@Taylor. Usability. Evaluation. for In-Vehicle Systems. Harvey. Catherine. Neville A.Stanton. CRC Press. Francis Group

Transcription

1 Usability Evaluation for In-Vehicle Systems Catherine Harvey Neville & CRC Press Francis Group Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements The Authors Glossary xi xiii xv xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 The History of In-Vehicle Information Provision 1 Instrumentation 3 Infotainment 5 Navigation 7 Comfort 8 Future Predictions 8 Ergonomics Challenges of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) Ergonomics, Human Computer Interaction (HCI), and Usability 12 Usability Evaluation 14 Book Outline 15 Chapter 2 Context-of-Use as a Factor in Determining the Usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems 19 Introduction 19 Significant Contributions to Defining Usability 20 Brian Shackel 20 Jakob Nielsen 21 Donald Norman 22 Ben Shneiderman 23 Nigel Bevan and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 23 The Development of a Definition of Usability 26 A Universal Definition of Usability? 26 Specifying Usability Factors 28 Usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) 29 Defining the Context-of-Use 29 Dual Task Environment 30 Environmental Conditions 31 Range of Users 32 Training Provision 32 Frequency of Use 33 Uptake 33 Defining Usability Factors for IVIS 34 Conclusions 36

3 vi Contents Chapter 3 In-Vehicle Information Systems to Meet the Needs of Drivers 37 Introduction 37 The Task 38 Primary Driving Tasks 38 Secondary (In-Vehicle) Tasks 39 The System 39 Touch Screens and Remote Controllers 40 The User 41 Safety 42 Efficiency 43 Enjoyment 43 The Task-User-System Interaction 44 Multimodal Interactions 44 Toward a Prediction of IVIS Usability 45 Evaluating the Task-System-User Interaction 45 Conclusions 47 Chapter 4 A Usability Evaluation Framework for In-Vehicle Information Systems 49 Introduction 49 Preparing for a Usability Evaluation 49 Selecting Usability Evaluation Methods 49 Information Requirements for Usability Evaluations 50 Objective Measures 51 Subjective Measures 51 When to Apply Methods in IVIS Usability Evaluations 52 Analytic Methods 52 Empirical Methods 52 Resources Available for IVIS Usability Evaluations 52 Representing the System and Tasks 52 Representing the User 53 The Testing Environment 53 People Involved in IVIS Usability Evaluations 53 Usability Evaluation with Users 54 Usability Evaluation with Experts 54 A Flowchart for Method Selection 54 Usability Evaluation Methods 55 Analytic Evaluation Methods 57 Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) 57 Multimodal Critical Path Analysis (CPA) 58 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) 58 Heuristic Analysis 59 Layout Analysis 59

4 Contents vii Empirical Evaluation Methods 60 Objective Methods 60 Subjective Methods 63 Conclusions 64 Chapter 5 The Trade-Off between Context and Objectivity in an Analytic Evaluation of In-Vehicle Interfaces 71 Introduction 71 Analytic Methods 72 Method 72 Equipment 72 ThelVIS 72 Data Collection Apparatus 74 Procedure 74 Data Analysis 76 Results and Discussion 77 Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) 77 HTA for IVIS Evaluation 77 HTA Utility 79 Multimodal Critical Path Analysis (CPA) 80 Defining CPA Activities 80 CPA for IVIS Evaluation 83 CPA Utility 87 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) 87 SHERPA for IVIS Evaluation 87 SHERPA Utility 92 Heuristic Analysis 92 Heuristic Analysis for IVIS Evaluation 92 Heuristic Analysis Utility 92 Layout Analysis 94 Layout Analysis for IVIS Evaluation 94 Layout Analysis Utility 96 General Discussion 96 Analytic Methods for IVIS Evaluation 97 Context versus Objectivity 100 Extending CPA 100 Conclusions 101 Chapter 6 To Twist or Poke? A Method for Identifying Usability Issues with Direct and Indirect Input Devices for Control of In-Vehicle Information Systems 103 Introduction 103 Direct and Indirect IVIS Input Devices 104

5 viii Contents Empirical Evaluation of IVIS Usability 105 Selection of Tasks 105 Types of Operation 107 Method 108 Participants 108 Equipment 108 The University of Southampton's Driving Simulator 108 In-Vehicle Information Systems 109 Eye Tracking 110 User Questionnaires 110 Procedure 112 Secondary In-Vehicle Tasks 112 Data Collection and Analysis 113 Results and Discussion 114 Primary Driving Performance 114 Longitudinal Control 115 Lateral Control 116 Visual Behaviour 117 Secondary Task Performance 119 Secondary Task Times 119 Secondary Task Errors 121 Subjective Measures 122 System Usability Scale (SUS) 122 Driving Activity Load Index (DALI) 123 Usability Issues 126 Rotary Controller Usability Issues 127 Touch Screen Usability Issues 128 Graphical User Interface/Menu Structure Usability Issues Optimisation between the Graphical User Interface (GUI), Task Structure, and Input Device 128 Implications 129 Conclusions 130 Chapter 7 Modelling the Hare and the Tortoise: Predicting IVIS Task Times for Fast, Middle, and Slow Person Performance using Critical Path Analysis 133 Introduction 133 Modelling Human-Computer Interaction 133 Task Times 134 Modelling Techniques 134 Critical Path Analysis 136 Extending CPA for Fastperson and Slowperson Predictions 137 Method 137 Identification of Operation Times 137

6 Contents <x Development of the CPA Calculator 142 Comparison of CPA-Predicted Task Times with Empirical Data Participants 143 Equipment 144 Procedure 144 Data Collection and Analysis 144 Results 145 Discussion 147 Applications of the CPA Model 148 Limitations of the CPA Model 150 Extensions to the CPA Model 151 Conclusions 152 Chapter 8 Visual Attention on the Move: There Is More to Modelling than Meets the Eye 153 Introduction 153 The CPA Method 153 Visual Behaviour in Driving 154 Dual-Task Glance Durations: Previous Findings 154 Method 155 Glance Behaviour Data Analysis 155 Development of a CPA Model for Dual-Task IVIS Interaction 156 Glance Behaviour Data 156 Model Assumptions 156 Dual-Task CPA Calculator 158 Results 158 Case Study: Glance Behaviour in a Dual-Task Environment 159 Shared Visual Attention 159 Glance Behaviour for Sequential Operations 163 Results: Shared Glance CPA Model 165 Discussion 167 Multidimensionality 167 Implications for Visual Behaviour Theory in Driving 168 The Occlusion Technique 169 Road and IVIS Glance Durations 169 Implications for IVIS Design 171 Limitations of the CPA Model 171 Conclusions 172 Chapter 9 Summary of Contributions and Future Challenges 175 Introduction 175 Summary of the Findings 175 Novel Contributions of the Work 177

7 x Contents Key Questions 179 Areas for Future Research 182 Concluding Remarks 185 References 187 Index 207