Development of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO in Rural Area in Indonesia

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1 Development of 1x EV-DO in Rural Area in Indonesia R. Haryo Wisanggeni, Azhardiaz Budiman, A. Awaludin, Adhi Yuniarto, Riri Fitri Sari UI-Huawei Research and Training Center Universitas Indonesia Gedung Perpustakaan Pusat UI Lt 2. Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia {r_haryo, azhar, awaludin, adhi, Abstract The low penetration of communication technology and information access in Indonesia, especially in rural area has motivated Indonesian government to speed up the development of information and communication technology (ICT) in rural area. There are several factors to be considered in designing network solution for rural area.. In this paper, we propose a network solution which is based on CDMA x EV-DO. We will discuss several advantages of CDMA EV-DO and show that this network is suitable to be implemented in rural area, especially in Indonesia. Key words: Rural, CDMA, EV-DO. 1. BACKGROUND Indonesia is a very wide country with a big population. The development of ICT in Indonesia can be noticed with the rapid increase in the number of users. Based on the data from Directorate General of Energy, Telecommunication, and Information, National Planning Agency (Bappenas) of Republic of Indonesia, by the end of year 2006, the number of users of fixed telephone line in Indonesia has reached 14 million. On the another hand, the number of cell phone users has reached 66,5 million, and based on PT. Telkom s data amongst them there are 5,75 million fixed wireless users. For Internet, based on Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association, there are approximately 25 million subscribers. Broadband access connections are used by users. Even though in statistics the number looks big, Information and Communication Technology has just touched small portion of Indonesia s population. Moreover, with the population is not spreading pervaily, the utilization of telecommunication technology is still centered in urban area with a very low penetration in rural area. This low penetrating telecommunication technology cannot be separated from the infrastructure development which is still centered in urban area. By the middle of the year 2007, there are still villages in Indonesia which are not yet connected and get information access.

In this case, the government objective is to provide access not only for voice, but also provides data and Internet connection for well developed village so that the government can eventually

2 That amount is equal to 64 percent of total villages in Indonesia. This condition has forced the government to speed up the development of telecommunication network in rural area which actually has been started since In this case, the government objective is to provide access not only for voice, but also provides data and Internet connection for well developed village so that the government can eventually realized the vision to create Indonesian information society. Basically, there are several main factors which determine the success of telecommunication network development in rural area such as infrastructure, capability, business model, service to customer, and installation. The condition which is pursued are low cost infrastructure, network which is capable of proviiding the needs of rural population, attracting business sector to invest, user friendly service for customer, and relatively easy to install equipments. Data rates transfer, coverage, and access to data and Internet are the main considerations in designing network solution for rural area. In this paper, we propose a network solution based on CDMA EV-DO which can provide voice, multimedia, and data service. frequency in some frequency range called RF bandwidth. In CDMA x, the bandwidth is 1,25 MHz. Every data chunks have some unique code to identify every signal wicb has been sent. This unique code is called pseudo random code or PN code. A Correlator is used on the receiver side to select all data chunks which will be assembled into its original order based on its PN code. The power of signal with the correlated PN code will be amplified while the rest of signals will be treated as noise. Figure 1. Illustration of CDMA Process [5]. 2. TECHNOLOGY VIEW POINT 2.1. CDMA TECHNOLOGY Unlike its predecessor, FDMA and TDMA that allocates particular frequency (add with time slot allocation for TDMA) when transmitting the data, in CDMA, data is divided into many small parts. These data chunks which are then spread out using spreading code into several discrete Figure 2. CDMA Network Topology [5]. Figure 2. CDMA Network Topology [5].

3 2.2. CDMA EVOLUTION The first CDMA based telephone system named IS-95 was created by Qualcomm. The brand name for IS-95 is CDMAOne. IS-95 is known as TIA-EIA-95 and became the 2G mobile communication standard based on CDMA. Similar to GSM, it provides data rates up to 9,6 kbps. is an evolution of CDMAOne. This standard offers several more advanced capability compared with its predecessor, i.e. data rates and features. One of the main advantages of is that it can be operated on the same spectrum as CDMAOne that makes the migration process from CDMAOne to easier since it does not need new spectrum allocation, unlike the case of GSM system when it migrates to UMTS or WCDMA. There are several family members of which includes 1x, 1x EV-DO, and EV-DV. 1x is the basic of all based standard. It has 1,25 MHz RF b andwidth and data rates of 144 kbps for uplink and downlink. The next development of 1x is CDMA200 1x EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimization). The Rev.0 version of EV-DO provides data rates up to 2,45 Mbps for downlink and 0,15 Mbps for uplink. For Rev.A version, the downlink rate is up to 3,1 Mbps and its uplink rate is up to 1,8 Mbps. The Rev.B version of EV-DO is now still being developed. In general, evolution process of can be classified into three phases [1]. The first phase is the evolution from 2G system to 2,5G which is from CDMAOne to 1x. This phase offers increased voice capacity and data rates compared to IS-95. The system now can also support simultaneous circuit switched voice and packet data in the same RF channel. The second phase is the evolution from 2,5G system to 3G system, which is 1x to 1x EV-DO. EV-DO can support packet switched data and handles voice data calls and data calls simultaneously. With this feature, EV-DO is ideal for providing Internet and fixed wireless connection while investment cost can be reduced since no circuit switch equipment is needed. In addition, 1x EV-DV system is the advanced version of EV-DO which is capable to provide real time packet data service. The next phase is the evolution towards multi carrier. One example of multi carrier is 3x which is still being developed presently. This system offers more RF channel bandwidth which is 3,75 MHz, or equal to three times 1x RF channel bandwidth. Table 1. CDMAOne Family Specification. Technology Downlink Uplink CDMAOne 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 1x 1x EV-DO 1x EV-DV 144 kbps 144 kbps 2.45 Mbps 0.15 Mbps 3.10 Mbps 1.80 Mbps

4 Figure 3. Expected migration path of mobile telecommunication path [1] PROSPECT OF CDMA SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION An operator who is willing to migrate from 2,5 to 3G system will face several problems such as new spectrum allocation, big investment capital, incompatibility to legacy handset terminal, appropriation of new application and handset, etc. These problems is faced especially by GSM operator who plan to migrates to UMTS or WCDMA system because new frequency allocation and new handset are needed which make the project very costly. On the other hand, CDMA operator does not need new spectrum since it can use the current spectrum. This is called spectrum re-farming. The bandwidth needed for operation is relatively small which is only 1,25 MHz. In addition, CDMA system can be operated in low frequency of 450 MHz. This system is called CDMA450. By using low frequency, the coverage become wider and the number of BTS required can be reduced, which in the end can significantly lower the investment cost. The migration path is also clear. With these advantages, low frequency CDMA network is suitable to be developed in rural area which coverage and interconnection with its surrounding area are prioritized and there is no such big structure that can affect signal penetration. The clear migration path helps the future development to be done easier. Unlike with another system like WCDMA which is still being developed and not used in Indonesia, EV-DO is already available and used by some local operators in Indonesia. 3. CDMA NETWORK CONFIGURATION The system that we considered to be used in Indonesia is a 1x EV-DO network. This network has sufficient data rates and capable of handling packet switch data connection. The voice and data call can be done simultaneously. Fixed wireless and Internet connection can also be provided. An example of hardware vendor for this configuration is Huawei, taking into account the product s low cost, and its good performance. For development in rural area, considering that there is no such high building as in urban area, and coverage is the main priority. The frequency of 450 MHz is more suitable to be used since it offers more coverage and low power consumption. Despite of the fact that low frequency signal is more vulnerable to interferences, we can assume that in rural area, there are not many signals which can generate interference one to another like the case in urban area where the air is so dense with signal from many networks and devices. Therefore, the number of BTS can be reduced and the investment cost can be reduced significantly.

5 Figure 4. CDMA Network Configuration Access Level [4]. From the features and specification, EV- DO technology can provide access to voice, data, and Internet service to support the government development goal. The clear migration path of CDMA network makes the future development of the network can be done smoothly since there is no need of new spectrum. Moreover, this system can also be upgraded by integrating it with wireless technology such as Wi-Fi on the access level to subscriber. With this method, more services like wireless Internet can be provided to customer. We believe that this system can be one of main solution for the development of information and communication system in rural area. In order to realize it, high concern and commitment from government and service provider are needed, especially for on-site research and investment. As a research center, UI-Huawei Research and Training Center at the University of Indonesia is ready to provide facility for research in this field and to give full support for the development of ICT in Indonesia. 4. CONCLUSION A system which is based on 1x EV-DO can be a solution in providing information and communication access in rural area in Indonesia. With several EV-DO s advantages and low investment cost, this network is a promising technology. Further research and support from all stakeholders is required to implement this system in order to realize the vision of creating a widely distributed information society in Indonesia. REFERENCES [1] Venkata Praveen Tanguturi, Fotios C. Harmantzi. Migration to 3G Wireless Broadband Internet and Real Options: The Case of an Operator in India, Telecommunications Policy, Volume 30, Issue 7, August 2006, Pages [2] R.J. Honicky, Omar Bakr, Michael Demmer, Kevin Fall, Voic Phones for Rural Connectivity, In submission in EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, March 20, [3] Nokia. Rural Wireless Connectivity in Kenya. Governor s School Of Engineering And Technology Research Journal June 24th- July 21st, Rutgers University Busch Campus, New Jersey. [4] CDMA BTS Hardware Introduction. BTS3606 Hardware Description Manual. Huawei Technology Co., Ltd. [5] CDMA Softswitch Core Network Introduction. CSOFTX3000 Technical Manual-System Description, Huawei Technology Co., Ltd.

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