SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTIONAL OUTLINE OF MPD ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER
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1 Maintaining 'Control Consoles' Responsible for Controlling Traffic across Metropolitan Tokyo Masayuki Kurosawa Traffic Facilities and Control Division, Traffic Bureau Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, , Japan (Ex.52233), Masayuki Jinno System & Electronics Division, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Sekiguchi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, , Japan Tel.: ABSTRACT Metropolitan Tokyo is a megacity with 12,838,000 residents, 7,338,000 license holders (57% of the population) and 5,315,000 vehicles (as of the end of 2008) and, at the same time, the center of national politics and economy in its capacity of the capital city. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (hereinafter referred to as MPD) is responsible for maintaining public safety and order in the Tokyo metropolitan area and realizing safe and comfortable road traffic is part of such responsibility. The MPD Road Traffic Control Center is the core facility established for this purpose. The Road Traffic Control Center collects and captures the road traffic information (traffic volume, congestion, traffic accidents, road constructions, etc) across the Tokyo metropolitan area in real time, for provision to drivers and for use in traffic control by regulating traffic signal lights. In today s society where vehicles are used for transportation and commodity distribution to support our social life, the role the Road Traffic Control Center plays is significant and its full potential is requested to be maximized. The Road Traffic Control Consoles were developed for this purpose. This paper discusses the guideline for developing the Traffic Control Consoles, outline of various functions and future improvement plans. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTIONAL OUTLINE OF MPD ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER The new traffic control system of MPD that started its operation in 1995 consists of mainly four following subsystems as illustrated in Figure 1. 1
2 The Local Area Control subsystem connects to terminal equipment on the road such as signal controllers, Message Sign Boards, vehicle detectors and infrared beacons to collect road traffic data measured by terminal equipment and process and then processes such data into traffic volume, congestion degrees and measured travel time. The subsystem also controls terminal equipment on the road such as signal controllers and Message Sign Boards in accordance with the signal control parameters and traffic data calculated by the Control Parameter Calculation subsystem. The Control Parameter Calculation subsystem generates signal control parameters and traffic data based on the traffic volume, congestion degree and travel data tallied by the Local Area Control subsystem. The Road Information Communication subsystem connects with other entities such as traffic control systems in other prefectures, Metropolitan Expressway Company and Nippon EXpressway COmpany (NEXCO) through leased line to exchange traffic information related to accidents and construction as well as road congestion. The System Management Support subsystem stores the results tallied or calculated by respective functions and controls the states of equipment connected to the Traffic Control System. Traffic Control Consoles explained in this paper assists the traffic control operations of traffic administrators such as inquiry about traffic conditions, intervention to control operation, parameter changes and running traffic simulations. The following explains the functional outline. Control Parameter Calculation Traffic data Signal Control Calculation Computer Supervisor Computer Traffic Information Processing Computer System Management Support Control Console Road Information Communication Information Exchange Computer Local Area control Local Area Computer LAN Local Area Computer System Surveillance Computer Traffic Information Data Base Storage Computer Signal Controller Message Sign Board Signal Vehicle Detector Figure 1 System Configuration 2
3 FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL CONSOLES ENTRY OFTRAFFIC CONDITIONS Any incidents that may influence the road traffic are registered to the system from the Traffic Control Console. Registered incidents are treated as congestion causes. The incident data captured are incident details (traffic accidents, constructions, disabled vehicles, fallen objects, events etc) and traffic control information (lane closure, road closure, speed limit, snow chain restrictions etc). In order to capture various incidents in the Tokyo metropolitan area, traffic controllers at the Road Traffic Control Center accepts 110 calls (emergency calls to police departments), intercepts police radio (by police cars, motorcades and helicopters) and accepts construction reports. Since an event registered to a Traffic Control Console will be displayed on all consoles and a large monitor screen (Figure13), all traffic controllers at work can share the information and take prompt action. DISPLAY OF TRAFFIC INFORMATION The console displays traffic conditions such as Congestion and travel time in the form of maps and reports. It is also capable of calculating and presenting travel time between the start and endpoints specified. This function is particularly useful in answering to inquiries from drivers over the phone. Figure 2 Congestion Display Sample SIGNAL CONTROL VIEW/INTERVENTION To help controllers understand the signal control status, the console allows viewing of current and past records of cycles, splits and offsets. Figure 3 shows a display sample of offset control results. The offset control is particularly important in inner city areas where distances between signalized intersections are short. By displaying the results of cycle length, split and offset controls by route not by intersection, it is possible for controllers to verify the validity of signal control and detect any issues at an early stage. While the traffic is controlled using the traffic volume data automatically collected from vehicle detectors and optimal traffic control calculated from congestion data in normal circumstances, the terminal also allows manual intervention to modify cycle splits and offsets to intentionally change signal control when needed for solving accident or construction driven congestion or for administering special measures to bypass events. 3
4 Offset chart Intersection name Cycle length data Split data Offset data Figure 3 Results of offset control INFORMATION PROVISION Provision of information is automated. The system determines relationships between the congestion data measured by vehicle detectors and the information related to accidents involving death or injury and lane closures entered by controllers to edit road traffic information. The content of the road traffic information automatically edited and displayed on the Message Sign Board can be viewed on the console. 4
5 Content of Message Sign Board Oume-Kaido Street Shimendo Intersection Accidents/lane closure Accident site Message Sign Board Figure 4 Confirmation screen of traffic information provision TRAFFIC INFORMATION HISTORY The terminal allows viewing of traffic volume (in 15 minute intervals), congestion (in 50 second intervals) and travel time (in 2.5 minute intervals) data. It also presents congestion on general roads below 10 km/h in red and below 20km/H in purple. Up to 13 month old data can be referenced. TRAFFIC INFORMATION STATISTICS Figure 5 Route Congestion Display Sample The terminal allows viewing (comparison) of statistics information of records in traffic information history averaged and stored by day of the week, weekdays, weekends and holidays, month and year. The calculated data are stored only for shortening the response time to such inquiries. Figure 6 shows a display sample of heavily congested intersections by the order of congestion length. This serves as a basis for considering traffic control options such as adjustment of signal control parameters. 5
6 Intersection,Street Congestion information Figure 6 List of heavily congested intersections PARAMTER CONTROL The user can view and edit various basic parameters configured for signal control and traffic information processing systems. ROAD MAPAND ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT OPERATOIN The basic operation for map function includes scale, background and map settings and scrolls. The roadside equipment is also linked to video camera consoles to allow selection of camera terminals from the map for better usability. 6
7 Table 1 Types and Volume of Various Roadside Equipment Operated from Traffic Control Consoles Device Number Device Number Signal controller 7,799 Message Sign 313 Board Vehicle detector 11,985 CCTV camera 345 Infrared beacon 1,767 Road side radio 108 *As of the end of March 2009 SOPHISTICATION of TRAFFIC CONTROL CONSOLES The hardware of Traffic Control Consoles were updated over two years in 2008 and 2009 and, at the same time, the functionality was enhanced based on past experiences to further improve traffic control operations. PREVIOUS SCREEN STRUCTURE (FUNCTIONS BY GUI CONSTITUTION) Screens were categorized into functional and information types. For instance, functions categorized into traffic information inquiry were display of congestion information, event information including accidents and constructions, expressway ramp open/closure information and delivered travel time. The purpose of the use of traffic Control Consoles varies from analyzing traffic accident influences and congestion causes to checking of traffic signal operational status and determining implementation of intentional traffic control. By studying the operational flows and requests from traffic controllers around these activities, it was revealed that the screen structure categorized by functional or information type often resulted in inefficient operation. For example, congestion at an intersection may be caused by readjustment of signal control, vehicle detector defects or constructions, and several pieces of relevant information such as the relationship between congestion and signal control, operating status of detectors, accident and construction information need to be efficiently collected and analyzed to identify the cause of congestion. Study into the screen structure taking sequential flow activities was required. DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR NEW SCREEN STRUCTURE New Traffic Control Consoles allows direct transition to relevant screens in addition to screen search based on the conventional configuration. Too many transition options may have compromised the work efficiency by displaying next screen options and therefore the operational flow was analyzed to allow transition to frequently used screen to avoid increase in the number of clicks. 7
8 FUNCTIONAL OUTLINE OF NEW TRAFFIC CONTROL CONSOLES 41 new Traffic Control Consoles were deployed in the Road Traffic Control Center and relevant departments to commence operation in April This section explains the outline of new functions. Figure 7 Outlook of Traffic Control Consoles SEAMLESS INFORMATION SEARCH STEPS The new Traffic Control Console terminal allows direct search of relevant information for the incidence of a traffic accident, for instance, such as what information is collected by surrounding vehicle detectors, how signals are controlled and the details of traffic information provided. As shown in Figure 8, from the installation information of traffic signals, vehicle detectors, Message Sign Boards surrounding the traffic accident site, search of information for different purposes was enabled leading to more responsive traffic control operations. Figure 8 Information Collection Sample at Traffic Accident Incidence As an another example, to analyze the day-to-day changes in the congestion of a route, it is possible to display the data of the operating status of vehicle detectors that collect congestion information and any probable causes of congestion such as traffic accidents in pop-ups in addition 8
9 to basic congestion data to allow analysis of congestion causes from different aspects. Congestion Detector data Event data Figure 9 Congestion Cause Analysis Sample MICROSCOPIC AND INFORMATION MACROSCOPIC ANALYSES OF TRAFFIC Previously, screens were structured to allow detailed search but a function to allow free tuning of time and distance was added. This enabled the user to collect detailed information of specific segments while observing the entire congestion conditions to derive solutions. Micro Macro Figure 10 Microscopic and Macroscopic Analyses of Traffic Information 9
10 CONCURRENT DISPLAY OF MULTIPLE DATES AND TIME By allowing display of congestion data from multiple dates specified for comparison of congestion conditions by day of the week or year over year, for instance, the Traffic Control Console terminal enabled visualization of congestion changes. Additional automatic synchronization of target areas and time improved usability. Day 1 Day 2 Event Day 3 Day 4 Figure 11 Concurrent Display of Data from Multiple Dates and Time ANALYSIS OFTRAFFIC CONDITION VARIATION OVER TIME The Traffic Control Console terminal enabled comparison of archived traffic data over the past 15 years from different aspects such as annually, monthly or by day of the week. Through signal control improvements, construction of new express ways and crackdown on illegal parking, the road congestion in the Tokyo metropolitan area is improving year over year. 200 Tokyo 200 Central 23 districts Metropolitan Last 10 years Trends in Time Zones over Multiple Figure 12 Effective use of historical data (ex. Trend of congestion length*time) 10
11 PLANS TO SOPHISTICATE TRAFFIC CONTROL CONSOLES The role of the Road Traffic Control Center is to maintain the traffic environment to optimal conditions through such operations as minimizing economic losses by reducing congestion, reducing CO2 emissions and traffic accidents, assisting the passage of emergency vehicles and securing emergency routes in times of disasters. The authors have stated that sophistication of the Road Traffic Control System and maintenance of related equipment are critical to fulfill this role. Each function of the MPD Road Traffic Control Center is automated. Signal control parameters are calculated and traffic information is edited without requiring manual intervention in normal circumstances. However, many matters related to maintenance of the equipment such as decision making on the necessity of reviewing signal control policies due to changes in traffic conditions over the years, decision making on the necessity of repair of detectors and other equipment and reviewing system function improvements still rely on the data analysis capability of traffic administrators. Therefore, improvements made this time also focused on functions to assist decision making by such administrators including visualization of traffic status, signal control results, content of information provision and equipment operational status into charts and tables. In future, it will be required to reinforce the automatic diagnosis functions of the system to detect sites that need signal tuning and detectors which may need repair and to notify the traffic control administrators automatically. In addition, functionality to allow responsive operations to changing traffic environment such as impact analysis and solution building against rain and other weather changes influencing the traffic flow and reinforced disaster control must be developed. CONCLUSION The operation of new Traffic Control Consoles commenced in April 2010 and improved usability and operation time by overlapping screens, switching between screens, output of various data into CSV files and other features significantly improved traffic controller s information analysis capabilities and responsiveness to contingency. As core equipment comparable to Traffic Control Consoles, the Road Traffic Control Center has a large monitor screen (4.5m H x 24.0 m W) that can display congestion conditions across the entire Tokyo metropolitan area. This system was also updated in parallel and went into operation on July 1,
12 Figure 13 MPD Road Traffic Control Center Traffic Control Consoles are the window for the system and the traffic administrator to exchange information. It is through the console that the administrator can get the entire picture of the system and to communicate his decision to all network equipment. In order to maximize the functionality of sophisticated systems, resources with high operational skills are required as well as further advancement of Control Consoles for assisting decision making is needed. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department has always tried to nurture controllers with technical capabilities and to reflect the feedback of controllers in function of Control Consoles. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Road Traffic Control Center will continue to serve as the core facility for ensuring safer and smoother traffic in the Tokyo metropolitan area. 12
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