ Œ # %,..!.2" 0 3#1., /0/ "." ) Œ"!* # Œ.!0 ".! 1 2 # 03. * 2 # $!12, 0&10 2.Œ 201.!"..+!1" 12 62%, 0+.*1 2 #.! * 2& 00!+ Œ+!* #, 0&10 Œ0!.2!& 2.Œ )22. 2" 0Œ00!.1.".#2" !2..!+.0!22& $!) #! 0 #. 0Œ2*$ #0 0.*20! 02&1 12 SNR )1 2".".Œ.2 *2. /.20", Œ # 1#/# # 2" 0)/ #" /.3)!&! 3+&. þ.œ *120! Œ! 11 0Œ00!.1." Œ +! 3+& 0..#2 2" /2." /1".#12!1"-! 1". )30 " 2& /.20&! 3+&.#12!1"-! 1".#2 * 2 # 0/ #" Œ # Œ! *. 01&.2& *. Œ.!/0., ) #.+,, Œ.! #10 02&1 12 SNR dB, 0+ 0.*20! 02& " #%" 1#$)220" [Soede et al.,, 1993a] [Soede et al., 1993b]. þ 02& #Œ / $" 2"." (SRT, speech reception threshold) /./, 2 SNR. 2 Œ 1" ) 0"." 12." 0&..&! 2. 1&12,! dB. ù#2" /.20" $!1 Œ * Œ20.!/ 0/!)3&. Œ # 2 Œ 02 *2. )!3. 0.Œ) cm. ù),.œ)/ 1. 2& /* Œ!)1& /.20& (.2 " 2 # Œ!)1 #! #" 2& #.+). 2& Œ0#!+ /.20& (Œ.!.Œ0*!&" 2&! 23& ), / Œ! ).Œ) # 03. *). þ.œ)/ 1 2" /2." /1".#120!10&-.! 10&, Œ!0. 0.).*20! $!1 Œ +2." /2. #Œ0!.20##2" 0Œ00!.1.", [Coc et al., 1986] Œ2*$ # SNR 10. Œ0/ 12.2 *!* #. ü +10".. 13.! 1 2! Œ) Œ0/!* # [Stadler and Rabinowitz, 1993] [Kates, 1993c] Œ # $!1 Œ 1. 1$.21 *" Œ0#!+ /.20&, Œ.!) 0" 0.#2" Œ # $!1 Œ..Œ) 2 Soede et al. [Soede et al., 1993a] [Soede et al., 1993b] /0., )2. /2. #Œ0!.20##2.

55 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 54 /+10. SNR.*20!.2 5dB, Œ0!Œ #,.Œ).#2) Œ #0Œ2#$ /2. /1".#120!10&-.! 10& $!1 Œ +2." 2 / 1*! 3+& Œ0#!) Œ! ) 2" /2.", 2.! #Œ0!.20##2)22." $ #,.2 1 )!, 1dB )20! SNR.Œ).#2) 2" /2." /1".#120!10&-.! 10&. õ2. $!1 Œ *2. Œ..20##2!)3&., Œ!0. 0Œ0." /01)" 12" 180!0" " Œ0#!" /2." 0 0&1 0.3dB, ), 12 SNR [Kates, 1993c], 0+.# 2." 2.!) 2&! 3+& 12 /2..Œ) Œ Œ2, $&!"..#0 2 ) " 2" /2.", SNR.2 0.3dB ) [Stadler and Rabinowitz, 1993] ! 1.! 12" /.20" /*! 3+& þ 212 0Œ/ Œ.. #12+ Œ0!.)2&, Œ!0..Œ.20 0.*20! 0.12)22., Œ # Œ!0. 0Œ20#$0 0. /2. Œ # $!1 Œ 0. 1*.!+ Œ # 0..0!22. 2& /0/ &. ú212, 1$0/) 212,.Œ)/ )!# Œ0! Œ # / & Œ! 2!& &12), ) Œ0! Œ!0. 0Œ20#$0 0 /2. Œ! 1.! 12" 0Œ00!.1.". þ.œ *120! 0&02!. Œ! 1.! 12" /2." $!1 Œ 0 /*!)3&.. ò. Œ.!/0.." Œ! 1.! 12" /2." /*! 3+& 2& Griffiths-Jim [Griffiths and Jim, 1982] $ [Greenberg and Zurek, 1992]. ù), $0 # Œ 0. / 1.#2" 2" /2." Œ # $!1 Œ 0.20##2!)3&. [Kompis and Dillier, 1994]. ü) û!.. Œ! 1.! 12" /2." 0 /*!)3&.

56 üœ00! "..2.. " 55 H 02 #!. 2" /2." 2& /*! 3+& 2& Griffiths-Jim [Greenberg and Zurek, 1992], $0 1$1 0 2 Œ! 1.! 12.Œ Œ!* #, Œ # Œ0!!30 12 Œ! *0 Œ.!!.3, 0. Œ! 0Œ00!.12 Œ # 0200.! 10". /.3!" 2& 12& 2&! 3+&. 1. 2"! 1" 1$ )!# 1.." 2" 01)/ #, 0+ /.3! #!* #..3!". þ 0Œ/ 1.#2" 2" /2.".!02..Œ) 2 Œ 1).2..1", 2 ) 2 # Œ2 #" 2 # 0Œ#2 * 1.2 "." &" Œ! ".#2) 2" Œ"!* # (target -to-jammer ratio TJR), 2.! Œ. #Œ 20.20*#1 2 # 1.2 "." 2.!0 0 2 Œ!..2 0##!1 2" /2.". 2 " 2 #Œ! 1.! 12 * 32! #. ù#2) 2 1*12. / KEMAR 2.!+Œ * 1+.2 " [Burkhard and Sachs, 1975], )$. /0$0 1. Œ! Œ.!0..! &. 45!+. Œ! 1.! 12) 32! 0$ /...#12!1 D 0$0! ) 2 # #" 2 # 32! #. 1*12. / " 12 SNR 2" 2" 2& 30dB, Œ0!Œ #, 10 1#0" $&!" $+ )2. / &12 Œ! TJR Œ !2) Œ0!, /./ $&!" 1..". ù# 2." 2 TJR dB &1 2 # SNR 10 Œ0!Œ # 24 db.. 0#!0. /2.. Œ0!Œ # 3dB 10 1$.21) Œ0#!" /2.". 0 /&2 0 Œ0!! &1 10 SNR 2. Œ0!Œ # 10dB, )0" TJR 2". 2 12)$ m.Œ) 2 /2., db )2. 12)$ " 2 Œ m.!...Œ " 0 &1" /0$ #, )2 0Œ/ 1 2" /2." " 2 1$02) Œ 1)..1".#0, Œ1 2.".1#Œ2&2 2.Œ)/ 1 2" /2.".#12!1"-! 1" /*! 3+&. 0 Œ0!.2!& #%)20!. TJRs,.# 2." 2 " 2 # 32! #.Œ) /. / * Œ Œ 2 # 1.2 " 10 Œ0! Œ! 1 &"..1". " 2 Œ 21 2" /2." /&10!",. 0Œ 0", 0+10" 12 0Œ/ 12&.Œ) )0" 2" /.10". 2" 1#0" 0 &1". ù#2 2..Œ #Œ /0* # )2,.Œ)/ 1 2" /2."..1" " 03.! ". #12+ 2&.! Œ Œ 10" 12 /2. 2& Griffith- Jim Œ! * # 2.Œ)/ 1, Œ.! #1...10&. ùœ.!* 2." 0+ 2." 2.#12!1 2& D /02&, Œ # /./! 2 # 1.2 " 2" 0)." 1.21, Œ! *. 0+1 # 1.2 2".3.!02" 1#Œ00" 2&..10& [Hoffman, 1994]. ù)., Œ! 12 2.". Œ0!!1) 12 0Œ00!.1...

57 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 56 Œ.!0Œ /1 #0 2 Œ! 1.! ) TJR (10 db), 02+ #0 2.Œ)/ 1 [Greenberg, 1994]. 02!10" 0)" 1#12.2 "Œ#$0. 2" /* Œ! 1.! " [Greenberg, 1994], /0$ # ) " 10 SNR 2& 20-30dB, 1#. # 10. Œ 1 12).Œ0#0."..1" 2& 20dB,.0!22. 2& TJR..!)..#2, )2. 1$*" 2"..1" #Œ0!.0.#2 2 #.Œ0#0." 1.2 ".Œ)/ 1 2 # 1#12.2 " Œ0!Œ # 12 0ŒŒ0/ 2& 3dB 02&1" 2 # SNR, Œ #. 0Œ2#$.)2..Œ) /2. /1".#12!1"-! 1" ! 1.! 12" /.20" Œ +! 3+& +0, 0Œ00! " 12 Œ0/ 2 # $!) #." Œ! 1.! 12" /2." Œ20! 3+&, 0Œ/0* /!.. 2" 0)." !)3& 0. Œ! 1.! /.#12!1", * 2&.!+ Œ! 1.!)02., Œ 0 2 0Œ0!2! 1$0/.1 *. 2.)! 1#$ $!1 Œ *.!2! 0$12 #1 # 202!.& * 13.2 " [Monzingo and Miller, 1980], Œ # $0 &" 1#Œ0. Œ.." 1#1$21" Œ # $!1 Œ #" #Œ 1 *" 2&.12!&.!+. Œ0!.0 2) )1. 2 )!#. 0.#2) 2 2*Œ 0Œ00!.1.",.!$ /.2.!.$ 2 # 1.2 ", Œ # 1#.0 )2. 0. Œ.! *1.. 1$#! 1#1$021..1)2. #Œ!$ # 2#$.0" 02.2 Œ10" 12" 10" 2&! 3+&, Œ!0. / !01 0Œ#2 * 1.2 " [Seligson, 1970] [McDonough, 1972] [Cox, 1973]. ù3.! " $0 Œ.!.2!0 10 /.20" 1$0/.10". 1#10#" 2&. ", Œ # Œ!.02..Œ) 1$#!"..10" [Greenbrg and Zurek, 1992].Œ) /.20" Œ # /0 $ # 1&12.20##2)22. [Hoffman et al., 1994].

58 üœ00! "..2.. " 57 ü) û!.. 12 $+! 2 # $!) #.. Œ! 1.! 12 /2. Œ20! 3+&. þ Œ.!0Œ)/1 2".3.!01" 1.2 " Œ!0. 0Œ20#$ ! Œ0!! Œ! 1.! 12).)!. Œ!0. /0$0 )2.3.!01 2 # 0Œ#2 * 1.2 " 1# /0*02..Œ).*1 2 # 0 #" 2 # /.*1.2 " Œ! 1.! 12+.!+ [Cox, 1973]. +..#2), Œ0!!1)" 2 #0 #" 2 # /.*1.2 " Œ! 1.! 12+.!+, /#1..#2). 0.!)20! 1 0. Œ!.!1 )!, 0#2. )2 2 0Œ#2) 1. /0..Œ.030 Œ 2.Œ) 2 0Œ00!.1.. ù#2 Œ! 11 $!1 Œ 0 2.)!.&2" Œ! " [Cox et al., 1987]..)! "

59 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 58 &1".Œ /0$0.Œ )" ! " 2&. " [Hoffman et al., 1994]. O Hoffman et al., [Hoffman et al., 1994], 0 &1.. /2. Œ20 &" 0Œ2! 3+&, Œ! 1.! # $! &" /0. 12/. 32!& 10 0!)3&, $!1 Œ +2." 2 # Œ 1 Griffiths-Jim 10 1#/#.1) 0 2.)!.&2" Œ! ". H Œ." 2. Œ! 12.Œ) #Œ!$0., ), Œ!* # 10 &. 45!+. ü +. Œ0! 2...1" / 2." ) #" 1$* ".Œ0#0."...+0 # 1.2 " 02" Œ # /.3! Œ *2..Œ): Œ0!, 6.9, 1.3 &". -4.0dB...Œ /0. )2.. ) Œ!* #, /0 0Œ!002..) # 0Œ/ 1 2" /2." )2..#1 #0 2.!) 2&! 3+& 12 /2., !. 2& /0. 12./& Œ.! #1.1..*20! 0Œ/ 1.Œ) ) õ&", 02&1 12 SNR Œ # Œ.! #1.10 /2., 0Œ!0120.!02.Œ) 2 ) 2 #.Œ0#0." &" Œ! " , 0+ 2 )30 " 12 /2.. #0.Œ) 17dB (. Œ0! ) ) $! 3 db (. ) db). O.)! ".&2" Œ! " Œ! 1.!)120, &.Œ) 1#0"..1" 2 Œ 21" 2" /2.", 0Œ/ 1 2 # 1#12.2 ". 0& ŒŒ0/..Œ)/ 1" 2" /2." /1".#12!1"-! 1"...Œ & Hoffman et al. [Hffman et al., 1994] /0. )2...)! ".&2" Œ! " 0Œ /0 2.Œ Œ 2 # 0Œ#2 * 1.2 ", 02 *2 " /0 / Œ/ 1 2" /2.", )2. 0. Œ.! *1. 1#1$021 Œ.!0, 0 )" Œ # 1#.0 1#$ 10 Œ0! 2...1".. Œ! 11 Œ # Œ! 1Œ &Œ10 2 1#1$021 Œ.!0, 0. 2! Œ Œ 1 2 # Œ.. 1#1$21" 1.2 ".!* #.. 20$ 0.. 1$.2120." Œ.." 1#1$21"!)20! #. * & 2 # 1 # )! # 2& Œ& 1#1$21" Œ #. 2..Œ). #Œ 1* 2 # Œ...12!&. [Evans et al., 1981] [Shan et al., 1985] [Takao et al.,, 1986]..!)..#2,..! /2. 0 Œ0!!1.!)! 3+&, Œ # ! ". #12+ 2&, Œ.." 1#1$21" 0& #. * Œ0!! ) 2.!) 2& /01+ Œ # Œ.! Œ)!1 2" /2." /0.2 " $ 0. 0.& 2 #1 # )! # 2& 2+.2 " 0 /.& # 2 # Œ.. 1#1$21" 1.2 ".!* # Œ! #". * [Godara and Gray, 1989] [ Godara, 1990] [ Godara, 1991] [Godara, 1992] $.2120." Œ.." Toeplitz. Œ..".#2" 2" / ", /00. $0 0Œ/ 1 1#1$021" Œ.!0 "

60 üœ00! "..2.. " 59 Œ # 0. 1$0/) / #1$212 Œ.!0 Œ # /02..Œ). /2. Œ +.!+ [Godara, 1990] [Godara, 1991]. ò.".). Œ.! 2." Œ #.02. #Œ)% 12 0Œ 2& Œ! 1.! 12+.!& 0Œ00!.1." 0. 2 Œ 1 12) 1*1". 2 #Œ 12) 3!2. +0,. # Œ 1 12 $+! 2& 1#$ 22& 2" Œ! 1.! 12" 0Œ00!.1.", 1#0!!)20!..Œ)..212 $ / 1 12 $+! 2 # $!) #, )& 2" 0&" /.1Œ!" 2& / #" Œ.0" 1#1$21" [Narayan et al., 183] [Chen and Fang, 1992]. û0/ "." /2."! 3+&.!#) /0.2 %." /02& 2 /0#20!)0Œ2, 0Œ00! $+! 2& 1#$ 22&.Œ.20 Œ0!Œ # * 02.1$.21 *" 2 /0#20!)0Œ2,.0!22..Œ) 2 0 " 2 # Œ 02.1$.21 *.! 0 #. 0+1 #0.#2) 2 #Œ 12) 3!2, Œ!0. 0Œ00. # Œ 1 0)" Œ 12 $+! 2& 1#$ 22& 10 1#/#.1) ) Œ0!!1). 2.Œ! 1.! 12!.2 2 0Œ00!.1. [Ferrara, 1980] [Clark et al., 1981b] [Clark et al., 1983]. To Œ 0Œ00!.1." 12 $+! 2& 1#$ 22& /.3#110 2" 0Œ&300" /)220" 2" 0&" /.1Œ!" 2& / 2+ 2 # Œ.. 1#1$021 * [Mansour and agray, 1982], Œ0!!1) Œ # 0Œ #0, 0+ #0 2.Œ.2 *0.!) 02.1$.21+. ) 02.1$.21. /0#20!)0Œ2 $!0 2., )2. $!1 Œ 02.." FFT /2. 0 Œ20!)3&.. ò. Œ.!/0. /2." 0 Œ20!)3&., Œ # $!1 Œ 0 Œ 0Œ00! $+! 2& 1#$ 22&, $ )/ # 10 0!)3& / buffer. $!1 Œ 02.." FFT $ $+! 2& 1#$ 22&. 1* 2&.!+. 0 /#./) 2. FFT, Œ! 1.!) !& #$0. 03.!)02. 2! 1. 2&.! #$)22.. ò.".212! 3 "02.1$.21)" # $+! 2 # $!) #.

61 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 60 ü) û!.. 12 $+! 1#$ 22&.. Œ! 1.! 12 /2. Œ20! 3+& *!1 0Œ/ 1" 10 Œ!..2) /&2. Œ0!11)20!..Œ /.20&! 3+&.Œ 2..Œ) 0 +10" 0 #Œ 12. õ&", 2. #12) Œ0/ 10. Œ!..2) /&2 0. Œ * Œ Œ *Œ.Œ).#2) Œ # Œ!0. Œ.!.$0.Œ)..Œ 0 &1. 0. Œ!)13.2 Œ0!.., [Kates and Weiss, 1996] 1#!. 0! $!.0!22 Œ! 1.! 12.)!,..

62 üœ00! "..2.. " 61 /2. 2 Œ /&2 Œ # Œ0!0$0!3. 0., 0!!..!$0 21",.!02!.30.,.!0". 2!.Œ #120. Œ0#! /2., Œ # Œ0!0$0 Œ20!)3&. )! ,5cm 1$.2 2." 21. Œ0! $ 10cm, $!1 Œ +2." Œ..20##2!)3&. 2*Œ # Knowels EK # ! 3+ # 3. 0!#) /0.2 %." KHz 10 0., $!1 Œ +2.". 02.2! Œ... * 1.2 " 10 %3.) (A/D converter) 10 1#/#.1) 0 #+.2. /0.2 %."-!21". 0Œ#2) Œ!)2.1,.Œ). 03& Œ! 12.Œ) 2 /2.. Œ.!0 2.. #! #!2), Œ! 0!$)0.Œ) Œ *" 2".Œ). 03& Œ # 2. 2 Œ Œ0#! Œ1&.Œ) 2 0 )& /2.. 10" 2& /.20& 12 /&2 Œ # $. &" 0": /2. 2 Œ ! # /&.2 #, / ) 0Œ2!.Œ 12! &." 12! 2 #!.30,. /2. 2 Œ 02 0Œ& 10..Œ) 2..#2 2 #.!&Œ 0/ *" KEMAR 0 2.!&Œ 0/" # /&.2 # Œ20.)! 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 0 # Œ 1 12 $+! 2& 1#$ 22&..212 $ 32! 12 $+! 2 # $!) # 0$0 " /& 0 1#$)22. /0.2 %." 10KHz. 2!0".)! Œ # $!1 Œ *1. $!.0!22 #" 1#20012", 2. /.20" /1".#12!1"-! 1",. #Œ0! / #Œ0!.20##2 /2. [Cox et al., 1986] 12 Œ. $! ".#120!10" Œ # $!1 Œ., 2. 0.*20!0".Œ).#2" Œ #.212 $ *1. 12 #" $!) #" 02/ 1" 2 # $ # #. #Œ0!.20##2.# Œ #$)22. [Kates et al., 1993c] 0 2 0Œ.2.2 * Œ0!!1 * 12.! [Clark et al., 1981b] [Clark et al., 1983]. /* Œ! 1.! 12.)! 2.. / 1 12 Œ0/ 2& 1#$ 22& 2 #.! #.&2" Œ! " [Cox et al., 1987] $!1 Œ +2." 2 /.)!, *02 / 2 # Œ.. 1#1$21", 12 Œ. / " Œ.." 1#1$21" [Godara, 1990] $!1 Œ 0 10 $." 2" SNR, 1. 2." 12./. 10 #Œ0!.20##2) 1*12. 0 #%" 2" SNR...Œ ) Œ Œ.!0 " 12 /&2, / &1 2 # SNR db. 2 /1.#12!1"-! 1", 7.1 db. 2 #Œ0! / / db #Œ0!.20##2 / " 12 SNR 2 #.! #.&2" Œ! " )2. TJR db, db )2. TJR db. þ 1*02 / 2 # Œ.. 1#1$21" 0$0 1.

63 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 62.Œ &1 2 # SNR db, # TJR. þ 0.*20! 02&1 2 # SNR Œ.!.2!0 12 /2. 0 0Œ2!.Œ. 2 Œ 21, Œ # /& db, 0+ 2 )20! 02&1 2 # SNR /&10 /2. Œ # 2. 2 Œ KEMAR, )Œ # Œ.!.2!0." 1 " )! " 8.4 db...#1 2& /.#10& (ANOVA) /00, )2 /0 #Œ!. 1.2" /.3!" 02.* 2" 212" #Œ0!.20##2" /2.". 0 Œ! 1.! 12).)!, )2. TJR db. ù#2 2..Œ #Œ /0* # )2.! /2.! 3+& Œ!0.0..Œ Œ!..2) /&2, / 2.". 02&1 2 # SNR.2 10 db Œ0!Œ #. üœ20*$0. 0Œ/ 1 10 )0" 2" 10" 2" /2.", Œ0!.. " 2" 0Œ2!.Œ." 2 Œ 21",...#2" 12.#2 2 # üù5. )1 212 #Œ0!.20##2 /2., )1. Œ! 1.! 12 /2. 02 *!1. 01 #., 2&.Œ) )0" 2" " / +, 0+ /.20".#12!1"-! 1". #Œ0! /1", " Œ 0 02"...Œ " 212" #Œ0!.20##2" /2." #Œ /+ #, )2 Œ #Œ )22. 0)" Œ! 1.! 12 * 1#12.2 " /0 0..Œ.!.22..! /2.! 3+&.. #12.2.,. )2 2..Œ.. 1#12.2. )Œ&" 0. #Œ0! / /2. /0 02 #! * 2 /. )Œ&" %3.) 1* üœ1)œ1.20##2+! 3+&. 0Œ/!.1 2"..1" 12.Œ)/ 1 2 #"...)20!. /* 2*Œ! 3+& 2. /.1 Œ! " $!1.2.)!... ", 2. Œ..20##2 (omnidirectional-om). 2..Œ.20##2 (directional-dm)..!)3&..2.10# 2., $ ". 01!$ ) 01.&" 2 #! 3+ # Œ!.+2." Œ.) 2 # /.3!.2 ". 0&1. " 02!" 21", 0.Œ #12).. Œ 1) 2" 21" Œ #.Œ 1202., 0. 2 /.0!22. 2 #. * # (1$02 1) 2" Œ" 2 #$ # 10 1$1 0 2.!.2. ù#2) 2.Œ 201. Œ!0..Œ / 0!.3.Œ). Œ ) /!.. 0#.11.", )Œ&" 12.) # 1$.!Œ0. Œ.!.2!1 #0 ) # $!12.Œ !. Œ0!.1" [Hillman, 1981]

64 üœ00! "..2.. " 63. DM.Œ 20 *2..Œ) /* 0$&!12" 01)/ #", Œ 0" 1#/ 2. 12".2020" Œ0#!" 2 # /.3!.2 ". þ Œ1. 01 / " Œ0!.0. 32!.#12!1", Œ # #" $ #" Œ # Œ!!$ 2..Œ) 2 Œ1. Œ0#!. / * 2 /3!.. 2 /. 12 Œ # $ Œ # Œ!!$ 2..Œ) Œ1& 1#.2 * 2 /3!...Œ) 2 Œ!)1. Œ0#!. ù#2), $0 1..Œ 201. $.. 0 #/020!+ 2., ".Œ #" $ #" Œ # Œ!!$ 2..Œ) 2 Œ1. Œ0#!. ù#2) 2.Œ 201. Œ!0. /.3!0.2 " 2 # 0*! #" 1#$ 22&, 1#&" Œ!.+2." 0.*20! $.)20!0" 1#$)220" [Hillman, 1981], [Bachler & Volanthen, 1995].. DM 01$1. 12.! , Œ! $!).!/1. 2 Œ! 1 $ Œ + 0!0#2+,. /0 $!1 Œ. Œ *. *3&. 0 2 Muller, [Muller, 1981] 12 /0$!!0#. 2 # 0Œ 2& DM, 0!0#+2." /..2.10#12!0" 02.!0". #12+ 2&.2 1 )!, 2 Œ 1 12) 2&!& Œ # /02. DM, )" 2 20% 10 Œ&10"..!0#...3!0. 1 )! 13% # 21" 2& 1#0!&!&. 2 / $! ) /12., 2 80% )& 2&!& 2. ú ü, 0+ 2+!. Œ #Œ0 )22. 2&!& 0. ÿ ü.! Œ $!1" 2& DM $0 0&0.). Œ0!11)20!. ò$0 #Œ 200 )2.#2) $&!" Œ.!.2! #" 2 #! #.. Œ!)13.2.0Œ1 203&!0# Œ) 2 #" 0.*20! #".2.10#.12" 2& ÿ ü!&, #Œ/00 )2..".Œ) 2 #".2.10#.12" /0 Œ! 13!0.2. ÿ ü 0 DM!)3&.., Œ.!) Œ # 2. ú ü /.2 # 22.!)3&....#2) 2 ) Œ ". #Œ020.0", )2 2. DM Œ.! #1 # Œ

65 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. # Œ...3! 2..Œ) 2 Hillman 0.: 2. DM 0. Œ. Œ0!11)20! 0#Œ. 10 )!#. #, Œ0!11)20! 0# " 2 #! 3+ # )& 2" 0ŒŒ!)102" 01)/ # Œ # /.2 #,. Œ.! #1 # Œ. 3.)0...1" 12.20##2)22. 2 #! 3+ #. ù). #Œ!$0 Œ %, )2 2. DM /0 0. Œ *.Œ &" Œ! " 2 Œ )22. 2 # $ #. 12)1,!0#0" $ # /00 )2 #Œ)01.# Lens /00, ) Œ!.2.. " Œ.! # &1 12 /.!2.) )!# Œ0!, )2. $!1 Œ *1. DM Œ)0. 10 $!). 0!0#2" 0Œ....#2 2!0#. 0 Œ 0" /.3!".Œ) 2.!$ 02. þ Œ0 )22. 2& Œ0!.2& /0$0 )2 2. DM !. 2&. ü.!10" 10.#2) 2.). 12" Œ.!.Œ& 020",.2.!3 2..Œ) 2 Muller, [ Muller, 1981] 0 Œ0!Œ # 2 / $! ) /12., / " 1$02 0 2" 0Œ/!10" 2 # $!) #..10" [A.K. Nabelek, J.M.Pickett, 1974], [T. Finitzo-Heber, T.W. Tillman, 1978], [A.K. Nabelek, P.K.Robinson, 1982], [A.C. Neuman, I. Hochberg, 1983]. O $!) "..1" ( )!02. &" $!) ", Œ #.Œ.202., &0 2 SPL 2 #$ #60dB.3 * ŒŒ02. $ ".Œ) 2 Œ. [ANSI-S1.1, 1960]. $0 /0$0 )2.*1 2 #, 0Œ!00 2 /.!2.)22. 2"." 2) , ) Œ!.2.. ". ù)., $0 3.0, )2.*1 2 #, 0Œ! ##2)22. 2&. #12+ 2& (Œ 1 12) Œ!)1. Œ! 0!$)0 # 1. &" Œ! " 2 Œ1. Œ! 0!$)0 1.) )2. $!1 Œ * ##2!)3&., 2." 2. /.20!. Œ..20##2 10 /&2. 0 #%...12)22.. [Cox. Studebaker & Forby, 1980]. ü.. 10&2 Œ.!.2!1 Œ #.. Neilsen & Ludvigsen (1978) Œ #..3!0, )2.*1 2 # $!) #..1" Œ!. *10 0&1 2" /.!2".)22." 2& $! /*.). 020", 0!0#0 $!) "..1", 10 1$1 02.Œ " $!1" 2& DM.2 2&. ùœ) 2" 020".#2", Œ! #%0 ) !0". *. )!# 12" 180!0", 2 SNR Œ # Œ.!$02..Œ) 2. DM 0&)2., )1 [Hawkins & Yacullo, 1984], [Madison & Hawkins, 1983] $!) "..1".# 2.

66 üœ00! "..2.. " 65.!) Œ # $!) "..1" /00 )2 0Œ!00 2 0Œ/ 1 2& DM, #Œ!$..Œ /00" )2.).. 10 /&2. 2!."...12)22.", #Œ!$. Œ $1 02.!)3&.. [Hawkins & Yacullo, 1984], [Madison & Hawkins, 1983]. ù#2) 2 Œ " 2" 2& 6dB.Œ.!.2!0 10 /&2 0 $!)..1" 0,3sec, dB. /&2 0 $!)..1" 0,6sec. û3!0"!0#0"..2 1*!1 2& DM 10 1$1 02..Œ) 2 #" Myeller, Grimes. Erdman, (1983)...Œ #2+ 2& 0!0#+ /0. )2 ) 50% 2& $!12+ /00 Œ! #0! 2*Œ! 3+ #. Œ 1 12).#2+ Œ # /0$. Œ. Œ! 21 0&)2..). Œ0!11)20!, )1 1#0" 12 $2) Œ0! )2... Œ.2 0". 2&" )2. #Œ!$0. Œ! 21,.#2 2. #Œ! 2 # DM! 3+ # [Mueller et al., 1983].!) $.! 3+& 01& #12 )!... þ 02.!. Phonal Inc. / *!10 2 Audio Zoom (AZ/MMT).!) $. Œ +! 3+& Œ # $!1 Œ 0 /* 02!!&.!)3&. 10. ú ü )!., Œ! 0 #. 0Œ20#$0..*20!.20##2.Œ)/ $ Œ.!./ 1. DM...11 DM 0Œ!0 2..Œ) /* Œ.!.2! #", 2 32!. #12".#12!1". 2 Œ 1 12).Œ * /.12.2 " 02.* 2& /* 01)/& 2 #! 3+ #. AZ/MMT $!1 Œ 0!&1 2&! 3+& Œ # 0Œ2!Œ0 2 Œ!!..21).Œ )20!".#12!1" 12 1*12. [Bachler & Volanthen, 1995].! 0 #. 00.Œ)/ 1 2 # AZ/MMT, $! #0.!$ 2 )! 2 # /02.20##2)22.". (directivity index DI). /02".20##2)22." 02!2. 10 db.!02. &" 2 Œ 1) Œ # 2 DM!)3& $ 10. Œ0! /$#2 #!* #, 10 1$1 0. [Bachler & Volanthen, 1995]. ò21 /02".20##2)22." 0)" 0. 0dB. Œ!0. /0$ # /02.20##2)22." 2 # AZ/MMT )2 [Bachler & Volanthen, 1995]: ù) þ0œ/ 1 2 # AZ/MMT 0..*20! 2)1.Œ) 2. )1..Œ) 2. DM. ú) /02".20##2)22." 2 # AZ/MMT )! 1,5dB.*20! ".Œ) 2. DM ù#202&1 0..). 0.*20! 12" #%" 1#$)220". +) 2 AZ/MMT..Œ!+0 1$0/) 0! # 2.Œ+0..20##2)22.", Œ # Œ). 1#.2) ú ü!)3&.

67 ü3.! " 2" %3." 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " 12. #12 66 $! , ).!0#. Œ.!$0 /0/.. 2 0Œ/!.1 2 #!* # 12 SNR, )2. $!1 Œ 02. AZ/MMT 10 1$1 02. [Valente, Fabry, Potts, 1995]. 0. Œ0!..2).. #12+ 02!10&, 0..Œ).#20*#1 12" 0!0". 0 #! #!2) Œ + 2+.Œ) 2.20*#1 180!+, 0 $.) 1.!* #,.!.2" 0. #12 Œ!.2. Œ! *1....&!1 # 1&12, Œ! 210" 10 Œ 1 12) 50% )2. $!1 Œ 0 AZ/MMT... ú!0 )2 20$ AZ/MMT Œ! 130!0 02&1.2 1 )! 7,8dB 10 1$ #2 2 Œ0!Œ2&1, 2 SNR 2 # AZ/MMT 2.!)20! 10 1$1 02..!.2" Œ! *10.).. /.2!10 1&12.Œ)/ %. AZ/MMT / )20!..Œ , 0+ Œ! *00" 020" 10 1#.2.20##2!)3&. /0.. Œ db 10 Œ0! 2. 0!) 2! Œ 1 12)..1".212 $.. þ 02&1 Œ # Œ! 13!0.Œ) 2 AZ/MMT, 0&! #Œ 1 02& ü3#20*.2. $.. 03#20*.2. $. $ # !)1 0Œ Œ+0.. ", )& " 2& 0#!+.12!&, Œ # )&" 0Œ&30 *2. 0$12..Œ) 2.. # Œ0!% 2&.1+.!$+. 2". #12" 0Œ/ 1" 2& 03#20#2& $. #Œ!$0 / [/. 0!.1." Œ &.". 2 0&., 1991] " Œ.!.ŒŒ # ".Œ.!.220".1" +10" [/. 0!.1." Œ &.". 20&., 1991]. ò. 1*12. 03*20#1" 12 $., 0. 1#10# Nucleuss Œ # $0 22..,. Œ # $0 0 2!1.Œ) 2 FDA. û* 0ŒŒ!)102. 1# Inneraid. 2 Clarion Œ! " 2 Œ.!) #Œ) *" 0$ #". ùœ) 2 ÿ * 2 # 1993, #Œ!$ # Œ0!Œ # 3340 $!120" 03#20#2& 12" þ&0" 200" ù0!" [ù. Boothroyd, personal communication, 1994]. û* Œ0! $" 2" 0Œ00!.1." 1.2 " #20*.2. $ !.2" &/ Œ 1". /0!1 Œ + 02! /&..Œ2# 1#122&.Œ Œ"!* #. ò..œ) 2. Œ! #20*.2. $., 0. 0 /.1Œ! 2& 02!+ /0!10& $.. )& 2 # 0 )2 ".#2 *, #Œ!$0 1$#!

68 üœ00! "..2.. " 67.0Œ/!.1 2& 12.& 02!+ Œ /.$&!)0. 02!)/...#2) 0 Œ! !0 #0 2 $. 0. #0" Œ.+, +120 ). 02!)/. /00! !. +. Œ.!/ *20#. $. Nucleus, Œ # 0.. 1#$)20!. $!1 Œ *0 1#10#,.!$ $!1 Œ 10.1*12. /0!1", 12 Œ 2 02 *0 /0*20! formant." $!1 Œ Œ 2 # 02! / # Œ # 0Œ!)02./00! *0 *% " 2 # 2) # 0$0 2 Œ 1 12) /0!1" [Tong et al., 1979] [Patrick and Clark, 1991].!)13.20"!0#0" /0. )2. 1*12., 12 Œ / 2 # 31.2 "." 0. &/ Œ, )$.!) 1* $.!.2!12+, / &.2.)1 2"." [McDermott et al., 1992] [Wilson et al., 1993] [Dilier et al., 1993]. Wilson et al. [Wilson et al., 1993], /.!+" *12. /0.2 %." CIS. +. Œ.!/0. $!1 Œ *1. Œ " 2& /3.1+ Œ.+. &/ Œ 0 2 Œ2 " 2" Œ0! #1." Œ #Œ / *20! /#.2)!#) *12. 0Œ00!.1." 21.Œ 30* 2. 0Œ.*%0" 02.* 2& Œ.+, / 2." 800 Œ. *"/sec )20! Nucleus 1*12. [McDermott et al., 192], $!1 Œ 0 /0..., 0 02!)/. Œ #.212 $ * 12" #%)20!0"!#3" ! Œ 1 2" 01&1".. Œ,. 1*$! 1*. #.+ Œ.+ Œ.! *20! 0Œ2!0Œ2)!#).Œ) 2 1*12.. ñ0" Œ! 1010" 12" Œ 0" $!1 Œ 02..) 0.& $.!.2!12+ 2".".3&2.. ) Œ! 11 CIS. 3&., ). 2" Œ 0" 2 02!)/ $.)20!" 1#$)22." /00! Œ! 3!. *% #" 2 # 2) #. 2 #Œ) Œ $!1 Œ 0 2 Œ! 11 CIS, $ # 0Œ1" 0020 [Dilier et al., 1993] #20*.2. $. $0 0Œ1" /0!0#0.Œ Œ 2 #!* #. ò. 1*0" Œ.!Œ.Œ) 2 #" $!120" 03#20#2& 0. )2, 0Œ/ 1 $0! 20!0*0!./ *1 2 # 0ŒŒ/ # 2 #!* # 2 # Œ0! 2 ". õ&" 0Œ/ 1 2 # 2!)Œ #.!$" 0.&" 2& $.!.2!12+ 2" 0Œ00!.1." 2 # Nucleus Œ!0. 02&0 10 0)!# Œ0! 0 Œ! 0Œ00!.1. 2 # 1.2 "0 2 / INTEL 2".3.!01" 31.2 " [Weiss et al., 1975]. ü+ 0210". 2.formants.". 2. *% 2& 2)& 0. 1$02.!0" 10 Œ0! 1#$.", 2... Œ..!0" 10 Œ0!!* # [Weiss anf Neuman, 1993]. H Œ! 1 2" 0)/ # 0Œ00!.1." INTEL 0$0 &".Œ &1 2& 4-5 db 12 SNR Œ #.Œ !..+!1 2& 3. &.Œ) 2 #" $!120" 2& 03#20#2& [Hochberg et al., 1992].

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