Operating Systems Daren Russ All Rights Reserved No part of this material or any of its contents may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted,

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1 Operating Systems Daren Russ All Rights Reserved No part of this material or any of its contents may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of the author, unless otherwise indicated for stand-alone materials.

2 Windows XP

3 NT OS was divided into 3 main layers Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL) Interface to hardware (device drivers) NT Executive: Main OS code Subsystems This breakdown gives better stability and power

4 Architecture diagram Win 32-bit App Win 32-bit App Win 32-bit App Win 32-bit App Win32 Subsytem (Win32 API) User Mode Executive Services Kernel Mode I/O Manager Security Reference Monitor IPC Manager Virtual Memory Manager Process Manager Plug and Play Manager Power Manager Window Manager and GDI File Systems Device Drivers Object Manager Microkernel Graphics Device Drivers Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) Computer Hardware

5 NT Features Better Security Need a valid account and password to log in Only Administrators can change the system NTFS New Technology File System NTFS is the successor to FAT 32

6 Win XP New Features Improved Start Menu System Restore Automated System Recovery Driver Rollback Automated Windows Updates Built-in CD-r and CD-rw support

7 Windows XP - Versions Win XP Professional Win XP Home Cheaper No automated system recovery No remote desktop Unable to join a domain No multi-processor support

8 XP Minimum Requirements Component Minimum Recommended CPU 233Mhz 300Mhz Memory 64Mb 256Mb Hard Disk 1.5Gb available 4Gb available Video At least 800 x 600 At least 800 x 600

9 Upgrading to XP Win 98 Win ME Win NT4 Workstation (SP5+) Win XP Professional W2000 (including service packs) Win XP Home Edition

10 Installation

11 Text Based Installation Phase Can Install XP or repair an existing installation Can create or delete partitions Format partitions using FAT32 or NTFS

12 Graphical Installation Phase Regional Settings Product Name & Organisation Product Code Computer Name Administrator password Date + Time Network options (DHCP or not) Network membership (workgroup or domain) Reboot

13 Installation Log Files In c:\windows setupact.txt Action log in chronological order e.g. copying files, registry entries setuperr.log List of errors, if any, that occurred during installation debug\netsetup.log Logs activity for joining a domain or workgroup

14 Microsoft Product Activation Used to combat software privacy Ensures that each XP licence is used only once Mandatory activation within 30 days of installation Product ID Code (unique 20-digit number) + 50 digit value (identifies key hardware components e.g. RAM, hard drive) Microsoft returns a 42-digit product activation code once it receives these 2 items

15 Command Prompts Start Run Command Start Run Cmd Use for old DOS applications Has more functions than command.com

16 XP Directory Structure \program files Programs \Windows main O.S. files some system programs e.g. Notepad \windows\system32 system files, some system programs e.g. regedit32 \windows\system32\config registry files \windows\temp temporary files

17 XP Directory Structure \Documents and Settings\ Profile Directories Where user files are stored Each user has their own folder Each user has their own My Documents Start Menu Desktop NTUSER.DAT registry file (settings)

18 XP Boot Files The following files must be present in the root folder of the active partition (usually c:) NTLDR First boot file initialises the boot process reads the boot.ini file to find list of available O.S. s BOOT.INI List of available O.S. s for booting NTDETECT.COM Detects basic hardware on the system

19 XP System Files The core O.S. files are NTOSKRNL.EXE Kernel of the O.S. Found in \windows\system32 HAL.DLL SYSTEM Hardware Abstraction Layer Found in \windows\system32 Main registry file Found in \windows\system32\config

20 Registry Uses a number of files called hives that make up the system part of the registry Store in \windows\system32\config Information about each user is stored in \documents and settings\ntuser.dat

21 XP Registry Hives DEFAULT Default user settings e.g. default screensaver and desktop background SAM Security Accounts Manager - Local user accounts database SECURITY Security policy settings e.g. who can change the desktop background? etc. SOFTWARE Info about local software and configuration SYSTEM Info about the O.S. itself, hardware settings

22 XP Registry Keys HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT Info about software and how it is configured File associations HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG Info about the current hardware profile HKEY_CURRENT_USER Info about the currently logged on use - desktop preferences etc. HKEY_USERS Default profile settings HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Info on device drivers, hardware and all configuration data

23 Control panel Best way to access registry Central location for making system changes Two views Category Classic

24 Control Panel Category View

25 Control Panel Classic View

26 New and improved tools Improved Start Menu System Restore Automated System Recovery Driver Rollback Automated Windows Updates Built-in CD-r and CD-rw support Wizards

27 Improved Start Menu Most common tools and icons are now right off the start menu Direct access to specific areas Control panel My documents My computer Recently access programs

28 System Restore Allows you to go back in time Restores program settings Restore points automatically created on system changes Use caution Always create a restore point prior to restoring

29 Automated System Recovery User as a last resort to bring system back Used with backup tool creating disk sets with info on system state, disc config etc Periodic updates of ASR should be done as part of system maintenance.

30 Driver Rollback Allows the restoration of previous drivers In the case that a new driver is installed that causes hardware to fail or not function Driver roll back allows you to restore that previous driver state Useful if doing driver updates from Microsoft's side or on your own

31 Automated Windows Updates Located in the security center Can do one of 4 options 1 do not update 2 notify of updates but do nothing 3 download and notify but do not install 4 download and install updates

32 Built-in CD-r and CD-rw support XP is the first to have CD-R and CD-RW There is currently no support for burning DVD media

33 Wizards Most tools built into windows XP have a wizard A wizard is used to simplify the setup of said tools A series of questions are posed to the user where they can select certain options. From these questions parameters are setup to run the tool in question

34 MMC Microsoft Management Console mmc.exe allows you to place utilities called snap-ins you run a lot in a convenient place Start Run mmc Click Console Add/Remove Snapin Add

35 Administrative Tools Combines most of the snap-ins in a convenient location Computer Management Device Manager System Information Event Viewer Disk Management Services

36 Computer Management Right click My Computer and select Manage

37 Device Manger Right click My Computer, select Properties, click the Hardware tab and then click the Device Manager button

38 System Information Right click My Computer, select Manage System Tools System Information

39 Event Viewer Start Run eventvwr Five Event Types: Info Warning Error Success Audit

40 Disk Management A graphical version of FDISK Shows all hard drives in the system Can delete, create, format partitions on all drives

41 Disk Management

42 Services A service is a program that runs in the background regardless of whether someone is logged in or not The following are examples of services: World Wide Web Publishing Service Web Server Service Netlogon service Manages network interaction and authentication Event Log service Allows the system/applications to make log entries Server Allows you to share files/printers Workstation Allows you to connect to shared items on other PCs

43 Services Double click on a service to see it s properties Each service can be started, stopped or restarted

44 Optimization and Monitoring

45 Performance Options Select Optimize Performance for Background Services if you use services such as IIS, FTP, Domain Services a lot If not, optimize for applications e.g. Word, Excel etc. This adjusts how multi-tasking is performed

46 Virtual Memory Sets the size of the page (swap) file

47 Performance Monitors A graphical display of real-time system performance Start Run perfmon Right click in here and select Add Counters These 4 counters have been added

48 Task Manager Ctrl Alt Del Task Manager

49 Task Manager - Processes

50 Task Manager - Performance

51 Maintenance

52 Windows Update Start Windows Update 2 types of update Patch or Security Update Fixes a specific bug or security weakness Service Pack A number of patches grouped together in a single.exe file

53 Types of Windows Update Critical Recommended Software Driver Updates

54 Driver Signing A device driver that has been tested and approved by Microsoft is digitally signed System Properties Hardware Tab Driver Signing Button Lots of manufacturers don t go through the verification process because it s too expensive

55 Disk Defrag In My Computer right click the drive you want to defragment Properties Tools Defragment Now Also Start Run dfrg.msc Can Analyse or Defrag

56 Disk Defrag

57 Scandisk In My Computer, right click the drive you want to check Select Properties Tools Error checking.. Click Check Now

58 Scheduled Tasks In Control Panel, run the Scheduled Tasks Wizard

59 Scheduled Tasks

60 Troubleshooting Backups Last Known Good Configuration Safe Mode ERD (emergency repair disk) Recovery Console

61 Backup XP Start Programs Accessories System Tools Backup Also Start Run ntbackup Windows 7 backup is located in Control Panel\System and Security\Backup and Restore

62 Backup The files and folders that you backup are store in a single backup.bkf file

63 Backup Archive Bit The archive bit is turned on every time a file is modified Backup programs use this to avoid backing up files which haven t changed since the last backup Once a file is backed up, the backup program can turn off the archive bit

64 Backup Types Copy Copies selected files and folders irrespective of archive bit and doesn t turn off the archive bit Full (Normal) Copies all files and folders on the PC and turns off the archive bit Incremental Backs up only files and folders with archive bit turned on and then turns off the archive bit Differential Backs up only files and folders with archive bit turned on but doesn t turn off the archive bit afterwards

65 Backup Schemes Generally one full backup on a Friday night and partial backups every other night Backup Scheme 1 Full backup every Friday night Differential backups every other night Requires 2 tapes (1 tape for the full backup and 1 tape for the differential backups) Backup Scheme 2 Full backup every Friday night Incremental backups every other night Requires 5 tapes (1 tape for the full backup and 4 tapes for the incremental backups Mon,Tues, Wed, Thurs)

66 Last Known Good Configuration Troubleshooting option on the boot menu Having installed a new device driver which has a bad a affect on your system, use this option to get back to the configuration settings before the device driver was installed Also useful if a critical device driver is accidentally deleted or disabled

67 Last Known Good Configuration F8 on start-up to display Troubleshooting Menu 2 options: Default Configuration settings from when the PC was last shut down Last Known Good Configuration settings from last successful log on If you successfully log on after getting error messages, Last Known Good is not useful

68 Safe Mode F8 at Start-up, then select Safe Mode Loads minimum level of device drivers + default display driver (vga.sys) Safe mode is the first troubleshooting step

69 Repair Using the CDROM Use this method if Last Known Good and Safe Mode don t solve the problem Boot off CD ROM and select Repair Repair gives 2 options: 1. Emergency Repair Process (this uses an ERD disk created with the backup program) 2. Recovery Console

70 Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) A floppy disk containing: Critical Boot Files System Information It is a good idea to update your ERD before installing new hardware or software The ERD is not a bootable floppy and should not be used as a substitute for a backup

71 Emergency Repair Process 1. Boot off CD ROM 2. Select Repair and Emergency Repair Process 3. Two options (both check the MBR and critical system files, replacing off the CD if necessary) 1. Fast Repair Installs the version of the Registry when the O.S. was first installed. Use this option as a last resort 2. Manual Repair Corrects everything except for the registry Allows you to manually restore the registry using the Recovery Console Both Fast Repair and Manual Repair will prompt you for an ERD

72 Recovery Console Can t boot directly to a command prompt Use Recovery Console instead Allows you to access the following: 1. Root directory and boot partition 2. \windows folder and sub-folders 3. Floppy and CD ROM drives

73 Recovery Console Uses Manually restoring the Registry Rebuilding Partitions (except for the system partition) Repairing the Master Boot Record (MBR) Recovery Console can be started in 2 ways 1. Boot from CD ROM 2. Insert CD ROM and type d:\i386\winnt32 /cmdcoms at the command prompt

74 Windows Vista Overview of new options

75 Desktop The Windows Vista desktop introduces powerful features, from the improved Start menu to Windows Sidebar along with the new look of Windows Aero Design implements were based for better efficiency Interface design was intended to echo the efficiency of the MAC O/S Aero allowed for greatly enhanced graphics tricks while moving windows to switching between applications Downside is at the time older computer systems could not work with AERO due to its extreme graphical demands

76 Vista Start button The Start button has a new appearance, and the Start menu functions differently than in previous versions of Windows. For example, the improved All Programs menu now opens from within the Start menu, instead of opening another menu. You can open any program or folder with a single click The quickest way to locate programs is to use the Start menu's new Search box. Typing in the search box will immediately display your results and will include programs, documents, files, settings even messages etc within the O/S Once your desired result was found all need do was to click on it

77 Windows Sidebar You can use Sidebar to organize and easily access the information that you need the most without cluttering your workspace. The things you'll see on Sidebar, such as the clock, are customizable programs called gadgets. You can add new gadgets to Sidebar based on what you would prefer to have there. Sidebar gadgets are readily available through Microsoft's site and generally have a great deal of customizability to them. Things that you use on a regular basis can be added to the side bar to increase productivity and reduce the searching of applications users would do. These applications include.. Calculator that performs basic math functions. Analog clock (several designs to choose from). CPU and memory meters that let you keep an eye on the amount of system resources in use. Currency converter for quick international monetary calculations. Feed viewer for tracking news, sports, and entertainment headlines via RSS. Feed watcher for monitoring your selected RSS feeds. Notepad for quickly jotting reminders or bits of info you need to keep. etc

78 Taskbar The taskbar looks similar to XP's but with a black metallic finish and round start button. The quick launch bar, open apps section, and system tray are all in the usual places. A new add on is when you hover over an open application icon a preview of that window pops up If there are multiple instances of that application, you'll see a whole stack of preview pages.

79 Enhancements Enhancements and add-ons to core programs like , movie maker, paint etc give the user a lot more functionality. Included in some versions of Vista is Windows media center giving the user a central location to manage their multi media content. In general the revamp of the windows O/S is making it more of a user friendly environment leaning more towards what Mac users enjoy. Enhanced sleep mode which saves your files before system power down Updates can now be done thought Vistas own applet and not through explore as an option etc

80 Security All these improvements are great but the big push on Microsoft's behalf was enhanced security. Some of the add-ons for security include The new IE 7 browser offers a protected mode to keep malicious software (malware) or Web sites from changing configuration settings. Windows Service Hardening keeps OS services from making changes to the registry, file system, etc., without your permission. (User Access Control) Windows Firewall now controls outbound traffic as well as inbound; firewall settings can be controlled via Group Policy. User Account Control does away with the need to run as an administrator for everyday tasks and prevents standard users from making dangerous changes to settings or running potentially harmful executable programs. Remote Desktop can now be configured to require Network Level Authentication for better security on RDP sessions. The Network Access Protection (NAP) agent is included in Vista and prevents Vista clients from connecting to your network if they don't have the proper security updates, virus signatures, and other criteria. BitLocker is a new feature that can encrypt the entire system volume, including Windows system files and the hibernation file, to protect from offline attacks if a machine is physically accessed (such as a stolen laptop). Security scanning software to help keep all those little virus bugs at bay Confusingly no administrator account which helps with security of hackers knowing the username of one of the users on a Vista system

81 Compatibility mode As with XP Compatibility mode allows for none standard Vista software to be installed If you have a program designed for XP without the thought that Vista will muck up everything, compatibility mode will allow legacy software to run. (for the most part) The big change is a check button to allow the program to run in administrator mode

82 Windows Explorer Although initially not a big difference over the windows XP Explorer window we do see some very nice additions. 1. Page now has more of a web browser feel to it 2. Simpler address bar showing file locations rather than path addresses. 3. Simpler path specific search option 4. Menu bar simpler 5. Menu bar hidden by default but can be retrieved by pressing alt key 6. New favorite links shows common profile document locations 7. file layout which is much the same as XP 8. Organization links allowing easier sorting. Right clicking will allow you to add more detail about files for sorting and organization 9. Preview window saving users from having to open the document to see if it s the one they want 10 Details area giving information on the file selected Name, Type, Authors, size etc

83 Windows Vista features

84 Windows 7

85 Windows 7 New Features The Windows 7 operating system shares many features and functions with Windows Vista Action Center allows users to see what alerts Windows 7 shows; a handy way to control those annoying UAC messages while not having to disable it. Aero Shake click and shake one open window and all others on the desktop will minimize. Aero Snap drag a window to any edge of the display and it will automatically re-size. Aero Peek - point to the right edge of the taskbar to watch open windows turn transparent, revealing all your hidden icons and gadgets Aero Templates, Themes new backgrounds and themes unique and created for Windows 7 (including free additional themes downloadable from Microsoft).

86 Device Stage - helps users interact with any compatible device connected to a Windows 7 computer; view device status and run common tasks from a single window. The key words here are "compatible devices. Greater support for devices that Windows Vista did not have On fresh install most devices are found and installed with fully functional drivers Domain Join helps business users quickly connect to different office networks. Gadgets (Improved) the Sidebar has been eliminated; Gadgets can be placed anywhere; New Gadgets have more functionality. Home Group enables users to quickly and easily create home networks between computers using Windows 7.

87 Jump Lists - right-click a program icon and see a list of recently used files that use that program. Libraries - make it easier to find, work with, and organize documents, music, pictures, and videos scattered across your PC or network. Location-Aware Printing if you travel between offices or home and office, this feature is handy: Windows 7 remembers which network and printer you're using and automatically switches the default printer to match the one you last used.

88 Multiplayer Games Microsoft has revived 3 XP multiplayer games: Internet Checkers, Internet Spades, and Internet Backgammon. Networking (Improved) improved task bar widget that allows for quick network connection and configuration. Network grouping by type, also pre configured firewall to go with each group type Play to function - right-click the music tracks you d like to hear and select Play To. Play To works with other PCs running Windows 7 and devices compliant with the Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) media standard. Performance (Improved) For Sleep mode to reconnect with Wireless Networks, limited background processes to those needed for currently used devices, faster desktop searching, and easier setup for external devices.

89 Task Bar (Improved) - "pin" favorite programs anywhere on the taskbar; rearrange programs in any way you like by clicking and dragging. Point to a taskbar icon to see a thumbnail preview of open files or programs. Then, move your mouse over a thumbnail to preview the window full-screen. Gives live view of what is happening when you mouse over the icon. Windows Media Center (Improved) a few new features and integrates with Home Group. Windows Media Player 12 An upgrade from version 11 that plays the most popular audio and video formats including new support for 3GP, AAC, AVCHD, DivX, MOV, and Xvid; also available by download, no doubt. Windows Touch support for computer touch screens. Windows XP Mode Allows an XP session of Windows to run so that Business applications will work within Windows 7 however, will not work with most current Intel and some AMD-based computers. Accessibility Speech recognition, Magnifier, onscreen keyboard, narrator. Etc Windows 7 is a very secure and very robust O/S building on the success and failures of its predecessors.

90 Windows 7 features

91 Windows Directory Structures Windows operating system core directory Windows or Winnt (windows 2000) Program files directory Program files, program files (x86) Profile directory Documents and settings, User Windows Vista and Windows 7 special directories Program data How do we tell from directory structures the differences between the operating systems.

92 O/S Lab

93 Windows help and support Activate off the start menu or pressing F1 Search for help by category, pick a task or ask for assistance Search may have to be re worded for best results Returns step by step instructions, tutorials or other

94 Explorer Create a unique extension that will open in a notepad window Create a file in notepad with the unique extension you have though up Manipulate Hidden files, hide extensions, hide protected system files etc. Through view in folder options

95 Become familiar with Msconfig Sysedit Winmsd What do they do How can they help you in your day to day work

96 Administration tools Scheduled tasks Set one up System backup Run a system backup MMC (microsoft management console) Make a custom MMC

97 Find Virtual Memory settings Remote desktop connection (via ) Classic and standard view for start menu System restore (create a restore point) Use help and support if needed.

98 Know Directory Structures Windows 9x * Windows 2000 * Windows XP * Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Not needed for exams but relevant