CompTIA Cloud+ Study Guide

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3 CompTIA Cloud+ Study Guide

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5 CompTIA Cloud+ Study Guide Exam CV0-001 Todd Montgomery

6 Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kenyon Brown Development Editor: David Clark Technical Editors: Kunal Mittal and Jon Buhagiar Production Editor: Dassi Zeidel Copy Editor: Liz Welch Editorial Manager: Mary Beth Wakefield Production Manager: Kathleen Wisor Executive Editor: Jim Minatel Book Designers: Judy Fung and Bill Gibson Proofreader: Kim Wimpsett Indexer: Ted Laux Project Coordinator, Cover: Brent Savage Cover Designer: Wiley Cover Image: Getty Images, Inc./Jeremy Woodhouse Copyright 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: ISBN: (ebk.) ISBN: (ebk.) Manufactured in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) , outside the U.S. at (317) or fax (317) Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at For more information about Wiley products, visit Library of Congress Control Number: TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CompTIA and Cloud+ are registered trademarks of CompTIA Properties, LLC. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book

7 To my awesome son William and incredible daughter Allison: this book is dedicated to both of you. Todd Montgomery

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9 Acknowledgments There are many people who work to put a book together, and although as authors we dedicate an enormous amount of time to writing the book, it would never be published without the dedicated, hard work of the whole team at Wiley. They are truly a fantastic group to work with, and without the Wiley team this book would have never been possible. First, I d like to thank Kenyon Brown, my senior acquisitions editor, who convinced me I could do this solo and offered me support and guidance through the writing process. Ken was always there to answer questions and point me in the right direction. Without Ken as a mentor, I could never have pulled this one off. I can never thank my development editor David Clark too many times; David is a true professional who stayed on top of the schedule and professionally reminded me of the next upcoming deadline I was working to meet. Without David s help, putting this book together would have been much more difficult than it was. Thanks again, David! Kunal Mittal offered excellent input as the technical editor, and it was great to have him on the team offering his expert advice. A big thank-you to Dassi Zeidel, the production editor on this project. I am still amazed at how she and her team of professionals could take my work and transform it into such a presentable book. Dassi was great to have on the team and to work with on this project. I m sure there is a whole staff at Wiley lurking in the background and I will never know how much they helped, but to everyone at Wiley, a big thank-you! You made the late nights and long weekends of writing and putting this book together all worthwhile.

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11 About the Author Todd Montgomery has been in the networking industry for more than 35 years and has earned many certifications from CompTIA, Cisco, Juniper, VMware, and other companies. He is CompTIA Cloud+, Network+ and Security+ certified. Todd has spent most of his career out in the field working in datacenters throughout North America and around the world. He has worked for equipment manufacturers, systems integrators, and end users of datacenter equipment in the public, service provider, and government sectors. Todd currently works as a senior datacenter networking engineer for a Fortune 50 corporation. He is involved in network implementation and support of emerging datacenter technologies. He also works with software-defined networking evaluation plans, cloud technologies, Cisco Nexus and Juniper core routing systems, and Juniper firewall security products. Todd lives in Austin, Texas, and in his free time enjoys auto racing, general aviation, and Austin s live music venues. He can be reached at toddmont@thegateway.net.

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13 Contents at a Glance Introduction Assessment Test xxv li Chapter 1 Cloud Computing Overview, Concepts, and Models 1 Chapter 2 Compute Virtualization in the Cloud 23 Chapter 3 Cloud Storage and Provisioning 45 Chapter 4 Cloud Networking Concepts and Implementation 73 Chapter 5 Cloud Compute Resources, Concepts, and Implementation 103 Chapter 6 Cloud Management Concepts 121 Chapter 7 Cloud Operations 137 Chapter 8 Understanding and Maintaining Cloud Security 165 Chapter 9 Systems Management in the Cloud 195 Chapter 10 Understanding Business Continuity in the Cloud 231 Appendix A Answers to Written Labs 255 Appendix B Answers to Review Questions 261 Index 275

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15 Contents Introduction Assessment Test xxv li Chapter 1 Cloud Computing Overview, Concepts, and Models 1 Overview of Cloud Computing 3 What Is Cloud Computing? 3 Computing as a Utility Service 3 The Growth of the Cloud 4 Why Do This? 4 Cloud vs. In-House Computing 5 The Past of Computing 5 Present State of Computing 6 The Future of the Cloud 7 Cloud Services Models and Architecture 7 SaaS 7 IaaS 8 PaaS 9 CaaS 10 XaaS 10 DaaS 10 BPaaS 10 Accountability and Responsibility Based on Service Models 10 Cloud Delivery Models 11 Private 11 Public 11 Hybrid 12 Community 12 On-Premise vs. Off-Premise Hosting 13 Security Differences between Models 13 Functionality and Performance Validation Based on Chosen Delivery Model 13 Orchestration Platforms 14 Cloud Characteristics and Terms 14 Elasticity 14 On-Demand 14 Pay-As-You-Grow 15 Chargeback 15 Ubiquitous Access 15 Metering Resource Pooling 15 Multitenancy 15

16 xiv Contents Cloud Bursting 16 Rapid Deployment 16 Automation 16 Cloud Object Storage Concepts 16 Object ID 16 Metadata 16 Data/BLOB 17 Extended Metadata 17 Policies 17 Replicas 17 Access Control 17 Summary 17 Exam Essentials 18 Written Lab 18 Review Questions 19 Chapter 2 Compute Virtualization in the Cloud 23 Understanding the Hypervisor in a Virtualized Cloud 25 Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisor Types 25 Proprietary vs. Open Source 26 Consumer vs. Enterprise Use 26 Workstation vs. Infrastructure 27 Setting Up and Managing VMs, Networking, and Storage 27 Creating, Importing, and Exporting Templates and VMs 27 Installing Guest Tools 28 Snapshots and Cloning 28 Image Backups vs. File Backups 29 Virtual NIC 30 Virtual Disks 30 Virtual Switches 30 VLAN 31 VSAN 31 Migrating from Physical Servers to a Virtual Architecture 31 Establish Requirements 31 Maintenance Scheduling 32 Performance testing 32 Storage Migration 32 Online vs. Offline Migrations 33 Physical-to-Virtual (P2V) 33 Virtual-to-Virtual (V2V) 34 Virtual-to-Physical (V2P) 34 Understanding the Benefits of Virtualization in a Cloud Environment 35 Shared Resources 35

17 Contents xv Elasticity 35 The Time to Service/Mean Time to Implement 35 Portability 36 Network and Application Isolation 36 Infrastructure Consolidation 36 Virtual Datacenter Creation 36 Virtual Components in a Cloud Environment 36 Virtual Network Components 36 Shared Memory 37 Virtual CPU 37 Storage Virtualization 37 Summary 37 Exam Essentials 38 Written Lab 38 Review Questions 40 Chapter 3 Cloud Storage and Provisioning 45 Understanding Infrastructure 46 Comparing Storage Technologies 46 Network-Attached Storage (NAS) 46 Direct-Attached Storage (DAS) 47 Storage Area Network (SAN) 48 Working with Storage Protocols 51 FCoE 51 FC 51 Ethernet 52 iscsi 53 Understanding Protocols and Applications 53 IP 53 FCP 54 iscsi 54 Management Differences 54 Understanding Storage Configuration Concepts 54 Disk Types 54 SSD vs. Spinning 55 Interfaces Types 55 Access Speed 56 Tiering 56 Performance Levels of Each Tier 57 Policies 57 RAID Levels 57 RAID 0 58 RAID 1 58 RAID

18 xvi Contents RAID RAID 5 60 RAID 6 61 Filesystem Types 61 UFS 61 EXT 62 NTFS 62 FAT 62 VMFS 62 ZFS 63 Using Storage Provisioning and Creating LUNs 63 Creating Network Shares 63 Zoning and LUN Masking 63 Multipathing 64 Implications of Adding Capacity to a NAS and SAN 64 Impact to Operations 65 Downtime 65 Best Practices 65 Summary 65 Exam Essentials 66 Written Lab 67 Review Questions 69 Chapter 4 Cloud Networking Concepts and Implementation 73 Implementing Appropriate Network Configurations 75 NAT 75 PAT 76 Subnetting/Supernetting 77 VLAN and VLAN Tagging 77 Network Port Configurations 78 Switching and Routing in Physical and Virtual Environments 79 The Importance of Network Optimization 80 WAN 80 LAN 81 MAN 82 QoS 82 Bandwidth 83 Latency 83 Compression 83 Caching 84 Load Balancing 84 Devices on the Same Subnet 85

19 Contents xvii Troubleshooting Basic Network Connectivity Issues 85 Tools 85 Review Documentation and Device Configuration Settings 92 Review System Logs 92 Common Network Protocols, Ports, and Topologies 93 Trunk Ports 93 Port Binding/Aggregation 93 Common Ports 94 Common Protocols 95 Types of Networks 96 Summary 97 Exam Essentials 97 Written Lab 98 Review Questions 99 Chapter 5 Cloud Compute Resources, Concepts, and Implementation 103 Understanding the Hardware Computing Resources in the Cloud 104 BIOS/Firmware Configurations 104 Minimum Memory Capacity and Configuration 106 Number of CPUs 107 Number of Cores 108 NICs Quantity, Speeds, and Configurations 109 Internal Hardware Compatibility 110 Computing Storage Systems 110 HBAs 110 Storage Media 111 Summary 115 Exam Essentials 115 Written Lab 116 Review Questions 117 Chapter 6 Cloud Management Concepts 121 Managing Your Cloud Deployment 122 What Do We Mean by Managing Your Cloud? 122 Who Has Responsibility? 124 Management Models 125 Cloud Provider Management Services 125 What Does the Provider Manage? 126 What Do They Not Manage? 126 Responsibility for Management in the Cloud 127 Management as a Service 127 What Is Management as a service? 127

20 xviii Contents Cloud Management Providers 128 Outsourcing Your Management Responsibilities or Keeping It in House 128 Remote Access Tools for Managing Your Cloud 128 What Are the Tools Used for Remote Management? 128 VPN Access 129 SNMP 129 Firewalls 130 Summary 130 Exam Essentials 131 Written Lab 131 Review Questions 133 Chapter 7 Cloud Operations 137 Implementing and Using Cloud Resource Monitoring 139 Protocols 139 Alert Methods 142 Establish Baselines and Thresholds 143 Automated Responses to Specific Events 144 Examine Processes Usage and Resource Usage 144 Understanding and Allocating Physical Host Resources 144 Memory 145 CPU 146 Storage and Network Allocation 146 Entitlement/Quotas (Shares) 146 Reservations 147 Licensing 148 Resource Pooling 148 Understanding and Allocating Virtual Host Resources 148 Virtual CPU 149 Memory 149 Storage and Network Allocation 150 Entitlement/Quotas (Shares) 151 Hard Limit, Soft Limit 151 Reservations and Licensing 151 Dynamic Resource Allocation 152 Resource Pooling 152 CPU Affinity 152 Physical Resource Redirection and Mapping to Virtual Resources 153 Accessing Cloud Resources Remotely 153 Remote Hypervisor Access 153 RDP 155

21 Contents xix SSH 155 Console Port 156 HTTP 156 Summary 157 Exam Essentials 158 Written Lab 159 Review Questions 160 Chapter 8 Understanding and Maintaining Cloud Security 165 Understanding Network Security Concepts, Tools, and Best Practices 167 ACLs 167 VPNs 168 IDS/IPS 168 Hardware- and Software-Based Firewalls 170 DMZ 170 Review/Audit Logs 171 Attacks 172 Understanding Storage Security Concepts, Methods, and Best Practices 175 Obfuscation 175 Access Control Lists 175 Zoning 176 LUN Masking 176 User and Host Authentication 177 Review/Audit Logs 178 Cloud Encryption Technologies and Methods 178 PKI 178 IPsec 180 SSL/TLS 181 Ciphers 181 Encryption for Data in Transit and Encryption for Data at Rest 183 Understanding User Access Control 183 Role-Based Administration 183 Mandatory Access Controls 184 Discretionary Access Controls 185 Multifactor Authentication 185 Single Sign-On 185 Federation 186 Hardening the Guest OS and Compute Resources 186 Disabling Unneeded Ports and Services 187 User Credentials 187

22 xx Contents Host-Based/Software Firewalls 187 Antivirus Software 188 Patching 188 Deactivating Default Accounts 188 Summary 188 Exam Essentials 189 Written Lab 190 Review Questions 191 Chapter 9 Systems Management in the Cloud 195 Understanding Policies and Procedures in the Cloud Environment 197 Network and IP Planning, Documentation 197 Configuration Standardization and Documentation 198 Change Management Best Practices 199 Configuration Management 201 Capacity Management 202 Systems Life-Cycle Management 203 Maintenance Windows 204 Diagnosing, Remediating, and Optimizing Physical Host Performance 205 Disk Performance 205 Disk Tuning 205 Disk Latency 206 Swap Disk Space 206 I/O Tuning 206 Performance Management and Monitoring Tools 207 Establish Baseline and Create Documentation with Appropriate Tools 207 Hypervisor Configuration Best Practices 208 Impact of Configuration Changes to the Virtual Environment 209 Common Issues 209 Understanding Cloud Performance Concepts 212 IOPS 212 Read vs. Write Files 212 Filesystem Performance 213 Metadata Performance 213 Caching 213 Bandwidth 214 Throughput (Bonding/Teaming) 214 Jumbo Frames 215 Network Latency 216

23 Contents xxi Hop Counts 216 QoS 217 Multipathing 217 Load Balancing 218 Scaling 218 Testing Your Cloud Services Deployment 220 Replication Testing 220 Latency Testing 221 Bandwidth Testing 221 Load Balancing Testing 221 Application Server Testing 221 Storage Testing 222 Application Delivery Testing 222 Service Performance Testing and Application Performance Testing 222 Penetration Testing 222 Vulnerability Assessment 223 Separation of Duties 224 Summary 224 Exam Essentials 225 Written Lab 225 Review Questions 227 Chapter 10 Understanding Business Continuity in the Cloud 231 Disaster Recovery Methods and Concepts 232 Redundancy 233 Failover 234 Failback 234 Geographical Diversity 235 Replication 236 Site Mirroring 236 Hot Site 236 Warm Site 237 Cold Site 238 Backup and Recovery 239 Archiving and Offsite Storage 240 Replication Types 241 Recovery Time Objective 242 Recovery Point Objective 242 Mean Time Between Failures 243 Mean Time to Repair 243 Mission-Critical Requirements 243

24 xxii Contents High Availability and Fault Tolerance in the Cloud 244 Fault Tolerance 244 Multipathing 246 Load Balancing 246 Summary 247 Exam Essentials 248 Written Lab 248 Review Questions 250 Appendix A Answers to Written Labs 255 Chapter 1: Cloud Computing Overview, Concepts, and Models 256 Chapter 2: Compute Virtualization in the Cloud 256 Chapter 3: Cloud Storage and Provisioning 256 Chapter 4: Cloud Networking Concepts and Implementation 257 Chapter 5: Cloud Compute Resources, Concepts, and Implementation 257 Chapter 6: Cloud Management Concepts 258 Chapter 7: Cloud Operations 258 Chapter 8: Understanding and Maintaining Cloud Security 259 Chapter 9: Systems Management in the Cloud 259 Chapter 10: Understanding Business Continuity in the Cloud 260 Appendix B Answers to Review Questions 261 Chapter 1: Cloud Computing Overview, Concepts, and Models 262 Chapter 2: Compute Virtualization in the Cloud 263 Chapter 3: Cloud Storage and Provisioning 264 Chapter 4: Cloud Networking Concepts and Implementation 266 Chapter 5: Cloud Compute Resources, Concepts, and Implementation 267 Chapter 6: Cloud Management Concepts 268 Chapter 7: Cloud Operations 269 Chapter 8: Understanding and Maintaining Cloud Security 271 Chapter 9: Systems Management in the Cloud 272 Chapter 10: Understanding Business Continuity in the Cloud 273 Index 275

25 Take the Next Step in Your IT Career Save 10% on Exam Vouchers * (up to a $35 value) Get details at sybex.com/go/comptiavoucher *Some restrictions apply. See web page for details.

26 Becoming a CompTIA Certified IT Professional is Easy It s also the best way to reach greater professional opportunities and rewards. Why Get CompTIA Certified? Growing Demand Labor estimates predict some technology fields will experience growth of over 20% by the year 2020.* CompTIA certification qualifies the skills required to join this workforce. Higher Salaries IT professionals with certifications on their resume command better jobs, earn higher salaries and have more doors open to new multiindustry opportunities. Verified Strengths 91% of hiring managers indicate CompTIA certifications are valuable in validating IT expertise, making certification the best way to demonstrate your competency and knowledge to employers.** Universal Skills CompTIA certifications are vendor neutral which means that certified professionals can proficiently work with an extensive variety of hardware and software found in most organizations. Learn more about what the exam covers by reviewing the following: Exam objectives for key study points. Sample questions for a general overview of what to expect on the exam and examples of question format. Visit online forums, like LinkedIn, to see what other IT professionals say about CompTIA exams. Purchase a voucher at a Pearson VUE testing center or at CompTIAstore.com. Register for your exam at a Pearson VUE testing center: Visit pearsonvue.com/comptia to find the closest testing center to you. Schedule the exam online. You will be required to enter your voucher number or provide payment information at registration. Take your certification exam. Congratulations on your CompTIA certification! Make sure to add your certification to your resume. Check out the CompTIA Certification Roadmap to plan your next career move. Certification.CompTIA.org/cloudplus * Source: CompTIA 9th Annual Information Security Trends study: 500 U.S. IT and Business Executives Responsible for Security ** Source: CompTIA Employer Perceptions of IT Training and Certification *** Source: 2013 IT Skills and Salary Report by CompTIA Authorized Partner 2014 CompTIA Properties, LLC, used under license by CompTIA Certifications, LLC. All rights reserved. All certification programs and education related to such programs are operated exclusively by CompTIA Certifications, LLC. CompTIA is a registered trademark of CompTIA Properties, LLC in the U.S. and internationally. Other brands and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks or service marks of CompTIA Properties, LLC or of their respective owners. Reproduction or dissemination prohibited without written consent of CompTIA Properties, LLC. Printed in the U.S Sep2014

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28 Introduction Welcome to the exciting world of cloud computing and CompTIA certifications! If you picked up this book because you want to improve yourself with a secure and rewarding job in the new and fast-growing cloud computing space, you have come to the right place. Whether you are striving to enter the thriving, dynamic IT sector or seeking to enhance your skills in the emerging cloud computing field, being CompTIA certified can seriously stack the odds in your favor of success. CompTIA certifications are powerful instruments of success that will most certainly improve your knowledge of cloud computing. As you progress through this book, you ll gain a broad and deep understanding of cloud computing operations that offers unprecedented exposure to this dynamic field. The knowledge and expertise you will gain are essential for your success in all areas of the cloud computing field. By deciding to become Cloud+ certified, you re proudly announcing to the world that you want to become an unrivaled cloud computing expert, a goal that this book with get you well on your way to achieving. Congratulations in advance on the beginning of your brilliant future! For up-to-the-minute updates covering additions or modifications to the CompTIA certification exams, as well as additional study tools, practice questions, and bonus material, be sure to visit the Sybex website and forum at Why Should You Become Certified in Cloud Technologies? CompTIA has created the world s leading vendor-neutral family of certifications in the technology industry. CompTIA s certifications are recognized and respected worldwide for their quality and rigorous standards. They offer a broad range of certifications on a variety of topics. When you become Cloud+ certified, you have validated your skills and expertise in the implementation and ongoing support of cloud-based services. Becoming a CompTIA Cloud+ certified professional validates that you have the knowledge to be a successful cloud engineer. The Cloud+ certification is recognized as one of the premier cloud certifications in the market today. Studying for and passing the Cloud+ exam gives engineers a set of skills to succeed in the fast-growing field of cloud computing. Rest assured that when you pass the CompTIA Cloud+ exam, you re headed down a path to certain success!

29 xxvi Introduction What Does This Book Cover? This book follows the CompTIA Cloud+ exam blueprint and is divided into chapters that cover major topic areas. Each section is explained in sufficient detail to help you become a Cloud+ certified engineer. Certain areas such as network management have been expanded on; these are important concepts to know, but they do not map directly to an exam objective. You will learn the following information in this book: Chapter 1: Cloud Computing Overview, Concepts, and Models The book starts out investigating the most common service models and the various ways that clouds are delivered such as public, private, and community. Common cloud terminology and storage are explained. Chapter 2: Compute Virtualization in the Cloud In this chapter you ll learn what virtualization is, its benefits, and why it is a central technology in cloud computing. You ll learn about hypervisors, virtual machines, and how to migrate from your existing operations to the cloud. The chapter concludes with a complete overview of network, compute, and storage virtualization. Chapter 3: Cloud Storage and Provisioning Chapter 3 covers the topic of storage in the cloud and starts out covering basic storage concepts and terminology so you can build a base of knowledge to expand on. You ll then learn about the file system types, performance levels, and RAID. The chapter also covers storage area networking and provisioning as commonly found in cloud computing centers. Chapter 4: Cloud Networking Concepts and Implementation Chapter 4 covers networking topics such as load balancing, routing, address translation, and the various network types you will need to be familiar with as a cloud engineer. Basic networking theory, topologies, and troubleshooting are also discussed. We ll then look at common network protocols. Chapter 5: Cloud Compute Resources, Concepts, and Implementation You ll learn about the physical resources in the cloud datacenter by investigating BIOS settings, CPUs, cores, motherboards, networking interfaces, and storage adapters. The chapter examines basic configurations of compute and storage hardware. Chapter 6: Cloud Management Concepts We ll take a step back in this chapter and take a rather broad and general look at managing your cloud deployment: what is involved and who has responsibility. This chapter will prepare you for our discussion of operations in the next chapter. Chapter 7: Cloud Operations You ll now delve deep into the operations aspects of cloud computing. Chapter 7 begins with a discussion of monitoring the cloud and then moves on to look at allocation resources from the physical to the virtual. The chapter ends by discussing how to access your cloud deployment from a remote location.

30 Introduction xxvii Chapter 8: Understanding and Maintaining Cloud Security This chapter begins by covering general security concepts and techniques used in the cloud. Then it progresses to storage security, encryption, and access control, and ends with a discussion on hardening operating systems and computing resources. Chapter 9: Systems Management in the Cloud Chapter 9 continues to go deeper into the technical aspects of the cloud by building on Chapters 6 and 7. You ll learn about ongoing management of your cloud operations, how to analyze and remedy performance issues, and how to perform verification of your cloud infrastructure. Be sure to pay close attention to this chapter! Chapter 10: Understanding Business Continuity in the Cloud The final chapter investigates the subject of preparing for and responding to a disaster where you could potentially lose complete datacenters. You ll also learn many terms, procedures, and techniques related to business continuity. Appendix A: Answers to Written Labs This appendix contains the answers to the written labs. Appendix B: Answers to Review Questions This appendix contains the answers to the book s review questions. Interactive Online Learning Environment and Test Bank We ve put together some great online tools to help you pass the Cloud+ exam. The interactive online learning environment that accompanies the Cloud+ exam certification guide provides a test bank and study tools to help you prepare for the exam. By using these tools, you can dramatically increase your chances of passing the exam on your first try. The test bank includes the following: Sample Tests Many sample tests are provided throughout this book and online, including the assessment test, which you ll find at the end of this introduction, and the review questions at the end of each chapter. In addition, there are two exclusive online practice exams with 50 questions each. Use these questions to test your knowledge of the study guide material. The online test bank runs on multiple devices. Flashcards The online text banks include 100 flashcards specifically written to hit you hard, so don t get discouraged if you don t ace your way through them at first! They re there to ensure that you re ready for the exam. And no worries armed with the review questions, practice exams, and flashcards, you ll be more than prepared when exam day comes. Questions are provided in digital flashcard format (a question followed by a single correct answer). You can use the flashcards to reinforce your learning and provide lastminute test prep before the exam. Glossary A glossary of key terms from this book and their definitions is available as a fully searchable PDF.