Learning Objectives: IS Infrastructure: Standards and Protocols. Standards for Representing and Communicating Information. A Unified Framework
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1 IS Infrastructure: Standards and Protocols Fundamentals of IT and E-Commerce Fall Session 1b Prof. Foster Provost Learning Objectives: Discuss the technical, economic and strategic issues associated with information technology standards in general, and network communications in particular Briefly explain the concept of abstraction as it relates to the representation of information in general, and the (standard) TCP/IP network protocol in particular Distinguish between circuit switched and packet switched networks Very briefly describe the major components, operations, and standards of the Internet and the Web (hosts, IP addresses, routers, TCP/IP, http, html) distinguish between the Internet and the Web Copyright IS MBA Core Faculty, A Unified Framework Knowledge Systems (KS) Decision Support Systems (DSS) Standards for Representing and Communicating Information Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Networks & Databases Representation: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) HTML (HypterText Markup Language) XML (extensible Markup Language) more structured tasks Management Information Systems (MIS) less structured tasks PDF (Portable Document Format).doc,.ppt,.xls Communication: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ( ) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) (Web) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) (Packet Switching -> the Internet) 3 4 1
2 What is HTML Abstraction: Representing, Processing & Communicating Information Hypertext Markup Language A formatting language: Specifies how to format and display text and graphics. Web programming languages: Java JavaScript ActiveX CGI scripts Perl scripts 5 Customer Product Ship(customer, product) 12.34, 42, $15.45, Sam +, -, *, /, ^, <, > AND, OR, NOT Representations Operations 6 Abstraction bits to web pages Information on the Web web page html text characters ascii numbers bytes bits Ask Foster A = 65 = bits = 1 byte Fall
3 HTML Hypertext Markup Language Information on the Web <html> marked up <head> <title>welcome!</title> </head> <body> <h1> Welcome to the IT Core Example Page!</h1> <h2> Fall 2002</h2> <p><br>this is an example of a simple html web page. <p><i>enjoy!</i> <p><i>(<a href=" to go to Provost's home page</a>)</i> </body> </html> Hypertext -- allows linking between pages Markup Language a structured language that allows you to specify logical structure of a document by marking it up -- adding tags along with text Browser interprets tags displays text according to logical structure different browsers may choose to display the same logical structure differently example: a first-level heading bold vs. large vs. italic vs. colored vs Hypermedia Circuit-Switched Network Text with Hyperlink (HTML): <p><i>(<a href=" > Want to go to Provost's home page</a>)</i> Image with Hyperlink (HTML): Set of switches connected by lines (channels) Communication takes place by opening circuits: end-to-end dedicated connection between two communicating stations Example: Telephone network <p> Professor Bakos: <a href=" <img src=" alt="bakos photo" width="186" height="250"></a> Switch Line Circuit 11 Circuit 12 3
4 Circuit-Switched Network Key concept: Reserved Capacity The line and switches are dedicated for the duration of communication This guarantees continuous communication Never get less than reserved capacity No congestion or delays (once you have a circuit) but is expensive Pay for bandwidth whether you use it or not Good for voice Inefficient for data 13 Packet Switched Data Network Message Packet Switching Breaks each message into packets (frames) Sends these packets one after the other When a packet arrives, the switch must decide which of several successor switches to send it to decision needs to be made continuously at each switch Each packet of a message may go through a different sequence of switches may arrive out of order, get lost, etc. layers of protocols deal with problems Switch A Packet C B Packets 14 D How the Internet works The Internet What the sender sees 4. packets received by receiver s computer 1. binary representation on sender s computer Internet 2. broken into packets 3. packets sent over network Network Addresses Unique address for each computer ( host ) on the Internet IP addresses, host names , fprovost.stern.nyu.edu Domain name servers map IP addresses (numbers) to host names 5. packets reassembled What the receiver sees 6. binary representation on receiver s computer
5 The Internet: Routers Routers Cooperate to give an end-to-end route for each packet Have routing table to determine appropriate next hop for a packet, based on destination IP address Internet is self healing routing tables updated Networking Standards The TCP/IP Standard Standards: Technical Rationale How many different interfaces are required to connect N different computers to all others in a network Without a standard At worst N*(N-1) With a single standard At worst 2N Not just network-communication standards B2C Web interactions office collaboration (de facto standards e.g.,.pdf., MS-Word) B2B data transactions etc. Standards: Economic Rationale and Strategic Implications Economic Rationale Economies of scale in production Demand-side economies of scale The more common a standard the cheaper it is to use Consumer value increases as more users follow standard (network externalities) Strategic Implications Standards may affect competitive advantage Standards enable new strategies, products and markets (e.g., Dell On-line, Voice over IP, Web Services)
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