Chapter 9. High Speed Digital Access
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1 Chapter 9 High Speed Digital Access
2 9-1 TELEPHONE NETWORK Telephone networks use circuit switching. The telephone network had its beginnings in the late 1800s. The entire network, which is referred to as the plain old telephone system (POTS), was originally an analog system using analog signals to transmit voice. Topics discussed in this section: Major Components LATAs (Local Access Transport Areas) Signaling Services Provided by Telephone Networks 9.2
3 Figure 9.1 A telephone system Transmission media that handle communication between office Twisted-pair cable that connects subscriber telephone to nearest end office or local central office 9.3
4 Figure 9.2 Switching offices in a LATA (Local Access Transport Area) Intra-LATA service: services offered by common carriers (telephone companies) inside LATA 9.4
5 Figure 9.3 Point Of Presences (POPs) Inter-LATA service: services between LATAs are handled by IntereXchange Carrier (sometime called long-distance companies) - Inter-LATA services can be provided by several IXCs 9.5
6 9-3 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE After traditional modems reached their peak data rate, telephone companies developed another technology, DSL, to provide higher-speed access to the Internet. Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most promising for supporting high-speed digital communication over the existing local loops. Topics discussed in this section: Asymmetric DSL: ADSL, ADSL Lite, RADSL, VDSL Symmetric DSL: HDSL, SDSL 9.6
7 Note ADSL is an asymmetric communication technology designed for residential users; it is not suitable for businesses. Upload speed < Download speed The existing local loops can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz. ADSL is an adaptive technology. The system uses a data rate based on the condition of the local loop line. 9.7
8 Figure 9.11 Bandwidth division in ADSL o Transmission: twisted-pair (1 pair) o Divides MHz bandwidth into three bands (256 channels; KHz per channel) o POT (voice) (channel 0) o Upstream (channel 6-30; 25 channels), o Downstream (channel ; 225 channels) 9.8
9 Figure 9.10 Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT) : modulation technique standard for ADSL BWQAM = 4kHz / channel 2 15 B1 B2 B control channel 24 data transfer 1 control channel 224 data transfer ~ 4 KHz / channel 60 Kbps/ channel 9.9
10 ANSI standard for ADSL Upstream ( KHz -> 25 channels) Each FDM sub channel: 4 KHz Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT): 15 bits per baud Data rate: 60 Kbps / channel Upstream data rate (no noise) : 25 x 60Kbps = 1.5 Mbps data rate (with noise) : 64 Kbps 1 Mbps Downstream ( KHz -> 200 channels) Downstream data rate: 200 x 60 Kbps = 12 Mbps data rate (with noise): 500 Kbps 8 Mbps 9.10
11 Figure 9.12 ADSL modem Customer Site 9.11
12 Figure 9.13 DSLAM : Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer -> multiplexing data from several ADSL users Telephone Company Site 9.12
13 Rate adaptive asymmetrical digital subscriber line (RADSL) Based on ADSL technology The difference Allowing different data rate and different bandwidth for different subscribers
14 Very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) o Newest technique similar to ADSL o The difference o Transmission types: o coaxial, fiber optic, or twisted pair o Distance 3,000-10,000 ft o Modulation : DMT o Upstream: 3.2 Mbps o Downstream: Mbps o Higher data rate with shorter distance
15 Very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) Frequency Plan 9.15
16 High bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) o Transmission: twisted-pair (2 pairs) o To achieve full-duplex transmission o Can be used as an alternative to T-1 or E-1 line o Data rate: Mbps Mbps o Up to distance of 12,000 ft (3.86 km) o Encoding: o 2B1Q (ISDN- 2bits/baud, 4 voltage levels [-1,-3,+1,+3]) Alternative to T-1 line : -T-1 uses AMI encoding : susceptible to attenuation high frequency -Limits length of T-1 line to 3200 ft (1Km) (repeater is needed)
17 Symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) o Similar to HDSL (one twisted-pair version of HDSL) o It provides full-duplex symmetric communication supporting up to 768 kbps in each direction o The difference o Transmission: twisted-pair (1 pairs) o Using Echo cancellation to create full-duplex over one transmission line
18 Table 9.2 Summary of DSL technologies 9.18
19 IEEE Ethernet Protocol
20 IEEE (10BaseT-10Mbps) 9.20
21 4D-PAM5 PAM-5 uses 5 different voltage levels, four to send data and one as a control bit. The data bits are defined as follows: volts volts volts volts Control -> 0 volts 9.21
22 9-4 CABLE TV NETWORKS The Cable TV network started as a video service provider, but it has moved to the business of Internet access. In this section, we discuss cable TV networks per se; in Section 9.5 we discuss how this network can be used to provide high-speed access to the Internet. Topics discussed in this section: Traditional Cable Networks Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network 9.22
23 Figure 9.14 Traditional cable TV network Communication in the traditional cable TV network is unidirectional. 9.23
24 Figure 9.15 Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network Communication in an HFC cable TV network can be bidirectional. 9.24
25 9-5 CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER Cable companies are now competing with telephone companies for the residential customer who wants high-speed data transfer. In this section, we briefly discuss this technology. Topics discussed in this section: Bandwidth Sharing Cable Modem (CM) and Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS) Data Transmission Schemes: Data Over Cable System Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 9.25
26 Figure 9.16 Division of coaxial cable band by CATV Subband division (6 MHz / channel) Video: MHz Upstream: 5-42 MHz Downstream: MHz Modulation Upstream: QPSK -> 12 Mbps Downstream: 64 QAM -> 30 Mbps 9.26
27 Figure 9.17 Cable Modem (CM) 9.27
28 Figure 9.18 Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS) 9.28
29 9.3 SONET (Synchronous Optical NETworks) SONET Devices SONET Frame Frame Transmission Synchronous Transport Signals STS-1 Virtual Tributaries Higher-Rate Service
30 Figure 9.10 A SONET (Synchronous Optical Networks) Multiplexs signals form multiple electrical sources and creates Optical Carrier (OC) Signal Synchronous Transport Signal multiplexer Repeater for extending length of links synchronous TDM system
31 Figure 9.11 Frame format SPE : Synchronous Payload Envelopment
32 STS-1 frames STS-n frames STS-1 frames in transition
33 Table 9.1 SONET rates STS OC Rate (Mbps) SPE (Mbps) User (Mbps) STS-1 OC STS-3 OC STS-9 OC STS-12 OC STS-18 OC STS-24 OC STS-36 OC STS-48 OC STS-192 OC
34 Fiber To The x (FTTx) Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) / Fiber-To-The-curb (FTTC) / Fiber-to-the-business (FTTC) Ultra Broadband บร การบรอดแบนด อ นเทอร เน ตผ านโครงข ายใยแก วน าแสง 9.34
35 Fiber To The x (FTTx) ความเร ว 30Mbps 1Gbps อ ปกรณ Transceiver (optical signal -> electrical signal (RJ45) ONT (FTTx Router) กล องพ กสาย Transceiver Router 9.35
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