Logical Expressions and Control Statements
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1 Logical Expressions and Control Statements
2 Logical Data Logical values are true and false. In Fortran they must be written as: and Logical variables are declared with LOGICAL: LOGICAL :: Answer, Test
3 Logical Data (contd.) Use PARAMETER for constants: LOGICAL, PARAMETER :: Ans= Can be initialized: LOGICAL :: Test = Assignment statement can be used: LOGICAL :: Test Test =
4 Logical Data (contd.) PRINT*, will display T for and F for For input use T for And F for
5 Logical Expressions: Relational Operators Type Arithmetic Relational Operators ** * / + - < <= > >= == /= or.lt..le..gt..ge..eq..ne. Associativity Right-to-left Left-to-right Left-to-right None
6 Simple Logical Expressions Has the form: expression-1 relational operator expression-2 Example: x*x y*y + 2.0*x*y /= p*q + p**3 q**3
7 Simple Logical Expressions (contd.) Let x = 3.0, y = 7.0, p = 6 and q = 2 Then x*x y*y + 2.0*x*y /= p*q + p**3 q**3 3.0* * *3.0*7.0 /= 6*2+6**3-2** /= /= /= 220.0
8 Logical Expressions: Logical Operators Type Arithmetic Relational Logical Operators ** * / + - < <= > >= == /= or.lt..le..gt..ge..eq..ne..not..and..or..eqv..neqv. Associativity Right-to-left Left-to-right Left-to-right None Right-to-left Left-to-right Left-to-right Left-to-right
9 Logical Operators These operators are defined as follows: Logical operators.not..and..or..eqv..neqv. Logical Expressions.NOT.P P.AND.Q P.OR.Q P.EQV.Q P.NEQV.R Definition.NOT.P is true if P is false and is false if P is true Is true if both P and Q are true; it is false otherwise. Is true if P or Q or both are true; false otherwise. Is true if both P and Q are true or both are false. Is true if one of P or Q is true and the other is false.
10 Truth Tables P.NOT.P P Q P.AND.Q P.OR.Q P.EQV.Q P.NEQV.Q
11 Compound Logical Expressions formed by combining logical expressions using the logical operators Example: n**2 +1 >10.AND..NOT. n<3
12 Compound Logical Expressions (contd.) Let n = 4 n**2 +1 >10.AND..NOT. n<3 4**2 +1 >10.AND..NOT. 4< >10.AND..NOT. 17>10.AND..AND.
13 Control Statements Statements are normally executed in sequence except as specified by control statements Control structures: Branches: Selective structure IF statements SELECT CASE statement Loops: Repetitive structure
14 IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF Statements The complete form: IF (logical-expression) THEN statements-1 ELSE statements-2 END IF Complete form without else: IF (logical-expression) THEN statements END IF Old form Logical IF: IF (logical-expression) one-statement
15 Even or Odd IF-ELSE-THEN-END IF Even Odd IF-THEN-END IF Even Odd 1 Logical IF Even Odd 2
16 Absolute value of X IF-ELSE-THEN-END IF IF-THEN-END IF Absolute X Absolute X1 Logical IF Absolute X2
17 Smaller Number of Two IF-ELSE-THEN-END IF IF-THEN-END IF Smaller Smaller1 Logical IF Smaller2
18 Roots of a Quadratic Equation The roots of ax 2 +bx+c = 0 can be computed as: b ± b 2 4ac x = 2a PROGRAM QuadraticEquation IMPLICIT NONE REAL :: a, b, c,d,root1, root2 PRINT*, Enter coefficients of quadratic equation READ*, a, b, c d =b*b-4*a*c IF(d>=0) THEN d=sqrt(d) root1 = (-b+d)/(2*a) root2 = (-b-d)/(2*a) PRINT*, The roots are, root1, and, root2 ELSE PRINT*, There are no real roots END IF END PROGRAM QuadraticEquation
19 Nested IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF IF (logical-expression) THEN IF (logical-expression) THEN ELSE END IF ELSE END IF IF (logical-expression) THEN ELSE IF (logical-expression) THEN ELSE END IF END IF
20 Smallest of three program small implicit none real :: a,b,c,smallest print*,"enter three numbers" read*,a,b,c if(a<b) then if(a<c) then smallest=a else smallest=c end if else if(b<c) then smallest=b else smallest=c end if end if print*,"the smallest number is",smallest end program small
21 IF-THEN-ELSE IF-END IF Statements IF (logical-expression-1) THEN statement sequence-1 ELSE IF (logical-expression-2) THEN statement sequence-2 ELSE IF (logical-expression-3) THEN statement sequence-3 ELSE statement sequence-n ENDIF
22 Smallest of three (Modified) program small implicit none real :: a,b,c,smallest print*,"enter three numbers" read*,a,b,c if(a<b.and. a<c) then smallest=a else if(b<a.and. b<c) then smallest=b else smallest=c end if print*,"the smallest number is",smallest end program small
23 Quadratic Equation Solving Program that deals with all possible cases QES
24 SELECT CASE Statement Syntax: SELECT CASE (selector) CASE (label-list-1) statements-1 CASE (label-list-2) statements-2 CASE DEFAULT statements-default END SELECT Probable values of expression selector An expression must be of type INTEGER, CHARACTER or LOGICAL; REAL not allowed Labels separated by commas
25 Label Labels can have following four form :x x: x : y x All values x All values x All values in the range of x and y (x y) The value of x itself
26 SELECT CASE: Example Determining the letter grade: A+ 80 A 75 A- 70 B+ 65 B 60 B- 55 C+ 50 C 45 D 40 F < 40
27 SELECT CASE: Example (contd.) SELECT CASE (NINT(percentage)) CASE(80:) grade= A+ CASE(75:79) grade= A CASE(70:74) grade= A- CASE(65:69) grade= B+ CASE(60:64) grade= B CASE(55:59) grade= B- CASE(50:54) grade= C CASE(45:49) grade= D CASE DEFAULT grade= F END SELECT
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