Compiling Code using Makefiles and GNUstep. 2501ICT Nathan

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1 Compiling Code using Makefiles and GNUstep 2501ICT Nathan

2 Makefiles Save compile time only recompile what s necessary Help avoiding mistakes that would otherwise occur if outdated modules were linked together Are language independent Objective-C C, C++, Java 2

3 How do Makefiles work? Dependency Trees Targets Sources Target The module to be built Sources The source code for the Target Other targets that need to be build first 3

4 Dependency Tree Example Main_Mod Module_A Module_B Module_C Module_D 4

5 Corresponding Makefile Main_Mod: Module_A Module_B Main Module_A: A B Module_B: Module_C Module_D Module_C: C D Module_D: 5

6 Make Rules Lines directly below a Target No empty lines in between One or more empty lines after Indented by a TAB character Spaces won t work! Shell commands to execute Compiler Calls Any other shell command 6

7 Objective-C Example main.m file_a.m +.h file_b.m +.h file_c.m +.h file_d.m +.h 7

8 Corresponding Makefile main.o: main.m a.h b.h main.m a.o: a.m a.h a.m a.h c.m c.h b.m b.h d.m d.h b.o: b.m b.h c.h d.h c.o: c.m c.h d.o: d.m d.h 8

9 Adding Make Rules main.o: main.m a.h b.h gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o main.o main.m a.o: a.m a.h gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o a.o a.m b.o: b.m b.h c.h d.h gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o b.o b.m c.o: c.m c.h gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o c.o c.m d.o: d.m d.h gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o d.o d.m 9

10 Generic Rules Save a lot of typing Avoid repeated compiler calls (previous slide) Help with consistency Avoid repeating the same change all over the place Simply list suffixes, e.g..m.o: convert a.m file to a.o file 10

11 Adding a Generic Rule.SUFFIXES:.o.m.h.m.o: gcc -Wno-import -Wall -c -o $*.o $*.m main.o: main.m a.h b.h a.o: a.m a.h b.o: b.m b.h c.h d.h c.o: c.m c.h d.o: d.m d.h 11

12 Make Variables Allow more flexible make files Assigning a value: CC=gcc Using a variable Use $(variablename) E.g., to compile a program, instead of gcc: $(CC) -Wall 12

13 Linking it all together.suffixes:.o.m.h.m.o: $(CC) -Wno-import -Wall -c -o $*.o $*.m main: main.o a.o b.o c.o d.o $(CC) -o main main.o a.o b.o c.o d.o -lobjc main.o: main.m a.o b.o a.o: a.m b.o: b.m c.o d.o c.o: c.m 13

14 GNUstep Makefiles Have all the rules already pre-defined Only require some variables to be set Name of the Program Name of the individual Classes (.m and.h files) Flags to be used -Wall -Wno-import Include files for different projects Command line tools, GUI applications, Should be named GNUmakefile or GNUmakefile.classname for testing classes 14

15 Command Line Tool Example # Include the common variables defined by the Makefile Package include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make # Build a simple Objective-C program, called Example TOOL_NAME = Example # The Objective-C Implementation files to compile Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m # Class Header (Interface) files Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h # Define the compiler flags ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import # Include the rules for making Objective-C command line tools include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/tool.make 15

16 After removing the comments include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make TOOL_NAME = Example Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/tool.make 16

17 Application Example include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make APP_NAME = Example Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/application.make 17

18 Adding an external GUI include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make APP_NAME = Example Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h Example_RESOURCE_FILES = Example.gorm Example_MAIN_MODEL_FILE = Example.gorm ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/application.make 18

19 Gorm GNU Object Relationship Manager Create a GUI (View) independent of Program (Model). Model-View-Controller (MVC) Paradigm A Controller connects the View with the underlying Model. Changes to the GUI are independent from changes to the model classes. 19

20 Connecting Model and View Reference Controller from View Create a Controller class in Gorm Add outlets (object references) for all GUI elements Add actions for buttons, menus, etc. Controller instantiates Model classes Application just calls NSApplicationMain() Completely dynamic Changed GUI: no need to re-compile Allows different GUIs, languages, etc. 20

21 Documentation Directly from source code autogsdoc extracts comments starting with /** GNUmakefile documentation.make: rules for invoking autogsdoc DOCUMENT_NAME Sets the name of the documentation Document_AGSDOC_FILES Lists the files to scan for autogsdoc comments 21

22 Tool+Documentation Makefile include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make TOOL_NAME = Example Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h DOCUMENT_NAME = Documentation Documentation_AGSDOC_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.m ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/tool.make include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/documentation.make 22

23 GUI Application+Documentation include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make APP_NAME = Example Example_OBJC_FILES = Main.m Some_Class.m Other_Class.m Example_HEADER_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.h Example_RESOURCE_FILES = Example.gorm Example_MAIN_MODEL_FILE = Example.gorm DOCUMENT_NAME = Documentation Documentation_AGSDOC_FILES = Some_Class.h Other_Class.m ADDITIONAL_CPPFLAGS = -Wall -Wno-import include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/application.make include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/documentation.make 23

24 Using dwarf ssh dwarf.cit.griffith.edu.au Use gcc to compile gcc -Wall -Werror -Wno-import -o file file.c Use man to look up C functions man fgetc man 3 printf man 2 open man man 24

25 Online References Writing GNUstep Makefiles P3 Modules Page Week 2 Reading Material GNUstep Makefile Package Docs P3 Resources Page Web Links Gorm tutorial: 25

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