History of the Internet (& UNIX)

Transcription

1 History of the Internet (& UNIX) 김현철컴퓨터공학부서울대학교 /15 ( 월 / 수 )

2 The origins of the Internet : Where did it come from

3 The Sputnik Shock Was a turning point of the Cold War

4 U.S. responses (selected) By February 1958, the political and defense communities had recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to execute R&D projects and created the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which later became the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA. On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally brought the U.S. into the Space Race by signing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA and later Project Mercury. Dramatically increased support for scientific research. For 1959, Congress increased the National Science Foundation appropriation to $134 million, almost $100 million higher than the year before. By 1968, the NSF budget would stand at nearly $500 million.

5 We choose to go to the Moon We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. -John F. Kennedy, (And they really did it in 1969) 5

6 ARPANET : Pioneers J.C.R. Licklider q Two seminal papers: Man-Computer Symbios in 1960 and The Computer as a Communication Device (co-authored with Bob Taylor) in q The earliest idea: time-sharing, Intergalactic Computer August q Convinced Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor that the idea is very Bob Taylor q Three different terminals connected to three different computers, with three different sets of user commands. 이거그냥하나로묶어버리지요?? 20분만에 ARPA의책임자인 Charles Herzfeld로부터 Million dollar 투자약속받아냄

7 Coincidental Inventions in early 1960s Paul Baran q Corp. q Message blocks q The timing for such thinking is particularly appropriate now, for we are just beginning to lay out designs for the digital data transmission system of the future. (in his initial paper) Donald Davies q Wanted to create a new kind of communications network, highly responsive and interactive over long distances (disqualifying circuit-switched ones). q The British National Physical Laboratory q packets q The same concept, the same packet size, and the same datatransmission rate.

8 ARPANET : Dec. 1969

9 ARPANET : June 1970

10 ARPANET : Dec. 1970

11 ARPANET: Sep. 1971

12 ARPANET: Mar. 1972

13 ARPANET: Aug. 1972

14 ARPANET: Sep. 1973

15 ARPANET: June 1974

16 ARPANET: July 1975

17 ARPANET: July 1976

18 ARPANET: July 1977

19 UNIX : Where did it come from

20 The Genesis of time-sharing CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) q The first time-sharing system (among users). q The MIT Computation Center in the early 1960s. q About 30 modem-connected users at one time. MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) q q q MIT, Bell Labs, and General Electric. Goal: Handle 1,000 users at once Too ambitious, too large, and too slow, while providing extremely pleasant computing environment.

21 UNIX : Before the Beginning In 1969, Bell Lab. Withdrew from MULTICS q Left a strong management bias against O/S research. K. Thompson, D. Ritchie and J. Lab. q q Were missing the comfortable environment provided by MULTICS. Requested to buy an (very expensive) interactive time-sharing system like DEC-10, but ( 다행스럽게도? J) they got turned down.

22 UNIX: In the Beginning Ken and Dennis found the now famous little-used PDP-7 (an older and not very powerful computer) sitting in a corner. In the summer of 1969, q q q During the four quiet weeks while his wife was visiting to their new baby s grandparents in California. Wrote O/S kernel, a shell, an editor, and an assembler, one by one each week. Supported two users at the same time. Later in 1970, Brian Kernighan jokingly called it UNICS (UNIplexed Information and Computing System then later renamed UNIX.

23 Early UNIX in the Bell Lab. Borrowed a new DEC PDP-11/20 q q Acquired to build a word processor by another group at Bell Lab. Installed the latest version of UNIX on it (never installed a standard DEC OS) and hacked together pieces of existing text editors. good enough that the patent dept. took over the machine and transferred money to Computing Research group for a new and more powerful machine, the PDP-11/45.

24 The Spread of UNIX UNIX Symposium on O/S, 년만에요청쇄도. AT&T 는당시독과점규제 (antitrust consent decree) 를받고있었고, 통신사업자이외의비지니스는불가한상황. q q Thus, the terms of the early UNIX licenses were minimal. The S/W came as is with no royalties to AT&T, but also no support and no bug fixes. UNIX was a unique windfall for university computer science departments. q All the source codes in C, just for hundred dollars license fee.

25 Berkeley 1975 년가을 ~1976 년여름 q Ken Thompson (a Sabbatical from Bell for one year), Bill Joy and Chuck Haley ( 대학원생들 ) Pascal interpreter Screen editor ex (then vi later) UNIX Kernel fixes + performance improvement Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX q UNIX + Pascal + ex or vi + other improvements. q Sent out 30 free copies in Collaborative culture was now in place q Bell Lab., Berkeley, UK, even Boston 외곽의고교생들까지. q As a primitive mechanism for S/W sharing and creation.

26 Rise of the BSD UNIX While AT&T was moving toward stable commercially oriented releases of its UNIX products, Berkeley had de facto stepped into the role of managing the cutting edge of ongoing UNIX research ( ).

27 UNIX and the Internet ARPANET in trouble in 1970s q Many computers at DARPA-funded research institutions were nearly obsolete. q DARPA worried about the huge costs of porting S/W onto new machines from many different H/W vendors. needed some kind of a common base for the sake of efficiency. Solution? q Try to achieve greater compatibility at the level of S/W, particularly O/S UNIX!!! DARPA funded Berkeley CSRG (Computer Systems Research Group) to develop an enhanced version of BSD UNIX for the network. BBN developed an early version of the TCP/IP stack for UNIX Bill Joy integrated this S/W into 4.1BSD, 4.2BSD (Sep. 1983) q a major revision that fully integrated TCP/IP networking into UNIX q More than 1,000 site licenses. q Lies at the foundation of the Internet as we know it today.

28 Rise of the DNS -Before the DNS, circa 1982 HOSTS.TXT - Centralized on a - Distributed to all hosts in the Internet Evolution of the Community - using HOSTS.TXT from the NCP-based original ARPANET to the IP/TCP-based Internet. - from a single network with large timesharing systems (roughly organizations) to being one of the several long-haul backbone networks linking local networks populated with workstations (roughly users).

29 The initial DNS design The necessity of striking a balance b.w. a very lean service and a completely general distributed database. Provide at least all of the same info. as HOSTS.TXT. Distributed database maintenance. No obvious size limits for names, name components, data associated with a name, etc. Interoperate across the DARPA Internet and in as many other environments as possible. Provide tolerable performance. Derivative constraints - Extensibility and Interoperability

30 The first DNS implementations 1983 : Jon Postel and Paul Mokcapetris q invented the DNS (RFC 882 & 883 superseded by RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 in 1987) 1984 : Four Berkeley students wrote the first UNIX implementation, called the BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) Server : Kevin rewrote the code. 1987: Mike Karels, Phil Almquist and Paul Vixie have mantained the BIND since then. Early 1990s : ported to the Windows NT.

31 On the other hand, In Feb. 1976, Bill Gates released an open letter to hobbyists q q q Microsoft s BASIC on Altair computers. As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, most of you steal your software., On Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation. Do people write S/W to make money, or to create and experiment as true artists do? q A clash between two distinct and incompatible cultural frames

32 Computer : My first encounter (1982)

33 in Korea, 1982 한국, TCP/IP 기반망출범 (SDN) 1985 한국, 세계네트워크컨퍼런스개최 (Pacific Computer Communication Symposium) 1980 년대 ~ 온라인게임 ( 머드게임 )

34 한국 / 아시아최초의 TCP/IP 망, SDN 의제안서, 1981 제목 : SDN (Software Development Network) --- 초안 서론컴퓨터개발국책프로젝트수행시소프트웨어개발툴로서컴퓨터네트워크가필요함. SDN (Software Development Network) 활용목적은다음과같음. (1) 메모교환 (2) 프로그램 ( 소스및오브젝트코드 ) 교환 (3) 컴퓨터자원공유 (4) 데이터베이스접속 (5) 시스템테스트 (6) 컴퓨터시스템개발 (7) 네트워크환경에서의업무습득 네트워크에자신의컴퓨터를사용할수있음. SDN 은 NSF, 위스콘신대학, BBN 이공동개발한대학간 CSNet (Computer Science Network) 과유사할수도있음. 2. 시스템구성.

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57 NSFNET In 1986, NSFNET was created (backbone speed of 56 Kbps). Connected 5 supercomputing centers. q q q q q Theory

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59 NSFNET expansion # of hosts > 10,000 in 1987 NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.5M) in 1988 # of hosts > 100,000 in 1989 NSFNET upgraded to T3 (45Mbps) in 1991 # of hosts > 1,000,000 in 1992

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66 The UNIX Crisis (1980s-1990s) AT&T 의독과점규제에의한분사 (1984) q 더이상 computer business 진입에제재를받지않게됨 UNIX 의본격적인상용화시작, license fee 를 $100,000 (1988), 몇년후 $250,000 까지올려받음. BSD to reprogram all the codes written by AT&T q BSD UNIX Networking Releases 1 & 2, by the spring of 1991, more or less. q The de facto formalization of a distributed development process. Berkeley 중 심에서 Internet의확산 & 386/BSD 이후급속팽창. q The most-liberal BSD-style license ( 무엇이든하되, 소스코드와 documentation에 Berkeley로의 credit과 copyright notice만건드리지않으면된다 ). q $1,000 for an original tape free download on the Internet Bill Joy co-founded SUN ( Stanford University Network ) Microsystems with three other Stanford graduate students (1982). AT&T 와 BSDI, University of Calfornia 간의법적소송 / 분쟁 ( )

67 386/BSD A major BSD development, giving birth to NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD. q q q NetBSD: support as many different H/W architecture as possible, in a research mindset. FreeBSD: optimized for ease-of-use and performance on the Intel x86 architecture. OpenBSD: focused on security.

68 Linux (1991~) Linus Torvalds was not aware of the 386/BSD. MINIX q A UNIX-like system intended for academic and educational purposes. q Written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in ,000 lines of the C source code of the kernel, memory management, and file system. q For IBM PC and PC/AT microcomputers. While source code was available, modification and redistribution were restricted (that is not the case today). In 1991, Linus Torvalds began to work on a noncommercial replacement for MINIX while he was attending the University of Helsinki.

69 The Free Software Foundation Richard q Motivation: a New laser printer (without source code for the S/W) from Xerox, q S/W for him was not just a tool to run computers. It ultimately was a manifestation of human creativity and expression. q The general model for the O/S would be UNIX, but to separate himself clearly from AT&T s increasingly proprietary attitude, Stallman named his project the recursive acronym GNU (GNU s Not UNIX). Free refers to freedom, not to price. The Genesis of the GPL (General Public License) q Copyright law to ensure that free software and derivative works from free software remain free. q The most elegant UNIX-compatible S/W such as GNU Emacs, GCC compiler, GDB debugger on UNIX cement UNIX as the O/S of choice for free software advocates. q And, Linux.

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71 Q/A Thank You!!! J

72 References The Success of Open Source, by Steven Weber, Harvard University Press, Life with UNIX: A Guide for Everyone, by Don Libes and Sandy Ressler, Prentice Hall, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, by Katie Hafner, Simon & Schuster, The Dream Machine: J. C. R Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal, by M. Mitchell Waldrop, Penguin, The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, by Thomas L. Friedman, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, From the Earth to the Moon, a 12-part HBO TV miniseries, coproduced by Tom Hanks et al., 1998.

73 References P. Mockapetris and K. Dunlap, Development of the Domain Name System, ACM SIGCOMM, Aug Merit Networks, NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report, Internet History: NSFNET, 사이버인터넷역사박물관, 전길남, System Development Network, Oct. 1983, available at 전길남, 인터넷기술 : 과거, 현재, 미래, 전경련국제경영원, Oct. 2008, available at