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6 Wب X ی_^» S TUB #ن YZ [? \]» NO P رQ دور I ن JKL :; 9 و => >رن ر CDEFG & H -@AB? MI # # $ % <.%@ A T $ % :A *$ % # =G< ; # ;of ( -/ FG W=_ <# - < I # -/ +.(##.#+ *$ % ` T -/ W=_ NCTM <#(=" =+ / -/ FG #A I E+ FG u_' ` + A (*.*% <)H8@ <a + 8 MC.I =G< $.)" -/ )H8@ P( $ ="# A + + R# )H8@ < A * w+ <)H8@ &('(. + )! # $.- A &H p. + E+ FG #+A " ## R.- + ty + + A s+ #A?* -" #A #" + # s+ A + E+ p % A + ( T (*.*% FG P(? + 8 M#A! # "" )/! + <8+ V". <)H8@ + =+ # \<?.($ + K# <K!A # (".* #,<OI \< br #.* -(# )H8@ ` # 8 $".( ` D. + 8?=Y".( # #.=*# E+ FG I. $ A <)H8@ # T + G( ; < # 8.#+ <)H8@?.;?.;M< 8,<OI?+ <D( #- <w+ )A* 9.%@ # Z M GH p <w+?.#+?!(% T +?.;M< / `.#+..A G,HI,M- (+ +$ ) / D. + ".* p CBAM A (#A [] #< < $ F $ 8 9.%@ S # %A +$ ) / )/ H.)" %( QQ# S + /) * #G=" (SOC) 8 QQ# R! S.8 CBAM <:+ WT %( #@ - p.# SOC.(.-+ Soc tv_ (,"I + )"I R! A#.A M<@ 9 # #@ # p.# $.R WT p SOC..A <QQ# <R! : A <# $/ +A + A )" " Soc.[] ## :A " )G<?.#* M ="# )G< + #Y 8+ "?...A.+- Z WF #Y 8+ " # #@ <A + V + A #C :A F< I ) v_*!` <% :$.- ]E".(.-+ /) (* u_' / # 8

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9 ن (١٣٩٠) ٣٠ ١٣-١ ریت رد # # 8 Soc.?8.*? $ T + ( M = M )..A ( 9 E+ FG $ % C=( # 8 Soc :H ( M >M )..A * E+ FG $ % C=( # 8 Soc :H SPSS :@ ( $ #G=" + )" =:+ ( ( ) GT $ M'* ( % $% + )" / $ p;a M'* # < # P A (/) * 8 AF = I( $% )" ƒ:+ GT $ M'* # < # ( )" #.8 ( + G.8 (P</) Z[ )" * #G=" E+ FG $ % + A * #* # A ( / / / / / P / / / / / E+ FG Soc AF = I( $% /Y / % AF = I( $% / / / / / ) + N 9 N # " ; MC.I M'* VT&) U> -/ # =+ # "# (+ # -/ FG #A ;of + "" <# $ F? ## R.- + 8HE?.#% M<@ E+ FG -/ A )" =@ M8. + )" # "" ty A + B# S * A &H p. + -/ g=" $ /

10 Wب X ی_^» S TUB #ن YZ [? \]» NO P رQ دور I ن JKL :; 9 و => >رن ر CDEFG & H -@AB? MI * #.#% M<@ -/ g=" $ /? $ 8 B# # 9 -/ g=" $ %. $ $ % 8 &# + )A'? # #% M<@ 8 + < )T@ * ` T A #+ &# Z S #Y CBAM ;; A +.($#o+ # (# + 8 <+ A# # Z[ 9 PR -/.%@ p T + 9 # / $ %.[8] )*# )( 8HE? 9.%@ # = ) ## R.- # + #.'I &H $ #G=" C=( #.(" «WF» + 8 $ G( * :+ # #.<# E+ FG $ 8 B# - ## R $ % :A # E+ FG A 8+. 8" #A V".=?=@ # <%? U=( A )" Ai + $g..<# * #Y «-/ M';».=( 8.(#A I..A SF [9] e+a/ [] =(!+,<OI # % )"# + U=( X # 8 A# -/ g=" W=_ / '_+Z Z )" $( ='+ 8HE # -/ g=" A + B# # < %,I < *#!F' <# R "+ =+ <I # -/ g=" A + #..A = <S ".'+ =+ * <# ` M< $#I G H + M< % = s+ H.)"I( 'A #.)" $ 8 <.( )/ # Z[ S [] Stacey, K., Chick, H., Kendal, M., (Eds.), (). The Future of the Teaching and Learning of Algebra: The th ICMI study. Dordrecht: Kluwer. [] Blanton, M. L., Kaput, J. J., (). Characterizing a Classroom Practice That Promotes Algebraic Reasoning.Journal for Research in Mathematics Education,,No.x,-. [] Kaput, J., (999). Teaching and learning a new algebra. In E. Fennema & T. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, -. [] Romberg, T., Kaput, J., (999). Mathematics worth teaching, mathematics worth understanding. In E. Fennema & T. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, -. [] Edwards, E. L., (Ed.), (99). Algebra for everyone. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. [] Kaput, J. J., (998). Transforming algebra from an engine of inequity to an engine of mathematical power by algebrafying the K curriculum. In S. Fennell (Ed.), The nature and role of algebra in the K curriculum: Proceedings of a national symposium. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press. -. [] Silver, E. A., (99). Algebra for All. Increasing students` access to algebraic ideas, not just algebra courses. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School,,-. [8] Jacobs, V. R., Franke, M. L., Carpenter, T. P., Levi, L., Battey, D., (). Professional Development Focused on Children`s Algebraic Reasoning in Elementary School. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 8(),8-88. [9] National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. [] Kieran, C., (99). The changing face of school algebra. In C. Alsina, J. Alvarez, B. Hodgson, C. Labored, & A. Pérez (Eds.), 8 th International Congress on Mathematical Education: Selected lectures (pp. -9). Seville, Spain: S.A.E.M. Thales.

11 ن (١٣٩٠) ٣٠ ١٣-١ ریت رد و [] Vergnad, G., (988). Multiplicative structures. In J.HIEBERT &M.Behr (Eds.),Number Concepts and operations in the middle grades. Reston, VA:National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, -. [] Carpenter, T. P., Levi, L., (). Developing Conceptions of algebraic reasoning in the primary grades(research Report#).Madison, WI: National Center for Improving Student Learning and achievement in Mathematics and Science. Retrieved April,,from [] Falkner, K. P., Levi, L., Carpenter, T. P., (999). Children s understanding of equality: A foundation for algebra. Teaching Children Mathematics,,. [] Kieran, C., (98). Concepts associated with the equality symbol. Educational Studies in Mathematics,,. [] Anderson, S., (99). Understanding teacher change: Revisiting the concerns based adoption model. Curriculum inquiry, (), -. [] Hall, G., Hord, S., ().Implementing Change: Patterns, principles and potholes. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. [] Hall, G., Loucks, S., (98). Teacher concerns as a basis for facilitating and personalizing staff development. Teachers college Record, 8(), -. [8] Asghari, N., Shahvarani, A., Medghalchi, A. R., (). Significant Process of Change for Elementary Teachers to Foster Functional Thinking. BOLEMA- Mathematics Education Bulletin. In Press.

12 Wب X ی_^» S TUB #ن YZ [? \]» NO P رQ دور I ن JKL :; 9 و => >رن ر CDEFG & H -@AB? MI C"I Y.+ 8 )GI #(Y ( (.(:+ )! <# '( " E+ FG " )<$ * B# A # (_+ / < GEH )" ]T! A )" ]T? # #.A ( T? # # # + ( :.## )<? + " E+ FG " + $ %,(# &( -.M=<.*% ## $ % $ %,(# + =+ " E+ FG "< % " + A < +? # -.); # # " E+ FG "? M(# ( =? -.M(&( M*+ =*( ($ K# j` <# $" $ F. $? -.M.A pa * $ % + " E+ FG " H # M(F< &# A # )"#-.# E+ FG # # # +,(#? -.M(+ )8R # $ % # " E+ FG "$ #G=" Z # )"#? -.M=< M<G &# e # f"i " E+ FG "# XŒ!?+ # &(? -8.M=< &( " E+ FG " $ #G=" # D( C # #? -9.M<# 8" " E+ FG " $ #G=" # $ + # M< M(F< + SY# # M< A # )"# -.)@ <Y Mv" E+ FG ".M=< &( $ %,(# # " E+ FG " Z &(&; # # -.#( )<? +" E+ FG " - $ #G=" ( # # A ; A M(+ # )"#? -

13 ن (١٣٩٠) ٣٠ ١٣-١ ریت رد و.M.A w+" E+ FG " $ #G=" F # # # )"# -.## #/ 8+. ; M.A #G=" " E+ FG " $ M&+ Mv M(+ # )"# -.M=< &( #* e " E+ FG " # + A h(% < ) # (( $?.#* C( < ) ; K!A #? ) e 9 + M(+ # )"# -.M.A.*% $ % # " E+ FG " XG.%@ + t_* < "!A M< &# # )"# -8.M=< &( $ %,(# Z +$ # #? - -9.M.A D( C " E+ FG "+ *$ % #F # # # )"# -.M% + < A &# C( $ S A ` +? -.M.A j!t $ %,(# $ +C K" + " E+ FG " $ #G=" # )"# -.M=< K +# SŒ &# # # M(# ( :; " E+ FG "# # ; -.M.A =_&(+ X' " E+ FG "$ % # *,( # # M($ %,(# # )"#-.M=< &(" E+ FG " + + Q SŒ + A + M=R \! # #?.)@ <Y R #G=" # p#:(.% #" E+ FG " % A M(+ # )"# - aa + $ % # " E+ FG " $ #G=" Z M.A k.<< &# + M<! A # )"# -.M(+ e # " E+ FG " + $g ^( $ # # ='+!` # )"# -8...A A " E+ FG "+ (&; 8 &# M(+ # )"# -9.( $ % # % e ( " E+ FG " # + R! # -

14 Wب X ی_^» S TUB #ن YZ [? \]» NO P رQ دور I ن JKL :; 9 و => >رن ر CDEFG & H -@AB? MI.M.A?8 + F+ " E+ FG " A *.:&/ #A &(&; # )"# - )@# #Y$+ M.A XG $ % # " E+ FG " A * 9 + $ %,(# $ # )"# -..A 9 e #?,( (&; A + " E+ FG " A ( $ M(+ M<Y.M.A -.#? $ #$ $ #@ <? #A k.<<-.m# # A )" $ =+ " E+ FG " XG (&; M(+ # )"# -

The Algebra Standard of Principles and Standards

ACTIVITIES for students Marlena Herman Introducing Parametric Equations through Graphing Calculator Explorations The Algebra Standard of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000) suggests