TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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1 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS v xiv xvi xvii 1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKS AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS INTRODUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE LESS NETWORK AD HOC NETWORKS ROUTING PROTOCOLS Unicast Routing Proactive routing protocol Reactive routing protocol Hybrid routing protocol Multicast Routing FACTORS AFFECTING ROUTINNG METRICIES EMPLOYED FOR THE ROUTE SELECTION METRICIES USED FOR EVALUATION IN AD HOC NETWORKS OPNET SIMULATION SOFTWARE 22

2 x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.9 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS THESIS ORGANNIZATION SUMMARY LITERATURE SURVEY INTRODUCTION AD HOC NETWORK ROUTNG PROTOCOLS Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocol Comparison of Routing Protocol Performance Metrics LINK QUALITY BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS SWARM INTELLIGENCE FOR ROUTING IN AD HOC NETWORKS SUMMARY IMPROVED AODV BASED ON LINK QUALITY METRICS INTRODUCTION AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL Aodv Route Message Rreq message format Rrep message format Rrerr message format 69

3 xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Route reply acknowledgement message format LINK QUALITY ESTIMATION IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Link Quality based Transmission Power Adaptation Link Quality based Data Rate Adaptation Link Quality based Route Selection ACTIIVE ROUTE TIME OUT METHODOLOGY Link Quality Proposed Improved Aodv Model Experimental Setup Traffic Mobility model Performance metrics Simulation Setup RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY OPTIMIZATION OF LINK FOR AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR USING ANT COLONY ALGORITHM INTRODUCTION SWARM INTELLIGENCE INSPIRED ROUTING ALGORITHMS IN MANNET Swarm Intelligence Routing Procedure 98

4 xii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Route setup phase Route maintenance phase Route failure handling case Self Organizing Nature of Swarm Inelegance Positive feedback Negative feedback Amplification of fluctuations Multiple Interactions THE ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION APPROACH Similarities and Difference with Real Ants Pheromone Trail and Stigmergy Shortest Path Searching and Local Moves Stochastic and Myopic State Transition Policy METHODOLOGY Link Quality Metrics Experimental Setup RESULT AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY HYBRID OPTIMIZATION FOR ENHANCED LINK QUALITY INTRODUCTION TABU SEARCH TABU Search Techniques 122

5 xiii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO Basic Tabu Search Algorithm and Flow Chart METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK CONCLUSION SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 137 REFFERENCE 138 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 156

6 xiv LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Comparison of Cellular Network and Ad hoc Wireless Network Simulation Parameters Packet Delivery ratio for Varying Node Pause Time End to End Delay for Varying Node Pause Time Jitter for Varying node Pause Time Route Discovery Time Total Route Cache Sent Total Packets Dropped Results Obtained for Different Number of Nodes Routing Table For Node Packet Delivery Ratio for varying node pause time for the proposed Aco-Aodv End to End delay for varying Node Pause Time for the proposed Aco-Aodv Jitter for varying Node Pause Time for proposed Aco-Aodv Route Discovery Time Total Route Catche Sent Total Packets Dropped 116

7 xv TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.1 Packet delivery Ratio for varying Node pause Time for the proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv End to End Delay for varying Node Pause Time for the proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv Jitter for varying Node Pause Time for proposed Hybrid Aco-Aodv Route Discovery Time Total Route Catche Sent Total Packets Dropped 133

8 xvi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Network RREQ Message Format RREP Message Format Example for AODV Routing Table Route Request Message Route reply Message Route error Message Route reply Acknowledgement Node Model in Opnet The State Machine diagram for the IP model The State Machine of Traffic Diagram Snapshot of Simulation Screen for Total Cache Replies Sent Snapshot of the code for the proposed Lq-Aodv Routing Illustration of SI based Routing Problem Additional packets overheads Introduced Initial Phase of ACO Optimization The Route discovery Process The Ant Path Representation of Shortest path Dimension of Memory Structure in Tabu Search Flow Chart for Tabu Search 124

9 xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (i,j) - A Pheromone Amount Between Node i and Node j (i,j) - A reciprocal of the distance between node i and node j ART - Active Route Time Out ANSI - Ad Hoc Networking with Swarm Intelligence AODV - Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector ASAP - Adaptive Reservation and Pre-allocation Protocol i, j - An Index Of Link Quality ACNDHMR - Ant Colony based Node Disjoint Hybrid Multi-path Routing ACO - Ant Colony Optimization ARAMA - Ant Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ARA - Ant-Colony-Based Routing Algorithm ARA - Ant-Colony-Based Routing Algorithm G r G t ABR ARAN ADN D BDP BER CSMA /CA CGSR CDMA - Antenna Gain of the Receiver - Antenna Gain of the Transmitter - Associatively Based Routing - Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc Networks - Autonomous Decentralized Networks Algorithm - Average End-To-End Delay - Bandwidth-Delay Product - Bit Error Rate - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance - Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing - Code Division Multiple Access

10 xviii CRL - Collaborative Reinforcement Learning CWL - Congestion Window Limit CBR - Constant Bit Rate CAMP - Core Assisted Mesh Protocol DOE - Design of Experiments DSN - Destination Sequence Number DSDV - Destination Sequenced Distance Vector DAG - Directed Acyclic Graph DRR - Dynamic Reconfigurable Routing DSR - Dynamic Source Routing EARA - Emergent Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm EODMRP - Enhanced On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol ETT - Expected Transmission Time FSR - Fisheye State Routing FV-AODV - Fuzzy Velocity-based AODV GPS - Global Positioning System HARP - Hybrid Ad Hoc Routing Protocol LANMAR - Landmark Ad Hoc Routing LABQ - Link Availability Based QoS Aware LQ-AODV - Link Quality Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector LQA - Link Quality Assessment LQA - Link Quality Assessment LQF - Link Quality Format LQHR - Link Quality-Based Hybrid Routing LB-AODV - Load Balancing Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector V max MAC - Maximum Allowable Velocity - Media Access Control C m - Minimum Value Of Metric Over A Path MANET - Mobile AdHoc Network

11 xix MABR MPR MAODV NCEMR ODMRP OLSR PLR PSO i,j, ij Pj PERA PDF QoS RWM ROAR RTHC RTT RRER RREP RREP-ACK RREQ RSC RABR SSA SSR SSA SNR - Mobile Ants-Based Routing Protocol - Multi Point Relay - Multicast Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Novel Constrained Entropy-Based Multipath Routing - On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol - Optimized Link State Routing - Packet Loss Ratio - Particle Swarm Optimization - Pheromone Value - Power Computed For Each Node - Probabilistic Emergent Routing Algorithm - Probability Density Function - Product of values along the path - Quality of Service - Random Way point Mobility - Rate Opportunistic Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector Routing - Round-Trip Hop-Count - Round-trip time - Route Error - Route Reply - Route Reply Acknowledgment - Route Request - Route Stability Coefficient - Route-Lifetime Assessment Based Routing Protocol - Signal Stability Algorithm - Signal Stability Routing - Signal Strength Adaptive - Signal To Interference Plus Noise Ratio

12 SIR - Signal to Interference Ratio SMR - Split Multipath Routing TS TORA n ij R i Pi - Tabu Search - Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm - The Heuristic Value - The Number of Data Packets Successfully Transmitted - The Time At Which A Packet With Unique Identifier - The total power from all nodes xx i TBRPF Pj - The Unique Packet Identifier - Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse Path Forwarding - Total Power Computed n i 1, - Two Tunable Parameters L m i VO-AODV T w WLAN WPAN WRP WWAN ZRP - Value of Metric m over a Link L i over a path - Varying Overhead Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Waiting Time - Wavelength - Wireless Local Area Network - Wireless personal area network - Wireless Routing Protocol - Wireless Wide Area Network - Zone Routing Protocol