Flowchart, Types, and Values

Transcription

1 Flowchart, Types, and Values Course Number CLO : 1 Week : 1-3 : FEH1H3 CLO#1 Student have the knowledge to create algorithm and iteration Know the fundamental of computer system Understand the components to build and create algorithm Understand types and basic expression Understand branching expression Understand types of iteration and how to use them

2 Why do we need to take this course?

3 IT vs. IS vs. CS IT = Information Technology CS = Computer Science IS = Information System IS Manage effective and efficient collaboration between CS and IT Industrial Engineering domain CS Handle all application towards human Informatics Engineering domain IT Handle all hardware and related algorithm Electrical Engineering domain

4 Why do we need to take this course? Because a programmer from CS needs to understand how the hardware works, and IT personnel needs to understand how the software works, and it starts with what you will learn in this course, i.e. programming in C.

5 Algorithm The Fundamental

6 So, What is Algorithm? In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (al-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained step-by-step set of operations to be performed. Algorithms perform calculation, data processing, and/or automated reasoning tasks. Source: Wikipedia

7 Brain ware Computer System APPLICATION OPERATING SYSTEM HARDWARE INPUT OUTPUT

8 Let s Make an Algorithm How to brew a coffee? 1. Boil a cup of water 2. Put grinded coffee into empty cup 3. Pour the boiling water into the cup How to brew a good coffee? 1. Boil a cup of tap water 2. Grind 30 coffee bean to create 1/3 cup of medium-coarse grind 3. Pour 1/3 of the boiling water into the cup, and stir 4. Pour another 2/3 of the boiling water into the cup

9 Let s Make another Algorithm with Branch How to brew a coffee with your girlfriend? 1. Find a girlfriend 2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, that s okay, let s make coffee 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee 3. Boil a cup of water 4. Put grinded coffee into empty cup 5. Pour the boiling water into the cup 6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both to create romantic stimulation

10 Let s Make another Algorithm with Branch and Iteration How to brew a coffee with your girlfriend? 1. Find a girlfriend 2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, is she rich? 1. No! fiuuh... Live is hard boy, let s find another girl, shall we? 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee 3. Boil a cup of water 4. Put grinded coffee into empty cup 5. Pour the boiling water into the cup 6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both to create romantic stimulation

11 Why don t you create an Algorithm? How to find a perfect job? How to run in a gym? How to add all numbers between 1 to 5? Which one is the simple algorithm? Which one uses branch? Which one uses iteration?

12 Flowchart Flowchart is one from many ways to express an algorithm Flowchart describes algorithm using image and arrow Some images are: process start decision data document display storage connector

13 Let s Draw a Flowchart! How to brew a good coffee? 1. Boil a cup of tap water 2. Grind 30 coffee bean to create 1/3 cup of medium-coarse grind 3. Pour 1/3 of the boiling water into the cup, and stir 4. Pour another 2/3 of the boiling water into the cup start boil water grind coffee pour 1/3 water pour 2/3 water stop

14 Flowchart with Branch How to brew a coffee with your girlfriend? 1. Find a girlfriend 2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, that s okay, let s make coffee 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee 3. Boil a cup of water 4. Put grinded coffee into empty cup 5. Pour the boiling water into the cup 6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both to create romantic stimulation Yes start find girlfriend pretty? boil water put coffee pour water enjoy coffee stop No

15 Flowchart with Branch and Iteration start How to brew a coffee with your girlfriend? 1. Find a girlfriend find girlfriend 2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, is she rich? Yes pretty? No 1. No! fiuuh... Live is hard boy, let s find another girl, shall we? 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee Yes rich? 2. Yes! Okay, let s make coffee 3. Boil a cup of water boil water 4. Put grinded coffee into empty cup put coffee 5. Pour the boiling water into the cup pour water 6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both enjoy coffee stop

16 Pseudo code Pseudo code is another way to express an algorithm Pseudo code describes algorithm using structured sentence in human readable Has many styles: C, Pascal, Fortran, and Basic void function print_red_or_green { for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { if i is divisible by 3 print "red"; if i is divisible by 5 print "green"; print a newline; } }

17 Let s Try an Example 1. Take 1 ball from box A 2. If the ball is red then put the ball into box B 3. If the ball is not red then put the ball into box C

18 Let s Try another Example 1. Take 1 ball from box A 2. If the ball is red then put the ball into box B 3. If the ball is green then put the ball into box C 4. If the ball is blue then put the ball into box D 5. If the ball is yellow then put the ball into box E

19 Swap Problem Initial state: 1. Apple is on plate A 2. Banana is on plate B Final state: Need to swap the fruits, so: 1. Apple is on plate B 2. Banana is on plate A We need a temporary plate C

20 Iteration Problem 1 Initial state: 1. Box A has 100 ball 2. Box B has no ball Final state: 1. Box A has no ball 2. Box B has 100 ball Move the ball from box A to box B, 100 times

21 Iteration Problem 2 Initial state: 1. Box A has n ball (n = unknown) 2. Box B has no ball Final state: 1. Box A has no ball 2. Box B has n ball Move the ball from box A to box B, n times

22 Which one is Foolproof? start start start start Yes A = empty? No Yes A = empty? No Yes A = empty? No take 1 ball from A take 1 ball from A take 1 ball from A take 1 ball from A put the ball into B put the ball into B put the ball into B put the ball into B Yes A = empty? No Yes A = empty? No stop stop stop stop

23 Challenge There is 1 bag full of candies. I need to distribute the candies to 4 kids evenly. Each of 4 kids receive the same amount of candies. Leftover candies will not be distributed. Create a foolproof algorithm

24 Introduction to C Enough talk, show me the code!

25 Why C Language? Prolog, best for logic programming Basic, well... it was very popular in the old days Pascal, best for learning how to write a good program C, well... it is the standard (de facto) used by many people Java, best for porting Plus, when you learn C, you also learn PHP, Matlab, Network Simulator, and hardware programming

26 C Code Structure 1. Libraries #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> 2. Data declaration FILE *fp; char line[85], *ptr; int set=0, col=0; 3. Main Functions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 4. Functions

27 Very Simple Example #include <stdio.h> void main(void) { int a; printf("please input a number: "); scanf("%d", &a); printf("input = %d", a); }

28 Operator, Operand and Expression in C One language to rule them all!

29 Operator, Operand, and Expression A = B + C A = B + C Expression A, B, C Operands =, + Operator

30 Operand: Data Types What is your type?

31 Data Types Integral Types: char, signed char, unsigned char short, int, long unsigned short, unsigned, unsigned long Floating Types: float, double, long double Enumerated Types: array User defined Types Memory Types: pointer, string

32 Data Types: Integral Char / Signed Char / Unsigned Char = 8 bit *) example: a, d, u you need to declare an array of char to store a word example: name[15] may store nyoman karna Short = 16 bit *) / Int = 16/32 bit *) / Long = 32 bit *) example: -1234, 0, 1000 Unsigned means there are no negative number example: unsigned short: 0, 1,..., *) depends on machine

33 Data Types: Floating Float = 32 bit *) Double = 64 bit *) Long Double >= 64 bit *) example: 1.5, e3 *) depends on machine

34 Data Types: Enumerated Array = matrix of another data types example: int grade0, grade1, grade2; /* is equal with */ int grade[3]; /* is 1-dimensional array, while */ int grade[2][3]; /* is a 2-dimensional array */ Pointer = a special data type to point a reserved part of memory example: int a=1, b=2, *p; p=&a; b=*p; /* guess, what is the value of b? */

35 Data Types: Enumerated String = a pointer of array of char example: char *p = "abc"; /* is an equal syntax with */ char p[3] = "abc"; What is the difference between those 2 examples?

36 User-defined Data Types struct student { char studentid[10]; /* student ID number as a string */ int *answers; /* ptr to dynamic array of grades */ int rawscore; /* calculated raw score */ }; typedef struct student student; /* assign student structure as a new var type*/ student assign_student(char student_id[], char tudent_solution[], int no_of_question, int *solution) { int i; /* used for iteration (counter) */ student new_student;/* variable type student structure*/...

37 Operand: Value Variable or Static? Everything must have a value

38 Variable and Constant We use variable to store dynamic value example: int r; /* variable r may have any integer value as the program goes */ We use constant to store predefined value example: float phi=3.14; /* phi will always has a value of 3.14 */

39 A Simple Example of Variable and Constant #include <stdio.h> void main(void) { int r; float phi=3.14; printf("what is the radius of the circle? "); scanf("%d", &r); } printf("the circle has an area of %f", phi*r*r);

40 Operator Operator of Operation to Operate Operand

41 Types of Operator Arithmetic Assignment Logical/relational Bitwise

42 Arithmetic Operator + For performing Addition For performing Subtraction / For performing Division * For performing Multiplication % Modulo for finding remainder in division operation -- Decrement (post and pre) ++ Increment (post and pre)

43 Assignment Operator = Equal *= Multiply /= Divide %= Modulus += Add -= Subtract

44 Logical / Relational Operator == Equal to!= Not Equal to > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to && Logical AND Logical OR! Logical NOT

45 & AND Inclusive OR ^ Exclusive OR << Shift Left >> Shift Right ~ One s compliment Bitwise Operator

46 Exercises

47 See you on next class