Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe

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1 Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe Nils Engelbertz, Nurullah Erinola, David Herring, Juraj Somorovsky, Vladislav Mladenov, Jörg Schwenk Ruhr University Bochum

2 Electronic Identification (eid) Services Strong authentication with eid cards Usage in public and private sector Tax, health, education, Since the early 2000s Problem: interoperability Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 2

3 eidas electronic IDentification, Authentication, and Trust Services Interoperability framework Supports cross-country authentication Main standard: SAML Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 3

4 Our Work Security of eidas authentication services Systematization of knowledge regarding relevant attacks Comprehensive penetration test Responsible disclosure Prototype tool support Part of the project Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 4

5 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 5

6 SAML-based Single Sign-On Service Provider Identity Provider 1. Start Authentication 2. Start Authentication: SAMLRequest 3. Authentication 4. Authentication Token: SAMLResponse 5. Ressources Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 6

7 SAML Authentication Token <saml:response> <saml:assertion ID="456"> <saml:issuer>germanidp.com</saml:issuer> <saml:subject> </saml:subject> <saml:conditions NotBefore=" T14:42:00Z" NotOnOrAfter=" T14:47:00Z"> <saml:audiencerestriction> <saml:audience>germansp.com</saml:audience> </saml:audiencerestriction> </saml:conditions> <ds:signature Reference="456"> </ds:signature> </saml:assertion> </saml:response> Response Assertion Issuer GermanIdP Subject NameID Bob Conditions Audience Signature GermanSP Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 7

8 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 8

9 Overview of eid Services Country SAML OpenID OpenID Connect Other Austria Yes OAuth Belgium Yes Bulgaria Yes Yes Czech Republic Denmark Yes (eidas) NemID Estonia Finland Yes (eidas) Yes France Yes Georgia No (eidas planned) No (obsolete) No Germany Yes No* SOAP Netherlands Yes Norway Yes Portugal Yes Sweden Yes United Kingdom Yes No No SAML (Attribute Query) eidas Yes Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 9

10 eidas Authentication Each country has its own eid authentication mechanisms Huge differences between these lead to incompatibility Different architecture Different protocols Different parameters eidas provides a bridge making cross-country eid authentication possible Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 10

11 eidas Authentication Service Provider Identity Provider Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 11

12 eidas Authentication Service Provider eidas Node eidas Node Identity Provider Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 12

13 Service Provider eidas Node eidas Node Identity Provider 1. Start Authentication 2. Start Authentication: SAMLRequest 1 3. Start Authentication: SAMLRequest 2 4. Start Authentication: SAMLRequest 3 5. Authentication 6. Authentication Token: SAMLResponse 1 7. Authentication Token: SAMLResponse 2 8. Authentication Token: SAMLResponse 3 9. Ressources Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 13

14 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 14

15 eidas Authentication Service Provider eidas Node eidas Node Identity Provider Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 19

16 eidas Authentication Service Provider eidas Node eidas Node Identity Provider Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 20

17 SAML Evaluation [Mainka et al., 2014] Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 21

18 Attacks Summary XML External Entity XSLT Attack Signature Exclusion Replay Attacks Recipient Confusion Certificate Faking Signature Wrapping Certificate Injection ACS Spoofing Open Redirect Covert Redirect Cross-site-scripting CSRF Attacks Insecure HTTP Session Insecure TLS Session Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 22

19 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 23

20 Evaluation of XML Parsing Attacks No valid ID cards needed Serious attacks; Facebook rewarded with 33,500 $ 24

21 XML Entities XML Code (example) <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE [ <!ENTITY res HI > ]> <data>&res;</data> The parser first registers the entities within the DOCTYPE Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 25

22 XML Entities XML Code (example) <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE [ <!ENTITY res HI > ]> <data>&res;</data> The parser determines the reference to an ENTITY Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 26

23 XML Entities XML Code (example) <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE [ <!ENTITY res HI > ]> <data>hi</data> and resolves it Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 27

24 XML Entities Are XML Entities dangerous? Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 28

25 XML Entities Illegitimate File Access with XXE Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 34

26 Illegitimate File Access XML Code (example) <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE [ <!ENTITY file SYSTEM /etc/passwd > ]> <data>&file;</data> Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 35

27 Illegitimate File Access XML Code (example) <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE [ <!ENTITY file SYSTEM /etc/passwd > <!ENTITY send SYSTEM > ]> <data>&send;</data> Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 36

28 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 37

29 Evaluation 38

30 Comprehensive Evaluation of the eidas Swedish Pilot Offers demo services Possible to analyze further attacks like XML Signature Wrapping or XSS, etc. No further vulnerabilities found Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 39

31 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 40

32 Automatic Evaluation with EsPreSSO Burp Suite extension Extension for Processing and Recognition of Single Sign-On Protocols We implemented XXE and Signature Wrapping attacks for SAML XML Encryption attacks planed 41

33 >> 42

34 Overview 1. SAML 2. eidas 3. Attacks XML Parsing Attacks Evaluation 4. EsPreSSO 5. Conclusions Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 43

35 Conclusion XXE is still a problem Many critical vulnerabilities are already fixed Our contributions Best Current Practices for eidas Automated tool for the security analysis of SAML More information Security Analysis of eidas The Cross-Country Authentication Scheme in Europe. WOOT'18 44

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