Ling 51/Psych 56L: Acquisition of Language. Lecture 17 Development of syntax I
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1 Ling 51/Psych 56L: Acquisition of Language Lecture 17 Development of syntax I
2 Announcements HW 5 is due 11/30/18 - be working on it Be working on the review questions for morphology and syntax Consider taking language science courses next quarter (LINGUIS)!
3 Adult knowledge: The target state for syntax
4 Adult knowledge: The target state for syntax
5 Adult knowledge: The target state for syntax
6 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences never heard before... Some tulips are starting to samba across the chessboard.
7 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said...
8 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said that he thought...
9 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said that he thought that the odiferous leader of the goblins had it in mind...
10 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said that he thought that the odiferous leader of the goblins had it in mind to tell the unfortunate princess...
11 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said that he thought that the odiferous leader of the goblins had it in mind to tell the unfortunate princess that the cries that she made during her kidnapping from the nearby kingdom...
12 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many Sentences of prodigious length Sir Didymus said that he thought that the odiferous leader of the goblins had it in mind to tell the unfortunate princess that the cries that she made during her kidnapping from the nearby kingdom that the goblins themselves thought was a general waste of countryside...
13 Creativity of human language Ability to combine signs with simple meanings to create (1) Utterances with complex meanings (2) Novel expressions (3) Infinitely many So there is another hidden abstraction here which children with autism find a lot of difficulty coping with, and that's the fact that you can modify words and you can arrange them to have different meanings, to convey different ideas. Now, this is what we call grammar. And grammar is incredibly powerful, because grammar is this one component of language which takes this finite vocabulary that all of us have and allows us to convey an infinite amount of information, an infinite amount of ideas. It's the way in which you can put things together in order to convey anything you want to.
14 An account that won t work You just string words together in an order that makes sense In other words... Syntax is determined by Meaning (The way words are put together is determined solely by what they mean)
15 Syntax is more than meaning Nonsense sentences with clear syntax Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. (Chomsky) A verb crumpled the ocean. I gave the question a goblin-shimmying egg. which are incomprehensible when the syntax is nonsense *Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. *Ocean the crumpled verb a. *The question I an egg goblin-shimmying gave.
16 Syntax is more than meaning More nonsense sentences with clear syntax From Automated Alice by Jeff Noon: Oh spoons may dangle from a cow With laughter ten feet tall; But all I want to know is how It makes no sense at all. Oh shirts may sing to books who pout In rather rigid lines; But all I want to turn about Is how the world unwinds.
17 Syntax is more than meaning Famous nonsense sentences with clear syntax Twas brillig and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogroves, And the mome raths outgrabe Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch! - Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
18 Syntax is more than meaning 'It seems very pretty,' she said when she had finished it, 'but it's RATHER hard to understand!' (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) 'Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas -- only I don't exactly know what they are! However, SOMEBODY killed SOMETHING: that's clear, at any rate -- '
19 Syntax is more than meaning And these same nonsense sentences with nonsense syntax are incomprehensible Toves slithy the and brillig twas wabe the in gimble and gyre did...
20 Syntax is more than meaning Ungrammatical sentences that make perfect sense Jareth put the cape on. Jareth put on the cape. Jareth put it on. *Jareth put on it.
21 Syntax is more than meaning Ungrammatical sentences that make perfect sense Sarah gave a ring to the Wiseman. Sarah gave him a ring. Sarah donated a ring to the Wiseman. *Sarah donated him a ring.
22 Syntax is more than meaning Ungrammatical sentences that make perfect sense Jareth made Hoggle leave. Jareth let Hoggle leave. Jareth saw Hoggle leave. *Jareth wanted Hoggle leave. *Jareth made Hoggle to leave. *Jareth let Hoggle to leave. *Jareth saw Hoggle to leave. Jareth wanted Hoggle to leave.
23 Syntax is more than meaning Ungrammatical sentences that make perfect sense Hoggle poked at the wall. Hoggle hit at the wall. *Hoggle touched at the wall. *Hoggle poked the stick against the wall. Hoggle hit the stick against the wall. *Hoggle touched the stick against the wall.
24 Syntax is more than meaning Cross-linguistic variation If syntax was entirely determined by meaning, then we should not expect to find syntactic differences between languages of the world.but we do see variation. English: Sarah sees that book. Korean: Sarah ku chayk poata. Sarah that book see
25 Syntax is more than meaning Cross-linguistic variation If syntax was entirely determined by meaning, then we should not expect to find syntactic differences between languages of the world.but we do see variation. English: Baso put the money in the cupboard. Selayarese (spoken in Indonesia): Lataroi doe injo ri lamari injo i Baso. put money the in cupboard the Baso
26 So what does determine how you string words together? Answer: Syntax! (That is, our knowledge of the possible forms of sentences in our language.) Syntax is determined by Meaning (The way words are put together is determined solely by what they mean)
27 A template A sentence often consists of a Noun Phrase followed by a Verb Phrase S --> NP VP Phrase Structure Rule Phrase Structure Tree S NP VP
28 A template Noun Phrase Hoggle The chicken Seven goblins Sarah A feeling The strangest story that you ever did hear Verb Phrase slept tricked the guards left said that Ludo thought that pixies were nasty kicked the bucket got drunk on dwarf wine
29 A template Noun Phrase Hoggle The chicken Seven goblins Sarah A feeling The strangest story that you ever did hear Verb Phrase slept tricked the guards left said that Ludo thought that pixies were nasty kicked the bucket got drunk on dwarf wine 6 Sentences
30 A template Noun Phrase Hoggle The chicken Seven goblins Sarah A feeling The strangest story that you ever did hear Verb Phrase slept tricked the guards left said that Ludo thought that pixies were nasty kicked the bucket got drunk on dwarf wine 36 Sentences
31 A template Noun Phrase NP --> Det N NP Verb Phrase VP --> V NP VP Det N V NP NP --> N VP --> V NP VP N V
32 A tiny little grammar 5 Rules S --> NP VP NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V 9 Words Det: the, four, some N: goblins, crystals, peaches V: understood, ate, approached 468 Sentences
33 A tiny little grammar 5 Rules S --> NP VP NP --> Det N NP --> N 30 Words 10 Determiners 10 Nouns 10 Verbs VP --> V NP VP --> V 122,100 Sentences
34 Embedded sentences Additional VP Rule Hoggle thought Sarah ate the peach. VP à V S Can be used to create a sentence-inside-a-sentence = example of recursion Recursion = a phrase of one kind inside a phrase of the same kind (a sentence is a kind of phrase, so a sentence-inside-a-sentence fits this definition)
35 Recursion: the LingSpace 1:34-2:30 = recursion
36 Recursion: the LingSpace 5:07-5:31 = long recursive example
37 Recursion Additional VP Rule Hoggle thought Sarah ate the peach. VP à V S Infinitely many sentences can be generated! Ludo said Hoggle thought Sarah ate the peach. The fairy claimed Ludo said Hoggle thought Sarah ate the peach. The Wiseman s birdhat hoped the fairy claimed Ludo said Hoggle thought Sarah ate the peach.
38 Recursion We can also see this property in English noun phrases NP à NP s Noun Sarah s friend is a dwarf. Sarah s friend s uncle is a dwarf. Sarah s friend s uncle s neighbor is a dwarf.
39 Recursion
40 Recursion
41 Recursion "What if I know what I don't know, but I don't know how to know what I need to know to know what I don't know?"
42 Recursion
43 Complementizers: the LingSpace 2:31-4:30 = complementizers Note: In structure examples, DP = NP TP = S CP = S for our purposes
44 Clauses as subjects or objects: the LingSpace 4:56-5:07 = clauses as subjects or objects
45 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP
46 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 1: S expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à Comp S VP
47 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 1: S expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à Comp S VP
48 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 1: S expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à Comp S VP
49 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 2: S expands to include VP VP expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à S V S à S V Comp S
50 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 2: S expands to include VP VP expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à S V S à S V Comp S
51 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 2: S expands to include VP VP expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à S V S à S V Comp S
52 Complementizer Complementizer (Comp): words like THAT, IF, and WHETHER that allow one sentence to be the subject or object of another sentence Hoggle realized that Sarah ate the peach. Whether Sarah ate the peach didn t matter. S Comp S VP V S S S VP Example of Recursion 2: S expands to include VP VP expands to include S S expands to include S S à S VP à S V S à S V Comp S
53 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S Hoggle likes jewels. S --> Comp S
54 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S Hoggle likes jewels. S --> NP VP S --> Comp S
55 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S Hoggle likes jewels. S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP S --> Comp S
56 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Hoggle likes jewels. S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP N V NP NP --> N N
57 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Hoggle likes jewels. S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP N V NP Hoggle likes NP --> N N jewels
58 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: NP --> Det N NP --> N Hoggle likes jewels. S VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S NP N Hoggle VP V likes NP N jewels
59 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S
60 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP S --> Comp S
61 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S NP --> N VP --> V S S --> NP VP S --> Comp S
62 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Sarah thought S --> Comp S
63 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Sarah thought S --> Comp S S --> Comp S
64 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Sarah thought Comp S S --> Comp S
65 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Sarah thought Comp S that S --> Comp S
66 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that S S --> Comp S
67 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that S --> NP VP S --> Comp S
68 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that NP VP S --> Comp S
69 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP S --> Comp S
70 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP N she V NP solved
71 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP N she V NP solved NP --> Det N
72 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S S --> NP VP NP --> N VP --> V S N V S Comp Sarah thought that NP VP NP --> N VP --> V NP N she V NP solved NP --> Det N Det N the Labyrinth
73 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S A slightly bigger grammar Sentences it can generate: Sarah thought that she solved the Labyrinth. S NP VP S N V Comp Sarah thought that S NP N she V solved Det VP NP N the Labyrinth
74 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
75 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
76 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V Comp N V NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
77 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V Comp N VP VP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
78 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V Comp NP VP VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
79 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V Comp S S VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
80 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S N V S S S VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
81 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up N VP NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S VP S S VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
82 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP VP NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S NP VP S S VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
83 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up S S NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S NP VP S S VP NP NP N V Comp N V Det N Sarah thought that Hoggle was a cheat.
84 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
85 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
86 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp N V V NP NP Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
87 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp N V VP VP NP Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
88 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp N VP VP VP VP NP Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
89 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp NP VP VP VP NP VP NP Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
90 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S S --> Comp S Comp S VP S VP NP VP NP Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
91 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP NP --> Det N NP --> N VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S Figuring out structure: bottom-up S VP S NP S VP VP NP S --> Comp S Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
92 9 Rules S --> NP VP S --> S VP Figuring out structure: bottom-up S S NP --> Det N NP --> N S VP --> V NP VP --> V VP --> V S VP --> V S NP S VP VP NP S --> Comp S Comp N V V N That Hoggle lied surprised Sarah.
93 Syntax recap The structure of language (syntax) involves more than simply the meaning of the words. It involves rules about how the words themselves are allowed to go together. It isn t enough to know the list of possible sentences in the language. Because adults can generate novel sentences and sentences of infinite length, adults need to know a rule system that can generate sentences. Adults know (unconsciously) a system of rules for generating the word orders they use. A fairly small set of rules can generate a fairly large set of sentences.
94 Questions? You should be able to do up through question 6 on the review questions, and up through question 9 on HW5.
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