ANSYS, Inc. Release Notes

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1 ANSYS, Inc. Release Notes ANSYS, Inc. Release 14.5 Southpointe October Technology Drive Canonsburg, PA ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001: (T) (F)

2 Copyright and Trademark Information 2012 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited. ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, Ansoft, AUTODYN, EKM, Engineering Knowledge Manager, CFX, FLUENT, HFSS and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used by ANSYS, Inc. under license. CFX is a trademark of Sony Corporation in Japan. All other brand, product, service and feature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Disclaimer Notice THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions of that software license agreement. ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001:2008. U.S. Government Rights For U.S. Government users, except as specifically granted by the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement, the use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions stated in the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement and FAR (for non-dod licenses). Third-Party Software See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, please contact ANSYS, Inc. Published in the U.S.A.

3 Table of Contents Global... ix 1. Advisories... ix 2. Installation... x 3. Licensing... x 4. ANSYS Customer Portal... xi I. ANSYS Structural Products Mechanical Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases General Enhancements Performance Enhancements Analysis Enhancements Contact and Connection Enhancements Graphics Enhancements Loads/Supports/Conditions Enhancements Finite Element (FE) Enhancements Mapping Enhancements Solution Enhancements Results Enhancements Ease of Use Enhancements Documentation Enhancements Mechanical APDL Structural Contact User-Defined Friction Enhancements User-Defined Contact Interaction Defining Real Constants via Subroutine Defining Real Constants in Tabular Format Elastic Slip Controlling the Units of Normal Contact Stiffness Surface-Based Constraints D Node-to-Node Contact Element Elements and Nonlinear Technology D to 3-D Analysis Nonlinear Submodeling Initial Curve Effects for Shells Material Modeling Initial State iii

4 Release Notes User-Defined Field Variables and Field-Variable-Dependent Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Isotropic Hardening for Chaboche Curve Fitting Linear Dynamics Shared Memory Parallel (SMP) in PSD Analyes Multiple Pressure Load Vectors in MPRS and PSD Analyses Coupled-Field Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Acoustics Diffusion New Diffusion Elements New Diffusion Surface and Body Loads Radiation Solvers Distributed ANSYS Enhancements GPU Acceleration Enhancements Other Solver Changes and Enhancements Linear Perturbation Support for Static Analysis Support for Superelements Nonlinear Spring Element Support Results File Commands New Commands Modified Commands Undocumented Commands Elements New Elements Modified Elements Undocumented Elements Archived Elements Other Enhancements Soil-Pile Analysis Tabular Data Stored on Jobname.LDHI Documentation Acoustic Theory Technology Demonstration Guide Fitting Parameters for a Chaboche Kinematic Hardening Model Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Simulation iv

5 Release Notes Analysis of a Piezoelectric Flextensional Transducer in Water Feature Archive Documentation Updates for Programmers Using Mixed Languages for Compiling and Linking User Programmable Features Routines and Functions Updated Known Incompatibilities Results File Format LINK180 Element Results Hydrostatic Fluid Elements with KEYOPT(1) = Contact Stiffness Behavior Radiation View Factor as a Function of GAP Ramped Friction Coefficient in a Brake Squeal Analysis User-Defined Friction Subroutine (userfric) Material Mass Density for FLUID130 Element AUTODYN Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases New Features Documentation AQWA Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases AQWA Solver Modules Hydrodynamic Analysis Systems Beamcheck New Features Fatjack New Features II. ANSYS Fluids Products FLUENT New Features in ANSYS FLUENT Supported Platforms for ANSYS FLUENT Known Limitations in ANSYS FLUENT Limitations That No Longer Apply in ANSYS FLUENT Updates Affecting Code Behavior CFX New Features and Enhancements General Changes to ANSYS CFX ANSYS CFX-Solver v

6 Release Notes ANSYS CFX-Pre ANSYS CFX Documentation Incompatibilities CFX-Solver TurboGrid BladeModeler BladeGen BladeGen New Features and Enhancements BladeEditor BladeEditor New Features and Enhancements CFD-Post New Features and Enhancements Incompatibilities POLYFLOW Introduction New Features Defect Fixes Known Limitations III. ANSYS Electronics Products Icepak Introduction New and Modified Features in ANSYS Icepak IV. ANSYS Geometry & Mesh Prep Products DesignModeler General Enhancements CAD Integration Meshing Resuming Databases from Previous Releases Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases Assembly Meshing Changes and Enhancements Fracture Meshing MultiZone Quad/Tri Mesh Method Enhancements MultiZone Mesh Method Enhancements Local Size Control Enhancements Ease of Use Enhancements ANSYS ICEM CFD Workbench Component IC Engine ICEM CFD Highlights of ANSYS ICEM CFD Key New Features/Improvements Workbench Add-In Component vi

7 Release Notes General Prism Meshing Blocking Ogrid Smooth Transition Documentation Tutorials FLUENT Meshing New Features Known Limitations V. ANSYS Simulation Products Workbench ANSYS Workbench Design Point Enhancements User Interface Enhancements Licensing Enhancements Tighter Integration Between ANSYS Workbench and EKM Incompatibilities Engineering Data Workspace Release Notes External Data Release Notes FE Modeler Release Notes Remote Solve Manager (RSM) Release Notes System Coupling Numerics Changes Known Limitations TurboSystem Release Notes New Throughflow Analysis System ANSYS TurboGrid in Workbench TurboGrid New Features and Enhancements Vista CPD Vista CPD New Features and Enhancements Vista CCD Limitation EKM New Features DesignXplorer Optimization Systems and Methods Optimization Criteria and Properties Design of Experiments Candidate Points Chart Enhancements Design Point Enhancements User Interface Enhancements vii

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9 Global Release Notes The release notes are specific to ANSYS, Inc. Release 14.5 and arranged by application/product, with the exception of: Advisories (p. ix) Installation (p. x) Licensing (p. x) ANSYS Customer Portal (p. xi) Note that installation- and licensing-specific information is detailed in some application and product sections. The release notes are available as a printed manual included with the product, and accessible in the ANSYS Help Viewer or online via the ANSYS Customer Portal (p. xi). Release notes specific to previous ANSYS, Inc. releases: Version 14.0 Version 13.0 Version 12.1 for Linux Version Advisories In addition to the incompatibilities noted within the release notes, known nonoperational behavior, errors and/or limitations at the time of release are documented in the Known Issues and Limitations document, although not accessible via the ANSYS Help Viewer. See the ANSYS Customer Portal for information about the ANSYS service packs and any additional items not included in the Known Issues and Limitations document. First-time users of the customer portal must register to create a password. The legacy ANSYS Flotran fluid dynamics capability embedded in some ANSYS Mechanical family products (such as ANSYS Mechanical/FLOTRAN and ANSYS Multiphysics) will no longer be supported after ANSYS Release ix

10 Global 2. Installation The following features are new or changed at Release Please review these items carefully. ANSYS, Inc. has discontinued support for the Linux Itanium 64 platform for all products. The installation package on Windows now features a new entry screen for easier navigation and faster access to installation help. If you have any non-commercial versions of the software installed, such as a preview version, you will be prompted to uninstall that version before continuing. Installation packages are now compressed using 7Zip for smaller packages and typically faster installation on Windows. Dual media installation has been improved. BladeEditor is now supported on Linux platforms. The PDF help for certain products has been removed from the installation and is now available on the ANSYS Customer Portal. EKM Server installation is now part of the unified installation process. See the EKM Installation Guide for detailed installation instructions. 3. Licensing The following enhancements have been made to ANSYS, Inc. Licensing for Release 14.5: The Complete Unfinished Licensing Installation Configuration option of the server ANSLIC_ADMIN utility is no longer enabled on Windows machines. The Sun Solaris x64 (solx64) and Linux Itanium 64 (linia64) are no longer supported by the ANSYS, Inc. License Manager. ANSYS Workbench users can now track license usage, and those who are running Design Point studies can reserve the licenses that will be needed to complete a study. With that capability, we provide the license administrator the ability to turn either/both the license tracking and license reservation capabilities off at the site x

11 level. For more information, see Modify Startup Options in the Installation and Licensing Documentation. ANSYS, Inc. now offers additional license options called HPC Parametric Packs for ANSYS Workbench jobs requiring multiple design point updates. HPC Parametric Packs enable you to simultaneously update multiple design points of a single design study while using only a single license of each required base license. You must use the ANSYS Workbench reserved licensing feature to use HPC Parametric Pack licenses. For more information, see HPC Parametric Pack Licensing in the Installation and Licensing Documentation. Release 14.5 licensing has significantly improved robustness and client load capability. For example, the Licensing Interconnect is now able to support three times more client connects in Release 14.5 as compared to Release The ANSYS, Inc. License Manager can now be installed to any location on Windows machines. ANSYS, Inc. now offers the Application Customization Toolkit (ACT) as a licensed product. With the ACT product, you can extend existing capabilities, add new capabilities, and automate repetitive tasks in an interactive, Python-based environment. 4. ANSYS Customer Portal If you have a password to the ANSYS Customer Portal (support.ansys.com), you can view additional documentation information and late changes. The portal is also your source for ANSYS, Inc. software downloads, service packs, product information (including example applications, current and archived documentation, undocumented commands, input files, and product previews), and online support. All the product documentation is available in printable format (PDF). Note that the content of the files can be copied into word processing programs. Customer Portal access points: ANSYS Customer Portal Tutorials and input files To access tutorials and their input files on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to Documentation To access documentation files on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to xi

12 Global General information For further information about tutorials and documentation on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to xii

13 Part I: ANSYS Structural Products Release notes are available for the following ANSYS Stuctural products: Mechanical Application Mechanical APDL AUTODYN AQWA Beamcheck Fatjack

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15 Chapter 1: Mechanical Application Release Notes This release of the Mechanical application contains all of the capabilities from previous releases plus many new features and enhancements. Areas where you will find changes and new capabilities include the following: 1.1. Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases 1.2. General Enhancements 1.3. Performance Enhancements 1.4. Analysis Enhancements 1.5. Contact and Connection Enhancements 1.6. Graphics Enhancements 1.7. Loads/Supports/Conditions Enhancements 1.8. Finite Element (FE) Enhancements 1.9. Mapping Enhancements Solution Enhancements Results Enhancements Ease of Use Enhancements Documentation Enhancements 1.1. Incompatibilities and Changes in Product Behavior from Previous Releases Release 14.5 includes several new features and enhancements that result in product behaviors that differ from previous releases. These behavior changes are presented below. New Edit Mode for Section Planes. Mechanical now includes an explicit option for editing section planes. Creating Contour Result from Frequency Response Results. The feature to create contour results from Frequency Response results has undergone a behavior change. When the contour result is generated, the Phase Angle value now has a sign that is opposite of the Frequency Response result value. This matches the response amplitude of the generated contour result and the frequency response result. 3

16 Mechanical Fatjack Stress Histogram Results in Design Assessment: If Fatjack Stress Histogram DA Results were defined in an R14.0 project, when the project is opened in R14.5 it will be reset to the default (Damage Values, Per Wave (Solution)) and the user will have to redefine it if the results are to be re-evaluated. If the reset has not taken place automatically, the user may be required to reset the definitions manually. This can be accomplished by re-selecting the Fatjack Assessment Type from the Setup cell of the Design Assessment system on the Project Schematic. Importing Pressures from External Data. When importing pressures from External Data, any rotation transformations (Theta XY/YZ/ZX) specified in the External Data system will now be applied to the mapped data. Rotations, resulting from using a cylindrical projection coordinate system, for 2D to 3D mapping will also be applied. Prior to Release 14.5, these rotations were ignored. For legacy databases, re-importing data will result in rotations being applied and possibly differences in mapped results from what was observed in prior releases. Plot Elements Attached to Named Selections: A new annotation preference, Plot Elements Attached to Named Selections, replaces the Show Mesh object property in the Details view of the Named Selections folder object. This option is off by default. Disconnect Job from RSM. Previously, solutions submitted through the RSM from Mechanical that are then removed directly from the RSM window (Remove...Del while in Queued state) before it gets submitted, the job is automatically disconnected. Now, you need to use the Solution folder RMB option Disconnect Job from RSM from Mechanical General Enhancements The following general enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Coupling Formulation on Remote Points. You can now specify a Coupled Behavior for a Remote Point. Using the Coupled option, your geometry will have the same solution for the selected Active DOFs on its underlying nodes as at the Remote Point location. Filtering of Objects in Tree Outline. You can now filter a large tree for objects matching one or more search terms. 4

17 Generating Objects from a Template Object. A new Object Generator enables you to create one or more copies of a template object, scoping each to a different piece of geometry. Tagging Objects. You can now tag objects in the tree and use those tags for filtering and searching. Named Selection Worksheet Criterion - Distance. Distance is a new worksheet criterion. This value defines a distance from the origin of a selected Coordinated System. This property allows you to find nodes within a specified radius from a points or find the closest face, edge, etc. Symmetry Region. The Symmetry Region object now includes the new Linear Periodic type that allows the simulation of the structural models with translational symmetry. This option automatically enforces match meshing of selected geometries similar to Periodic and Cyclic Symmetry Regions. Cyclic Symmetry With Remote Boundary Conditions. The following objects and boundary conditions are now supported in analyses that contain cyclic symmetry: Remote Forces, Remote Displacement, Moments, Point Masses, and Constraint Equations Performance Enhancements Performance Enhancements Release 14.5 has given special attention to the performance of Mechanical in various areas in order to provide a better responding product for both small and large models: Animation Performance Improvements. Animation performance has been improved. Typical speedup is about a factor of two as compared to prior versions. Additionally, you can specify how scaling is calculated for further control using the Compute Auto Scale Factor button. Result File Size Improvement - Random Vibration Analysis. Modal results are no longer included in the result file for a Random Vibration Analysis. As a result, the size of the result file has been significantly reduced for projects with large models and for projects that include a large number of modes. Complex Analysis Improvement. For complex analyses with thousands of bodies that use name selections, mesh connections, contacts or joints scoped to a over a thousand entities, the graphics performance has improved drastically and the memory footprint has decreased. 5

18 Mechanical Copying Tabular Data. The time required to copy large amounts of tabular data has been improved by at least a factor of 10. Faster post-processing of results for models with many bodies. The gathering of elemental information has been streamlined in Mechanical to improve the postprocessing of results. With models containing large number of bodies and elements, post-processing can now be post-processing can now be 2x to 5x faster. Improved speed and performance in post-processing and drawing of Harmonic Stress results. Mechanical now implements a better data caching mechanism for Harmonic Stress results, which sharply reduces the file I/O (by a factor of 5) and speeds up post-processing times by up to 75% and drawing times by up to 60%. Improved slice plane performance. Slice plane creation is faster in The Edit mode of slice planes is now an explicit option in Mechanical and Meshing; therefore models and meshes now interact more quickly when slice planes are present. You can activate Edit mode by toggling a button in the Section Plane window. Slice planes now also remain activated over geometry and mesh views thus cutting out operation times in re-activation. Improved performance in cyclic symmetry results: A number of enhancements have been made to improve the performance of the post-processor for cyclic symmetry models. First, the calculations have been streamlined for faster execution and parallelization and can perform 25-50% faster than in previous versions. Second, the calculation of phase sweeps has been deactivated by default on harmonic indices associated with frequency couplets in order to reduce the expense of obtaining contours at a given phase. Finally, it is now possible to display and animate results over a fraction of the total symmetry expansions and incur a corresponding fraction of the memory and computational expense. For example, on a model with Cyclic Symmetry of N, it is possible to use as little as 1/N of the memory and computation time when post-processing a single sector, which could pose a significant advantage when working with large models with small sector angles. Faster Named Selections. The general performance of Named Selections has improved in the areas of generation, selection, and usage. The improvement can be as much as 10x faster than in previous releases on large models. FE Connections Display. Displaying and exporting FE Connections has been improved by over a factor of 10. 6

19 Contact and Connection Enhancements 1.4. Analysis Enhancements The following analysis enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Pre-Stress MSUP Transient Analysis. You can now perform a Mode Superposition Transient Structural analysis that is linked to a pre-stressed Modal analysis. Submodeling. You can now perform a structural or thermal submodeling analysis, on solid bodies, by linking systems in the Project Schematic. Several mapping options are available to transfer displacements and temperatures at the cut-boundaries. Fracture Analysis. You can now compute fracture parameters that help you design within the limits of catastrophic failure to a structure. Fracture analysis assumes the presence of a crack in the structure. Composite Analysis. You can now perform solid composite analysis inside of Mechanical from ACP models Contact and Connection Enhancements The following contact and connection enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Connection Matrix. You can now view how bodies are connected in a new Connection Matrix in the Connections Worksheet. Model Topology. You can now view a summary of joint connections between bodies in a rigid dynamics analyses model using the new Model Topology Worksheet. Penetration Tolerance. For a Formulation setting of Program Controlled or Augmented Lagrange, you can now specify a Penetration Tolerance for a Contact Region. Joint Configure Context Toolbar. A new toolbar is now available when you have the Joint object selected, the Joint Configure Context Toolbar. The toolbar clarifies which configuration options are available when working with joints. These options were previously available on the Connections Context Toolbar. Forced Frictional Sliding. This new contact type is available. Using forced frictional sliding, a tangent resisting force is applied at each contact point. For more information, refer to Type No Separation. No separation contact is now fully supported for rigid body analyses. 7

20 Mechanical Radial Gap Stop. A new type of joint stop, radial gap stop, is available. A radial gap stop can be used to simulate a revolute joint with a gap between the inner and the outer cylinder that allows the shaft to translate and tilt in the outer cylinder. Shell Thickness Effect. This new contact property allows you to include or exclude the thickness of a surface body for an analysis involving contact pairs of surface bodies. See the Scope Settings section for more information. Trim Contact. This new contact property speeds the solution process by reducing the number of contact elements of each contact pair involved in the analysis. See the Definition Settings section for more information. Elastic Slip Tolerance. This new contact property allows you to set the allowable elastic slip values for a contact. See the Advanced Settings section for more information. Nonlinear Spring Stiffness. Nonlinear (or multi-rate) springs can now be simulated in a rigid dynamics analysis. Nonlinear Bushing. During rigid dynamics analyses, a nonlinear stiffness curve can now be added with a bushing joint. This can be used to simulate multi-rate bushing with nonlinear stiffness Graphics Enhancements The following graphical enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Graphical Views. The ability to manage and save multiple view settings has been introduced. This feature allows for a consistent graphical view between sessions. You can also export a view as Mechanical APDL Commands. Mesh Visibility. You can now indicate whether the mesh is automatically displayed when the Mesh object is selected in the Tree Outline, or if it s only displayed when you toggle it on. Maximum Number of Annotations. In the Graphics options, you can now select the maximum number of annotations to be displayed, from 0 to 50. The default is 10. Variable Data Toolbar. A new toolbar enables you to view contours or isolines effects on variable data, including spatial varying loads, imported loads, and thicknesses 8

21 Random Colors Display. A new toolbar button on the Graphics Options toolbar enables you to view each distinct load, support, named selection, or contact with a random color at each redraw. Annotation Preferences. A new Annotation Preferences dialog box allows you centralized control over the visibility of annotations, including custom annotations and annotation labels and annotations on objects such as cracks, point masses, and springs Loads/Supports/Conditions Enhancements The following loads/supports/conditions enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: EM (Electro-Mechanical) Transducer. This new node-based boundary condition allows you to model simple Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices. Fluid Solid Interface. The Fluid Solid Interface boundary condition is now supported for Steady-State Thermal Analyses. Coupling Formulation on Remote Boundary Conditions. You can now specify Coupled as the Behavior for Remote Boundary Conditions. Bearing. A new connection object, Bearing, is now available for use in Rotordynamic analyses to confine the relative motion/rotation of a rotating part. Tabular Loads. Tabular Loads now allow up to 100,000 entries. Bolt Pretension. The Bolt Pretension boundary condition can now be applied in a 2D analysis Finite Element (FE) Enhancements The following FE enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Finite Element (FE) Enhancements Coordinate Systems at Nodes. You can now create a coordinate system at a node. Results. Result objects can now be scoped to user-selected nodes. Frequency Response and Phase Response Charts. Frequency Response and Phase Response objects can now be scoped to user-selected nodes. 9

22 Mechanical Result Trackers. Structural Result Trackers and Thermal Result Trackers can now be scoped to a single node of the mesh or to geometry-based Named Selections or to a node-based Named Selection for a single node. Node Annotations: You can now toggle the visibility of mesh node annotations in Named Selection displays and mesh node numbers in Named Selection, Mesh, and Result displays. Plot Elements Attached to Named Selections: You can now toggle the visibility of elements for all items in the Named Selections group. In order to plot elements attached to Named Selections, toggle off the Show Mesh button. With the Show Mesh button toggled ON, you will always see the full mesh. Coordinate System Based on System Normal: You can now orient the principal axis based on the hit point normal of an existing coordinate system and create an aligned coordinate system based on the hit point Mapping Enhancements The following mapping enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Faster mapping with Kriging. Data mapping using the Kriging algorithm now utilizes multiple cores. For larger meshes utilizing 8 cores, a 6 to 7 times speedup can be obtained. Adaptive Kriging. By default, the Kriging technique now uses an adaptive algorithm to prevent gross errors in the estimation of mapped values. The new adaptive algorithm works separately for each target point and ensures that the mapped value does not exceed a user-specified limit by controlling the polynomial order and the number of source points used in the interpolation. New Graphics Options for Validation Objects. Validation objects have several new graphics options including: An option to plot source values as isolines or contours (Available only when source element data is provided from External Data using MAPDL CDB mesh input.). The ability to control the number of legend divisions. A new validation type, Undefined Points, has been added to allow displaying nodal data that does not have an associated data value. 10

23 New Legend Controls for Imported Load Objects. Imported Load objects have new legend controls for modifying the legend minimum and maximum range values Displacement and Force Import from External Files. Displacements and forces, specified in the External Data system, can now be imported and applied in a static or transient structural analysis. Complex Pressure Import from External Files Pressures, specified in the External Data system, can now be imported and applied in a Harmonic Response analysis. Enhancements for Thermal-Stress Analysis. Rigid Transformation Controls. New translation and rotation controls are now available to transform the source mesh and can be used to align the source with the target mesh. Display of Source Nodes. The Display Source Points option on the Imported Body Temperature object now allows you to display the source nodes on the target geometry and can be helpful in ensuring proper alignment. Enhancements when Handling Vectors. Rotation transformations (Theta XY/YZ/ZX) specified in the External Data system are now applied to the mapped data. Rotations, resulting from using a cylindrical projection coordinate system, for 2D to 3D mapping are now applied to the mapped data. When transferring data from the External Data system, you can choose to ignore specifying a source component identifier in the worksheet of the Imported Load if data for that direction is not available. Contour Plots for Imported Vector Data. For imported vector loads, the Data property in the details pane now allows you to view contours plots of the magnitude or X/Y/Z components. Scoping Enhancements. Mapping Enhancements Imported Loads, that import data on nodes (displacement, force, and temperature), can now be scoped to node-based Named Selections. Imported Temperature and Imported Displacement loads, when used to transfer data from the External Data system, can be scoped to all geometry entity types (body, face, edge, or vertex). 11

24 Mechanical Source Point Id Display Option for Imported Loads. Imported load objects have new option to display points with their corresponding identifier number Solution Enhancements The following solution enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Output Controls Velocity and Acceleration. The option to calculate velocity and/or acceleration results for a Random Vibration Analysis are now available allowing you to customize your random vibration solution. This option allows you to reduce solution time for random vibration analyses by not including the velocity and/or acceleration results. Output Controls Calculate Reactions on Constrained Nodes. For Mode Superposition (MSUP) Harmonic and Transient analyses that are linked to a Modal analysis, the Nodal Forces option of the Output Controls property of the Analysis Settings object has a new option: Constrained Nodes. This option causes only constrained nodes to be used in the calculation of reaction forces and moments. As a result, the result file size is reduced and in some cases, processing time may be reduced. Options Control for Harmonic Analysis. Variational Technology is a new solution method option. Based upon the Full method, Variational Technology expedites solution processing time by using a harmonic sweep capability of an add-on VT Accelerator. Include Residual Vector. The Analysis Settings Option group property, Include Residual Vector, has been added. It allows you to calculate or include residual vectors for Harmonic and Transient Structural Analysis Using Linked Modal Analysis Systems. This feature accounts for high frequency dynamic responses with fewer eigenmodes. Damping Controls. The Damping Controls for Harmonic Response, Transient Structural, Response Spectrum, and Random Vibration analyses now support all constant damping ratios, stiffness matrix multiplier damping (Beta damping), and mass matrix multiplier damping (Alpha damping). Explicit Dynamics Solution Settings Options. Explicit may be used for a wide range of applications, and the default set of Analysis Settings are not necessarily suited to every application. The Analysis Settings defaults for Explicit have been selected in order to provide the most robust solution. This is sometimes at the expense of speed of solution. Therefore, a new Analysis Settings Type property has 12

25 been added. This will allow selection of particular defaults depending on the requirements of the user. The following options are available: Program Controlled This is the default setting and is identical to the analysis settings for older versions of Explicit. The priority is for a robust solution. Low Velocity Recommended for low deformation/velocity (<100m/s) analyses. High Velocity Recommended for high deformation/velocity (>100m/s) analyses. Efficiency Settings for minimum runtime. In some cases, this may have an impact on robustness and accuracy. Quasi-static Recommended for quasi-static analyses. Explicit Dynamics Minimum Strain Rate Cutoff Setting. A Minimum Strain Rate Cutoff setting has been added to the Explicit Dynamics Solver Controls settings. Explicit Dynamics Strain Rate Correction for the Johnson-Cook and Cowper- Symonds Material Models. For all shell element types, a first order as well as an implicit strain rate correction is available for the Johnson-Cook and Cowper-Symonds material models to reduce high frequency oscillations that are sometimes observed in the yield surface under high strain rates. The first order strain rate correction is applied by default. The implicit strain rate correction can be used in cases where the first order strain rate correction does not suffice, although at the cost of extra CPU time usage. Explicit Dynamics Output Contact Forces Option. You can now write out the contact forces for 3D Explicit Dynamics analyses to text files. The frequency and number of contact forces can be specified Results Enhancements The following results enhancements have been made at Release 14.5: Results Enhancements Reactions. You can now obtain reaction forces and moments for Mesh Connections, Remote Points, grounded Beams, and grounded Springs using the Force Reaction or Moment Reaction probes. Reaction Probe Scoping Extended to Imported Loads. Imported Displacements and Imported Temperature loads can now be used to obtain force and heat reactions respectively. 13

26 Mechanical Node Picking on Result Plots. You can now pick nodes on the contour results. Reactions on Cutting Planes. You can now extract member forces and moment reactions through a model using a reaction probe scoped to a Surface Construction Geometry object. Contact Tool Fluid Pressure Penetration Result. You can now access the contact result for fluid pressure penetration in the contact tool. See Contact Results for more information. Design Assessment. The following enhancements have been made to the Design Assessment system: Multiple step results can now be defined, including tabular and graphical output. Solution combinations can now optionally include the combination of multiple steps or substeps, and presentation as a multiple step result. Solution combinations can now replicate the features previously presented using the Mechanical APDL LCOPER command. Results can now be determined based on a number of different combination or comparison methods. Phase Response in Harmonic Analysis. A Phase Increment control is now available when calculating the maximum phase response of results in a harmonic analysis. Cyclic Symmetry Results: In Cyclic Analyses you can now display and animate results over a fraction of the total symmetry expansions. Contact Result Trackers. Fluid Pressure, Minimum Geometric Sliding Distance, and Maximum Geometric Sliding Distance are new Contact Result Trackers. Damage Results: Mechanical now supports a number of damage results using nonlinear material models, including the Mullins Effect, Progressive Damage, and Physical Failure Criteria Ease of Use Enhancements The following usage enhancements have been made in Release 14.5: Surface (Construction Geometry). You can now create a Surface Construction Geometry object from a highlighted coordinate system object using the new rightclick feature, Create Construction Surface. 14

27 Engineering Data Workspace: You can now switch to the Engineering Data Workspace and perform operations from the highlighted Material Assignment Property of a selected body. Coordinate Systems Based on Nodes. You can now select one or more nodes, then create a coordinate system directly in the Graphics window. You can also select an individual node and create an aligned coordinate system on a solved vector principal stress or strain result. Coordinate Systems Based on a Surface Normal. You can now create a coordinate system based on a surface normal, either by orienting the principal axis of an existing coordinate system by hit point normal, or by creating a coordinate system aligned with a hit point. Show Errors Button. The Standard Toolbar now includes a Show Errors button. This feature populates the Message window with the error messages for any tree objects that are not properly defined. Disconnect Job from RSM. The new RMB option Disconnect Job from RSM is now available from the Solution folder allowing you to disconnect Mechanical from the current RSM job Documentation Enhancements Documentation Enhancements The following documentation enhancements have been made in Release 14.5: Title Change. The title of the Mechanical Application User s Guide had been simplified to Mechanical User Guide. General Help Restructure. The Mechanical documentation underwent restructuring that changed the hierarchical organization of the content to elevate subsections to lessen the degree to which a user must "drill" into the Help. User Interface. The Mechanical interface documentation was reorganized to group together relevant sections, reduce unnecessary topics, and more effectively arrange the material to aid customers in locating relevant material. Boundary Conditions. Large portions of the boundary conditions documentation were redesigned for the Mechanical 14.5 release. The majority of the sections were reorganized and given a common look and feel to give users the ability to navigate more quickly to a desired topic within each section. 15

28 Mechanical Example of Explicit to Implicit Analysis. In order to show how to exploit features of Explicit Dynamics, Design Assessment, and Mechanical APDL, an example (including sample files) is now available showing how to initialize an implicit analysis using results from an Explicit Dynamics analysis. 16

29 Chapter 2: Mechanical APDL Release Notes Release 14.5 of the Mechanical APDL application offers most of the capabilities from prior releases plus many new features and enhancements. Areas where you will find changes and new capabilities include the following: Structural (p. 17) Coupled-Field (p. 24) Low-Frequency Electromagnetics (p. 24) Acoustics (p. 24) Diffusion (p. 25) Radiation (p. 26) Solvers (p. 26) Linear Perturbation (p. 28) Results File (p. 29) Commands (p. 29) Elements (p. 34) Other Enhancements (p. 36) Also see Known Incompatibilities (p. 39) and ANSYS Customer Portal (p. xi) for important information about this release Structural Release 14.5 includes the following new features and enhancements for structural analyses: Contact 17

30 Mechanical APDL Elements and Nonlinear Technology Material Modeling Linear Dynamics Contact Release 14.5 includes the following enhancements for structural analyses involving contact: User-Defined Friction Enhancements User-Defined Contact Interaction Defining Real Constants via Subroutine Defining Real Constants in Tabular Format Elastic Slip Controlling the Units of Normal Contact Stiffness Surface-Based Constraints D Node-to-Node Contact Element User-Defined Friction Enhancements In prior releases, the USERFRIC user-defined friction subroutine was valid only for structural analysis, and could only be used with penalty-based tangential contact. Those restrictions have been removed. You can now use USERFRIC with any non-structural degrees of freedom and with the Lagrange multiplier method. The frictional stresses can be defined as a function of the slip increments and the contact/target temperatures. For more information, see Writing Your Own Friction Law (USERFRIC) in the Contact Technology Guide User-Defined Contact Interaction The USERINTER subroutine is now available for defining complex interactions between contacting surfaces when the existing interaction models are not adequate. This capability includes interaction in the normal direction, interaction in the tangential direction, and interaction among coupled multiphysics fields. You can write a USERINTER subroutine to program your own contact interactions for all current-technology contact elements (CONTA17x). The contact normal stress, tangential stresses, and the heat flux can be defined as a function of a number of variables such as slip increments, sliding rate, gap/penetration, temperature, and other passed-in variables. You can also introduce extra solutiondependent state variables that you can update and use within this user subroutines. You can specify a number of properties or constants associated with it. 18

31 For more information, see Defining Your Own Contact Interaction (USERINTER) in the Contact Technology Guide Defining Real Constants via Subroutine You can now write a USERCNPROP subroutine to program your own real constants for all current-technology contact elements (CONTA17x). For example, you can perform any nonlinear contact pressure/penetration operation instead of a linear operation (that is, use a varied contact stiffness instead of a constant stiffness). The contact stiffness can vary with pressure, penetration, temperature, and your own defined state variables. For more information, see Defining Your Own Real Constant (USERCNPROP) in the Contact Technology Guide Defining Real Constants in Tabular Format You can now define certain contact element real constants (such as FKN, FKT, TCC, ECC) as a function of primary variables (such as temperature, contact pressure, and gap function) via tabular input. This capability applies to all currenttechnology contact elements (CONTA17x), allowing more flexibility for accurately modeling contact behaviors. For more information, see Defining Real Constants in Tabular Format in the Contact Technology Guide Elastic Slip In prior releases, the elastic slip due to sticking in a contact analysis was guaranteed not to exceed the maximum allowable limit within a substep. In this release, a new slip algorithm implemented for the contact elements ensures that the elastic slip never exceeds the user-defined absolute limit (a negative value input for real constant SLTO) during the entire solution, not just within a substep. In addition, the following output quantities are now available (ETABLE) for all current-technology contact elements (CONTA17x): accumulated irreversible slip due to frictional sliding (PLSI), and total accumulated sliding (GSLID). By outputting these quantities, you can easily track the contact status (such as sticking, sliding, possible near-field opening) and the sliding distance from the start position to the current position for a given contact point. For more information, see Reviewing the Results in the Contact Technology Guide Controlling the Units of Normal Contact Stiffness When you input an absolute normal contact stiffness by specifying a negative value for real constant FKN, you can now control the units of FKN in contact Structural 19

32 Mechanical APDL elements CONTA171 through CONTA174. By default, the units of the user-specified absolute normal contact stiffness is FORCE/LENGTH 3. If a penalty-based algorithm is used, you can change the units to FORCE/LENGTH. In addition, you can use the CNKMOD command in a brake squeal analysis to change the units of the normal contact stiffness from FORCE/LENGTH 3 to FORCE/LENGTH during the linear perturbation stage of the analysis Surface-Based Constraints The following enhancements to surface-based constraints have been added: New Coupling Constraint -- In addition to the force-distributed surface constraint and rigid surface constraint, you can now use the internal multipoint constraint (MPC) feature of most current-technology contact elements (CONTA171 through CONTA177) to model coupling constraints. In this type of constraint, the degrees of freedom of contact nodes are constrained to have the same solution as the degrees of freedom of the pilot node, similar to a constraint defined via the CP command. For more information, see Surface-Based Constraints in the Contact Technology Guide. Multiphysics Support -- The surface-based constraints (force-distributed, rigid surface, and coupling constraint types) are no longer limited to structural degrees of freedom only. They now support temperature and other non-structural degrees of freedom. As an example, defining a force-distributed constraint on the temperature degree of freedom allows distribution of the heat flow to the contact surface D Node-to-Node Contact Element The following enhancements are available for the 3-D CONTA178 node-to-node contact element: A new spherical gap type is available, in addition to the existing unidirectional gap and cylindrical gap. You can now model rigid Coulomb friction, in which sliding always occurs regardless of the magnitude of the normal contact force and the friction coefficient. The option is useful for displacement-controlled problems or for certain dynamic problems where sliding dominates. You can now use the node-to-node contact element, in combination with coupled thermal-structural solid elements, thermal-electric-structural solid elements, or thermal elements to model multiphysics contact, including: 20

33 thermal conduction, convection, radiation, heat generation due to friction, external heat flux, electric conduction, and heat dissipation due to electric current. For more information, see Node-to-Node Contact in the Contact Technology Guide and the CONTA178 element description Elements and Nonlinear Technology Release 14.5 includes the following enhancements to elements and nonlinear technology used in structural analyses: D to 3-D Analysis Nonlinear Submodeling Initial Curve Effects for Shells D to 3-D Analysis It is sometimes necessary to extend 2-D nonlinear finite element results to a corresponding extruded 3-D body such that the solution can continue based on the 3-D model. For example, a 2-D axisymmetric rubber sealing simulation could be followed by a 3-D loading analysis of the same structure. A new 2-D to 3-D analysis capability extrudes (EEXTRUDE) a 2-D deformed mesh to a new 3-D mesh. The program updates the database as necessary, generates contact elements if needed, and transfers boundary conditions, loads, and nodal temperatures from the 2-D mesh to the extruded 3-D mesh. All solved variables (node and element solutions) are then mapped (MAP2DTO3D) to the new 3-D mesh automatically so that a 3-D analysis can be continued based on the 2-D results. Extrusion operates automatically on current-technology plane elements (PLANE182 and PLANE183) based on the element KEYOPT(3) setting. Direct axisymmetric or plane strain extrusion is available. The extrusion behavior of accompanying contact (CONTA171 and CONTA172), and flexible target (TARGE169) elements is determined by the plane element settings. Rigid target (TARGE169) elements are extruded in the global Z direction unless axisymmetric extrusion is in effect. For more information, see 2-D to 3-D Analysis in the Advanced Analysis Guide. Structural 21