The Unix Shell. Job Control
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1 The Unix Shell Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
2 shell
3 shell $ wc l *.pdb sort -n head -n 1
4 shell $ wc l *.pdb sort -n head -n 1 wc sort head
5 shell $ wc l *.pdb sort -n head -n 1 wc sort head Control programs while they run
6 shell $ wc l *.pdb sort -n head -n 1 wc sort head processes Control programs while they run
7 A process is a running program
8 A process is a running program Some are yours
9 A process is a running program Some are yours Most belong to the operating system (or other users)
10 A process is a running program Some are yours Most belong to the operating system (or other users) Use ps to get a list
11 A process is a running program Some are yours Most belong to the operating system (or other users) Use ps to get a list $ ps PID TTY TIME CMD pts/16 00:00:00 bash pts/16 00:00:00 ps Process ID Command
12 A process is a running program Some are yours Most belong to the operating system (or other users) Use ps to get a list (in various formats) $ ps PID TTY TIME CMD pts/16 00:00:00 bash pts/16 00:00:00 ps See man ps $ ps ux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND vlad pts/16 Ss 14:59 0:00 -bash vlad pts/16 R+ 15:03 0:00 ps ux $ ps -F UID PID PPID C SZ RSS PSR STIME TTY TIME CMD vlad :59 pts/16 00:00:00 -bash vlad :03 pts/16 00:00:00 ps -F
13 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes
14 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat
15 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass...
16 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $
17 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $ Stop the running program
18 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $
19 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ Run in the background
20 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ Run in the background Shell returns right away instead of waiting for the program to finish
21 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ Can run other programs in the foreground while waiting for background process(es) to finish
22 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $
23 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs Show background processes [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $
24 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $ fg
25 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $ fg Bring background job to foreground
26 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $ fg Bring background job to foreground Use fg %1, fg %2, etc. if there are several background jobs
27 Can stop, pause, and resume running processes $./analyze results*.dat...a few minutes pass... ^C $./analyze results*.dat & $ fbcmd events $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat results02.dat results03.dat $ fg...a few minutes pass... $ And finally it's done
28 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running
29 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground
30 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job
31 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job $./analyze results01.dat
32 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job $./analyze results01.dat ^Z [1] Stopped./analyze results01.dat $
33 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job $./analyze results01.dat ^Z [1] Stopped./analyze results01.dat $ bg %1 $
34 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job $./analyze results01.dat ^Z [1] Stopped./analyze results01.dat $ bg %1 $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat $
35 Use ^Z to pause a program that's already running fg to resume it in the foreground Or bg to resume it as a background job $./analyze results01.dat ^Z [1] Stopped./analyze results01.dat $ bg %1 $ jobs [1]./analyze results01.dat $ kill %1 $
36 Job control mattered a lot when users only had one terminal window
37 Job control mattered a lot when users only had one terminal window Less important now: just open another window
38 Job control mattered a lot when users only had one terminal window Less important now: just open another window Still useful when running programs remotely
39 created by Greg Wilson August 2010 Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
40 The Unix Shell Variables Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
41 shell
42 shell The shell is a program
43 shell The shell is a program It has variables
44 shell The shell is a program It has variables Changing their values changes its behavior
45 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad
46 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 With no arguments, shows all variables and their values MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad
47 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING Standard to use upper-case names HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad
48 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 All values are strings MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad
49 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad All values are strings Programs must convert to other types when/as necessary
50 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad int(string) for numbers
51 $ set COMPUTERNAME=TURING HOME=/home/vlad HOMEDRIVE=C: HOSTNAME=TURING HOSTTYPE=i686 split(':') for lists MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/share/man:/usr/man NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=4 OS=Windows_NT PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin PWD=/home/vlad UID=1000 USERNAME=vlad
52 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs
53 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze Run the analyze program in the current directory
54 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze $ /bin/analyze Run the analyze program in the /bin directory
55 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze $ /bin/analyze $ analyze
56 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze $ /bin/analyze $ analyze directories = split(path, ':') for each directory: if directory/analyze exists, run it
57 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze $ /bin/analyze $ analyze directories = split(path, ':') /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /bin for each directory: if directory/analyze exists, run it /usr/bin/analyze
58 PATH controls where the shell looks for programs $./analyze $ /bin/analyze $ analyze directories = split(path, ':') /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /bin for each directory: if directory/analyze exists, run it (and then stop searching) /usr/bin/analyze (/bin/analyze)
59 echo prints its arguments
60 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values
61 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $
62 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME
63 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME HOME $
64 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME HOME $ echo $HOME /home/vlad $
65 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME HOME $ echo $HOME /home/vlad $ Ask shell to replace variable name with value before program runs
66 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME HOME $ echo $HOME /home/vlad $ Ask shell to replace variable name with value before program runs Just like * and? are expanded before the program runs
67 echo prints its arguments Use it to show variables' values $ echo hello transylvania hello transylvania $ echo HOME HOME $ echo $HOME echo /home/vlad /home/vlad $
68 Create variable by assigning to it
69 Create variable by assigning to it Change values by reassigning to existing variables
70 Create variable by assigning to it Change values by reassigning to existing variables $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Camilla $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Camilla $
71 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell
72 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $
73 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ bash $
74 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ bash $
75 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ bash $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY $
76 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ bash $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY $ exit $
77 Assignment only changes variable's value in this shell $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ bash $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY $ exit $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $
78 Use export to signal that the variable should be visible to subprocesses
79 Use export to signal that the variable should be visible to subprocesses $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ export SECRET_IDENTITY $
80 Use export to signal that the variable should be visible to subprocesses $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ export SECRET_IDENTITY $ bash $
81 Use export to signal that the variable should be visible to subprocesses $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ export SECRET_IDENTITY $ bash $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $
82 Use export to signal that the variable should be visible to subprocesses $ SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula $ export SECRET_IDENTITY $ bash $ echo $SECRET_IDENTITY Dracula $ exit $
83 Commands in $HOME/.bashrc are executed when shell starts
84 Commands in $HOME/.bashrc are executed when shell starts export SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula export BACKUP_DIR=$HOME/backup /home/vlad/.bashrc
85 Commands in $HOME/.bashrc are executed when shell starts export SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula export BACKUP_DIR=$HOME/backup Also common to use alias to create shortcuts
86 Commands in $HOME/.bashrc are executed when shell starts export SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula export BACKUP_DIR=$HOME/backup Also common to use alias to create shortcuts alias backup=/bin/zarble -v --nostir -R $HOME $BACKUP_DIR
87 Commands in $HOME/.bashrc are executed when shell starts export SECRET_IDENTITY=Dracula export BACKUP_DIR=$HOME/backup Also common to use alias to create shortcuts alias backup=/bin/zarble -v --nostir -R $HOME $BACKUP_DIR Not something you want to type over and over
88 created by Greg Wilson August 2010 Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.
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