Testing login process security of websites. Benjamin Krumnow
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1 Testing login process security of websites Benjamin Krumnow
2 Benjamin Krumnow 2
3 Initial Project: Shepherd Marc Sleegers, B.Sc., master student at the Open University Bachelor Thesis, March 2017 [1] Counting Sheep - Analysing online authentication security Mentor: dr. ir. H.L. Hugo Jonker Coordinator: dr. ir. H. Harrie Passier Examiner: prof. dr. T. Tanja Vos, prof. dr. M.C.J.D Marko van Eekelen 3
4 Agenda 1. Background Firesheep Attack vectors in 2010 and now 2. Testing tools for research Tools for scanning Comparison between static and dynamic scans 3. Wrap-up 4
5 Motivation: Firesheep
6 Firesheep add-on in 2010 [2] 6
7 Hacking for everyone [2] 7
8 Pressure on popular services It was easy to do for everyone, due to a browser add-on Out of scope sides demand to write a script Huge media attention Affected Facebook, Google and they fixed it: Deployment of TLS (SSL) Security in WiFi Networks WPA, WPA2 8
9 The attack Cookie stealing
10 Login processes 10
11 How to eavesdrop on WiFi Background in 2010 Due to unencrypted and WEP WIFIs, promiscuous mode was often enough Internet WiFi (Router) Wifi User Eve Wifi User Alice Wifi network 11
12 and in 2017 Deployment of WPA and WPA2 Encrypted connections between access point/router and wifi users Internet WiFi (Router) Wifi User Eve Wifi User Alice Wifi network 12
13 Becoming a MITM Malicious access points WIFI Pineapple Auditing Tool [4] Network attacks [3], e.g. DHCP-based attacks ARP spoofing Still TLS/SSL encryption in place Internet WiFi (Router) Wifi User Eve Wifi User Alice 13
14 Attacks in HTTP only 2. HTTPS first, then falling back to HTTP 3. HTTPS, but the secure flag is not set Transmitting the cookies also via HTTP requests 14
15 How to make another client s browser access a vulnerable site?
16 Cross-Site Request Forgery - Background Attacks Waiting for any HTTP traffic with a head element Injecting one or more URL(s) to target site(s) <link type= text/css href= style.css > Internet WiFi (Router) Wifi User Eve No interference by noscript or HTTPSeverywhere 3rd-party-cookies must be allowed Except Safari, this is the default setting Wifi User Alice Inject target site Wifi network 16
17 Cross-Site Request Forgery - Background Attacks Injection triggers request by the victim s browser via HTTP The request contains all the cookies for the target site, which is called Internet Eve steals Alice s cookies HTTP request WiFi (Router) Wifi User Alice Wifi User Eve Steal cookies Wifi network 17
18 Testing Websites
19 Testing Motivation Goals: Long known vulnerabilities in the web How far has security of website login processes evolved? Test validity of attacks Measure the widespread of related vulnerabilities Testing tools! Selenium, PhantomJS, CasperJS, 19
20 Methodology 1.Need to login on websites to evaluate vulnerability a. acquire credentials for websites 2. Build an automatic vulnerability scanner a. make a choice of implementation b. find login pages c. submit credentials to login d. evaluate login state e. check for existence of vulnerabilities 20
21 Where to obtain login credentials from?
22 Acquiring credentials [5] 22
23 Acquiring credentials Restrictions Paid-content accounts Age verification Opt-out fraud risk associated sites Terms of use You agree never to access any form of networked device while not wearing happy pants. [5] 23
24 Scanners
25 3 classes of tools 1. Static tools Downloading the HTML(, javascript, css, ) file of a site Parse HTML Browser-based functionality from websites (such as JavaScript) will not be executed! 2. Headless Browser Dynamic, executes JavaScript Some lack functionality, e.g. PhantomJS [6] Error prone new development here: headless Chrome Performance gain? 25
26 3 classes of tools 3. Full-functioning consumer browsers with automatisation tools Dynamic, behaves like your real browser Selenium (browsers are interchangeable, even headless) Interactions are executed within the browser Might be slower? 26
27 Two Scanner Solutions Python-based scanner Download the HTML file of a site and parse with BeautifulSoup Website s script will not be executed! No waiting for elements to be loaded Performance! Python-based Selenium scanner Load website within a browser and perform operations for that specific website Interaction can be done via JavaScript or within Python Far more possibilities Side effects due to the dynamics in website Slow because of waiting time 27
28 Detecting login pages 1. Scan for login fields (<input type= password />) Landing page <a hrefs*= keyword >, keywords = login, signin, Translations Brute force -> Sub levels of href 28
29 Detecting login pages 2. Scanning with the dynamic version Each single page load takes time! Brace yourself! Traversing sites can be difficult TimeOutException StaleElementReferenceException ElementNotVisibleException OutOfBoundException Popups, iframes, Alerts [7] 29
30 Detecting login pages #2 2. Scanning with the dynamic version Range of logins Social logins (many implications) two-step logins Clickable / interactive elements Difficult because every element can be clickable Tradeoff due to the scanner s speed! [8] 30
31 Detect login forms Static improved algorithm of the scrapy framework - Rating Login forms only Dynamic Visible elements! Higher range, due to not form-based login elements 31
32 Logging in Static Submit a form Dynamic Type credentials, be aware of changes Evaluate successful login Cookies, 200 status code, visible login elements > False positives Re-accessing the site with login cookies 32
33 Results Results of the Bachelor thesis (February 2017) Credentials from the Alexa Top (46,548 credentials of BNM) (~65%) login pages detected (~16%) successful logins (~80%) vulnerable sites Static improved version (November 2017) Credentials from the Alexa Top 1M ( credentials of BNM) (~32%) login pages detected 6,741 (~34%) successful logins (~73%) vulnerable sites 33
34 Comparison 500 website set Static Dynamic Time ~ 47 mins ~2,5 h Login page detection 206 (41,2%) 369 (73,8%) Logins 75 (36%) 94 (25%) 34
35 Wrap up
36 Summary Static Dynamic Performance Fast relative slow Possiblities Limited to static elements Full consumer browser Complexity Lower Higher due to dynamics 36
37 Securing your website Protect yourself (and your users) Set secure flag on cookies Deploy HSTS on your own servers Deactivate 3rd-party cookies (not possible on ios) Use private browsing mode or delete cookies after each session 37
38 Thank you
39 References [1] Counting Sheep - Analysing online authentication security Marc Sleegers, March 2017 [2] FireSheep Eric Butler, last seen 23 th of March [3] A survey of man in the middle attacks. Mauro Conti, Nicola Dragoni, and Viktor Lesyk. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(3): , [4] The WIFI Pineapple Wireless Auditing Platform [5] BugMeNot [6] A.: Online tracking: A 1-million-site measurement and analysis Engelhardt, S., Narayanan. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp (2016) Benjamin Krumnow 25th November
40 References [7] Wikipedia Login page last seen 24 th of November [8] Skyscanner Login page last seen 24 th of November Benjamin Krumnow 25th November
41 Questions
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