Why Do Stars Twinkle... Why Do Stars Twinkle but Planets Do Not? 9. Fachtagung des ITG-FA 5.2 Zukunft der Netze, Stuttgart, Oct.
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1 Why Do Stars Twinkle but Planets Do Not? 9. Fachtagung des ITG-FA 5.2 Zukunft der Netze, Stuttgart, Oct On the Difference of Security in Traditional vs. Multihop Wireless Networks Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick Technische Universität Darmstadt Secure Mobile Networking Lab - SEEMOO Department of Computer Science Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt - CASED Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick jointly with André König (KOM, TU Darmstadt) matthias.hollick@seemoo.tu-darmstadt.de Mornewegstr. 32 D Darmstadt, Germany Tel , Fax or Why Do Stars Twinkle... [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] 2
2 ... but Planets Do Not? [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] 3 Outline Traditional Networks Multihop Wireless Networks 4
3 Traditional Security: Central Control, Well-defined Procedures/Solutions 5 What Bad Guys Do... Active attacks!! Changing messages of others (manipulation but also replaying)!! E.g. manipulating the content of business s!! E.g. replaying previous messages!! Pretending to be someone else (impersonation)!! E.g. buying something for someone's account without permission!! Denying a communication (repudiation)!! E.g. lying about received prompt notes/signed contracts!! Disrupting someone else s services (denial of service)!! E.g. bringing down websites!! E.g. disconnecting others from networks 6 [Source: sans.org]
4 Attacking Servers and Network Infrastructure Denial of Service (DoS):!! Diminishes usability of network host, network, or network infrastructure Vulnerability attack:!! Attacker sends well-crafted messages to a vulnerable app or OS, crashing service or host Bandwidth flooding (resource-consumption attack):!! Attacker sends a deluge of packets to the targeted host!! Target s access link becomes clogged Connection flooding (resource-consumption attack):!! The attacker establishes large number of half- or fully-open TCP connections at the target host!! Target becomes incapable of accepting legitimate connections 7 Security in Traditional Networks Security goals!! Authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, availability In traditional networks!! Well-defined boundaries, administrative domains, centrally managed, reasonably well understood threats against network infrastructure!! Multilevel security solutions in place!! Intrusion prevention, detection, response!! Plethora of security protocols Layer 5 - APP Layer 4 - TRANS Layer 3 - NET Layer 2 - LINK Layer 1 - PHY Protocols SHTTP, S/MIME, PGP, X.400, X.500, DNS Security, Key Mgmt., etc. SSL, TLS, SSH, TLSP IPSec (AH, ESP), NLSP PPTP, L2TP, WEP, WPA, WPAv2 Synchronous Link 8
5 Outline Traditional Networks Multihop Wireless Networks [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] 9 Exploring Multihop Wireless Network 10
6 Wireless Multihop Networks Temperature Location Heart Rate Building Automation Tracking of Goods Health Monitoring Data & Things Network Data & Services Heterogeneity of scenarios, network characteristics, threats, and security goals [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] 11 Heterogeneity and Commonalities of scenarios, network characteristics, threats, and security goals Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks!! Harsh environmental conditions, yet some physical protection vs. intruders!! Data integrity to be protected, availability to be protected!! QoS provisioning and robust operation are crucial Mobile or Vehicular Ad hoc Networks/Wireless Mesh Networks!! VANET: integrity of warning msgs., exclusion of errant devices, location privacy!! MANET: availability of service, infrastructureless " cooperation of nodes reqd.,!! Provider WMN: closed network (nodes authenticated), QoS and availability!! Community WMN: open network, distributed mechanisms, cooperation reqd. All of the above networks are wireless and distributed 12
7 Threats in Multihop Wireless Networks Security goals!! Authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, availability Attacks take place on all layers (examples)!! Jamming on PHY layer, physical security of small devices typically weak!! Selfishness on MAC layer!! Malicious behavior during routing and/or forwarding on NET layer!! TRANSPORT layer of the Internet has not been designed for multihop wireless networks, is weak even without attack!! Attacks are scenario/application dependent Layer 5 APP Layer 4 TRANS Layer 3 NET Layer 2 LINK Layer 1 PHY [Source: Wireless simplifies attacks such as eavesdropping!! Multihop simplifies attacks such as physical access, man-in-the-middle 13 Multihop Wireless Network Security: On Your Own, Challenging Environment 14 [Source: ESA, NASA]
8 Effects of Node Misbehavior in Multihop Wireless Networks Scenario X X Vulnerability of multihop route 15 Simulation Study: Selected Results Setup!! 250 nodes, low node mobility (1-2m/s) AODV with expanding ring search 16
9 Observations for Ad hoc Networks and Black Holes 49% 78% Increase in malicious nodes i.e. 10 out of 250 nodes Results!! Successful communication is possible only in close proximity!! Packet loss is extremely high, even for few black holes!! Packet loss further increases with node mobility 17 Multihop Wireless Networks: Beyond Traditional Security 18 [Source: ESA, NASA]
10 Exploiting Geo-Location Good guys X Bad guy [Source: xkcd.com/482] Good guys 19 Exploiting Geo-Location GeoSec exclude misbehaving nodes based on location!! Setting up quarantine zones void of communication!! Results in cross-layer and attack-independent defense 20
11 Performance Evaluation GeoSec vs. Address-based IRS Metric!! Packet drop rates!! Attacker vs. IRS Address-based IRS GeoSec No IRS Address-based IRS GeoSec Setup!! Low node mobility, AODV with expanding ring search, 1000 nodes 21 Exploiting Delay Tolerance Bad guy [Source: xkcd.com/482] or even much later then a bit later If not now 22
12 Exploiting Delay Tolerance Approach: buffer packets during attack and retransmit later!! Transparent operation, i.e. sender is informed about IRS event!! Non-transparent operation, i.e. silent or localized operation of IRS Transparent Non-transparent!! Early (continous) buffering vs. late (as soon as IDS is triggered) buffering 23 Summary of Results Avg. Delivery Ratio Transparent, Late Buffering In studied scenario up to ~80% delivery ratio Performance independent of number of retransmissions Non-transparent, Late Buffering In studied scenario up to ~75% delivery ratio Performance dependent of number of retransmissions Transparent, Early Buffering In studied scenario up to ~90% delivery ratio Performance independent of number of retransmissions (but congestion observed) Non-transparent, Early Buffering In studied scenario up to ~95% delivery ratio Performance dependent of number and scheduling of retransmissions 24
13 Summary of Results Avg. End-to-End Delay Transparent, Early Buffering Non-transparent, Early Buffering Transparent, Late Buffering Non-transparent, Late Buffering 25 Summary & Conclusion Traditional Networks!! Well-defined boundaries, administrative domains, centrally managed, reasonably well understood!! Multilevel security solutions in place!! Intrusion prevention, detection, response!! Such as PGP, TLS, IPsec, firewalls, filters network & host-based IDS, etc. Multihop Wireless Networks!! No strict boundaries due to wireless nature!! Localized behavior results in emergent properties!! Operation without infrastructure requires cooperation!! Security solutions need to ACK the above properties!! Security solutions can exploit the above properties 26
14 [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] Why Do Stars Twinkle [Sources: sunsportworld.com, gumstix.com, nokia.com, apple.com, motive.com, xbow.com, meshcube.org, meraki.com, tropos.com] but Planets Do Not?
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