The Unix Shell. Files and Directories

Transcription

1 The Unix Shell Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.

2 Run Programs Store Data Communicate with each other Interact with us

3 Run Programs shell Store Data Communicate with each other Interact with us

4 Store shell Data

5 Store shell Data file system

6 Store shell Data file system files

7 Store shell Data file system files directories

8 Use the shell to view and change the file system shell files Store Data file system directories

9 Use the shell to run commands to view what's in the file system shell files Store Data file system directories

10 login:

11 login: computer prompt in bold

12 login: computer prompt in bold explanatory text in blue

13 login: vlad user input in green

14 login: vlad password: ******** password

15 login: vlad password: ******** $ shell prompt

16 login: vlad password: ******** $ shell prompt like Python's >>> and

17 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID

18 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program

19 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it

20 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it prints its output

21 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it prints its output displays a new prompt

22 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd what is the working directory

23 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd what is the working directory the directory used when no other directory is explicitly specified

24 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $

25 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ root

26 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root

27 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root

28 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ bin / root

29 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ bin data / root

30 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users

31 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp

32 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp

33 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad

34 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad

35 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad

36 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ / root bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad

37 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls stands for "listing"

38 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls stands for "listing" sadly more memorable than most command names

39 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc $

40 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls -F an argument or flag modifying the command's behavior bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $

41 login: vlad password: ******** $ whoami vlad $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ solar.pdf swc/ $ adds a trailing '/' to directory names pizza.cfg solar/

42 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ vlad bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc

43 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type

44 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type.txt for text,.pdf for PDF,.cfg for configuration file, etc.

45 $ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type.txt for text,.pdf for PDF,.cfg for configuration file, etc. But this is only a convention, not a guarantee

46 $ ls F data

47 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $

48 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $ a relative path vlad data

49 $ ls F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $ a relative path relative to current working directory vlad data

50 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $

51 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path

52 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path leading '/' means "from root"

53 $ ls F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $ an absolute path leading '/' means "from root" so it always refers to this directory bin data users tmp / imhotep larry vlad

54 $ pwd /users/vlad $

55 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $

56 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data

57 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory

58 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory

59 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory changes the shell's idea of which directory we are in

60 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data $ pwd /users/vlad/data $

61 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $

62 $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ cd data because we're now "in" $ pwd this directory /users/vlad/data $ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $

63 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $

64 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd..

65 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. the directory above the current one

66 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. the directory above the current one its parent directory

67 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $

68 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $

69 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/

70 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ "show all"

71 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ parent directory

72 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ parent directory /users

73 $ pwd /users/vlad/data $ cd.. $ pwd /users/vlad $ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $ ls -F -a./../ bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ this directory itself

74 Things are different on Windows

75 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad

76 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Drive letter

77 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Drive letter Each drive is a separate file system

78 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Backslash \ as separator

79 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Backslash \ as separator Unix uses \ to escape special characters in names like my\ files.txt

80 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Case insensitive

81 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Case insensitive c:\users\vlad C:\USERS\VLAD C:\uSeRs\VlAd

82 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories"

83 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \

84 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \ But still case insensitive

85 Things are different on Windows C:\Users\vlad Cygwin: /cygdrive/c/users/vlad Map drive letters to "directories" And use / instead of \ But still case insensitive Can't put backup.txt and Backup.txt in a directory

86 pwd print working directory cd change working directory ls listing. current directory.. parent directory

87 created by Greg Wilson August 2010 Copyright Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See for more information.