3. Evaluation of Selected Tree and Mesh based Routing Protocols

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1 33 3. Evaluation of Selected Tree and Mesh based Routing Protocols 3.1 Introduction Construction of best possible multicast trees and maintaining the group connections in sequence is challenging even in wired networks. Though in MANETs multicast is one of the challenging environment, the implementations of the tree based routing techniques are simpler to the mesh based routing techniques. In tree based routing only single path is connecting the source node and destination node, while in mesh based routing, multiple routes are connecting the source node and destination node [93]. Tree-based routing protocols suffer from the inferior performance of the mobility. If a link break occurs then the data messages are lost until a new branch is constructed. Multicast tree structures are easily broken and must be readjusted continuously as connectivity changes. Furthermore, typical multicast trees frequently require global routing substructure. Frequent changes of routing vectors or link state tables causes continuous changes in topology. As a result, it generates excessive channel and processing overhead. Limited bandwidth, constrained power, and mobility of network hosts make the design of multicast tree based routing protocols particularly challenging. For this reason it is a major issue for the researchers to develop tree based routing protocols.

2 34 To solve the critical problems inherent in tree-based approaches a new topology called mesh [12, 42, 43, 49, 94, 95] has been proposed. The mesh topology is characterized by the fact that it provides multiple paths between a source and a receiver which allows multicast datagrams to be delivered even if a link fails. This chapter provides a schematic way of design and experimentation of NS2 configuring for critical analysis. Here we considered two protocols MAODV and ADMR of the tree based class and another two protocols PUMA and ODMR of the mesh based class for illustrating protocol ranking/ordering process. However this contribution has a technological value and not having much philosophical nature. Above mentioned protocols performances are considered for the QoS parameters which are essential for evaluating the worthiness of novel routing protocols which are developed in this thesis. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.2 presents the selected tree based routing protocols i.e. MAODV and ADMR. Section 3.3 presents the selected mesh based routing protocols i.e. ODMR and PUMA. In these two sections, schematic study of these protocols is discussed. Section 3.4 discusses the factors to be considered for performance evaluation of these routing protocols, the mobility model used and performance metrics. Section 3.5 presents the simulation

3 35 scenario. Section 3.6 presents the simulation results and section 3.7 presents the summary of this chapter. 3.2 Selected Tree Based Routing Protocols Multicast Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (MAODV) Protocol MAODV [10, 46] is an improved version of AODV. It is dynamic, self-starting, multi-hop routing protocol [96]. MAODV creates a shared tree which is connecting the multiple sources and receivers in the multicast group. The root of the each group tree is either one of the multicast source or receiver of the group that has been designed as a Group Leader. The root is the first member of a multicast group. When an application on a node issues a join request for a multicast group, this node floods the RREQ packet in the entire network. If no response is received from the group then the RREQ packet is repeated and the requested node becomes the Group Leader for that group. When a new source wants to send packets to a group, it performs the same steps. This Group Leader takes the responsibility of maintaining the multicast group sequence number. MAODV uses the unique sequence number to recognize the multicast group. Multicast Group Leader initializes the sequence number and incremented at regular intervals by means of a timer. By using current sequence number it generates the routes for multicast groups.

4 36 After this the Group Leader floods the network through a Group Hello Packet to inform the network about the existence of this Group and its current sequence number. By using the Group Hello Packet, the members in the group update their request table and distance to Group Leader. The MAODV discovers multicast routes On-Demand by using broadcast discovery mechanisms i.e. Route Request and Route Reply. If nodes are requested to join the group or nodes want to send packets to multicast group then these nodes are required to receive Group Hello Packet from its Group Leader and unicast a RREQ packet to the Group Leader. Once the Group Leader receives the RREQ packet it unicasts a RREP packet back to the originator of the RREQ which responds with a multicast activation (MACT) packet. The MACT packet establishes multicast forwarding state between the newly joined receiver and the shared tree. If a source node does not receive a MACT within a certain period of time then it broadcast another RREQ. After the number of RREQs, the source assumes that there are no other members of the tree that can be reached and declares itself as the Group Leader. In this broken links are detected with the help of periodic Hello packets transmitted by each node inside the network and nodes use the expanding ring search mechanism to reconnect the shared tree.

5 Adaptive Demand Driven Multicast Routing (ADMR) Protocol ADMR [11] is a receiver initiated multicast tree. If at least one source and one receiver are active for the group it creates a tree by using an on-demand mechanism. ADMR supports receivers to receive multicast packets sent through any sender [25]. As well as receivers may join a multicast group only on behalf of particular senders. The multicast source does not know who are the receivers and in which network they are located. The receivers need not know who are the sources and in which network they are located. ADMR works with the nodes which might move at any time in the entire network and any packet is lost in the network. To join a multicast group, an ADMR receiver transmits a MULTICAST SOLICITATION packet in the entire network. Once source receives this packet, it replies by sending a unicast KEEP-ALIVE packet to that receiver and also to confirm that the receiver has joined that source. The receiver replies to the KEEP-ALIVE through sending a RECEIVER JOIN packet along the reverse path which sets up forwarding state along the shortest paths. Additionally to the receiver s join mechanism, a source floods the RECEIVER DISCOVERY packet periodically in the entire network. The Receivers which exist in the network and if they are not already connected to the multicast tree then they get this packet and respond to it with a RECEIVER JOIN packet. Within the tree to detect broken links, source monitors the packet

6 38 forwarding rate to determine when the tree has broken or the source node has become silent. When the link break occurs then the node initiates a repair on its own. If the source node stops sending the packets then any forwarding state is silently removed. Receivers equally monitor the packet reception rate and know how to re-join the multicast tree if intermediate nodes have been unable to reconnect the tree. The receivers ensure a repair by broadcasting a new MULTICAST SOLICITATION packet. On the other hand a node on the multicast tree transmits a REPAIR NOTIFICATION packet down its sub-tree to cancel the repair of downstream nodes. The most upstream node sends a hop-limited flood of a RECONNECT packet. If any forwarder receives this packet then it forwards the RECONNECT up the multicast tree to the source. The source responds to the RECONNECT packet by sending a RECONNECT REPLY as a unicast message that follows the path of the RECONNECT back to the repairing node. Thus, it performs both its route discovery and route maintenance functions on demand. 3.3 Selected Mesh Based Routing Protocols On-Demand Multicast Routing (ODMR) Protocol It is a mesh-based multicast routing protocol. To create a mesh for every multicast group ODMR protocol [12, 51] uses the technique of forwarding group [43]. This protocol establishes multicast routes and group membership on-demand and it is added to the source. ODMR protocol uses route request and reply phase.

7 39 In the network if a source node has packets to forward then it periodically broadcasts a member advertising packet called a Join Query. If a node receives a Join Query then it stores the upstream node ID and also rebroadcasts the packet. If the Join Query packet reaches multicast receiver then the receiver creates or updates the source entry in its Member Table. When valid entries present in the Member Table then Join Replies are broadcasted periodically to its neighbors. While a node receives Join Query it checks if the next node ID is one of the entries matches along with its own ID. If the node realizes that it is in the path to the source and a segment of the forwarding group then it broadcast its own Join Reply. Every forwarding group member sends the Join Reply until it reaches the multicast source through the shortest path. In the forwarding group this process can be used to create or update the routes commencing from sources to receivers and forms a mesh of nodes. After the formation of the group along with the route construction procedure a multicast source sends packets to receivers through preferred routes and forwarding groups. Periodic control packets are delivered only when outgoing data packets are still there. While receiving a multicast data packet a node sends packets only when it is not a duplicate.

8 40 To join or leave the group no explicit control packets require to be sent. In case a multicast source needs to leave the group it stops sending Join Query packets immediately because it is not having any multicast data to forward to the group. From a particular multicast group a receiver which no longer wants to receive, the receiver removes the subsequent entries from its Member Table and need not transmit the Join Reply for that group Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements (PUMA) PUMA [13] is a mesh based routing protocol which supports a source node to transmit multicast packets addressed to a known multicast group without having the knowledge of how the group is. Within the network it selects one of the receivers of a group as core of the group [37]. In addition it informs every router as at least one next-hop towards the selected core of every group. Every node on shortest path connecting any receiver and the core, form a mesh. Sender transmits a data packet to the group with any of the shortest paths connecting the sender and the core. Once the data packet reaches a mesh member it floods inside the mesh. In addition, nodes maintain a packet ID cache to drop duplicate packets. PUMA uses single control packet for every function i.e. Multicast Announcement Packet (MAP). Every MAP has a sequence number, group

9 41 ID (address of the group), core ID (address of the core), distance to the core, mesh member flag and parent to choose a neighbor to reach the core. Succeeding MAPs contain higher sequence number than earlier multicast announcements sent by the same core. By means of this information nodes select cores and find the routes for sources beyond a multicast and also give the information regarding joining or leaving the mesh of a group and maintenance of the mesh. A node in the group which is core of a group periodically transmits the multicast announcements. When the multicast announcement travels throughout the network, it creates a connectivity list at each node in the network. By means of connectivity lists nodes want to create a mesh and also route the data packets from senders to receivers. A node collects the data from every multicast announcement and it accepts from its neighbors in the connectivity list. A new multicast announcement from a neighbor which is having higher sequence number overwrites with that of a lower sequence number for the same group. For a given group, a node has only one entry in its connectivity list from a particular neighbor and it keeps only that information with the latest sequence number for a given core. Every entry within the connectivity list collects the information regarding the multicast announcement, the time when it was received and the neighbor from which it was received. The node creates its own

10 42 multicast announcement based on the best entry in the connectivity list. For the similar core ID and maximum sequence number the multicast announcements through smaller distances to the core are considered best. connectivity list and forms a new list which is restricted to the new core If each and every field is same then the multicast announcement that arrived previously is considered. After deciding the best multicast announcement packet, the node creates its own multicast announcement packet. The connectivity list collects information regarding all the routes that exist to the core. If a core change occurs for a particular group then the node removes the entries of its old. 3.4 Performance Evaluation through Simulation In order to evaluate the performance of a routing protocol we need to use a network simulator like NS-2, Qual Net, OPTNET and GloMoSim etc., in this thesis we used NS-2 to create the simulation environment in order to implement the protocols and also to compare its performance with one another [97]. A detailed description about network simulator (NS2) has been presented in section Mobility Model In order to simulate a new protocol for an ad hoc network, it is very important to use a mobility model that represents the mobile nodes which ultimately develop the given protocol [98-101]. A mobility model should try to mimic the movements of real mobile nodes. Changes in speed and direction have to take place in a reasonable manner. For

11 44 mobile nodes is not representative of the manner in which nodes spread out when moving. A neighbor of a mobile node is a node that is inside the mobile node s transmission range; the average mobile node neighbor percentage is the cumulative percentage of entire mobile nodes that are neighbors of a given mobile node. The nodes will have non-uniform distribution after some run, with maximum node density in the middle region and minimum node density on the boundary. This high variability in average mobile node neighbor percentage will create high variability in performance, unless the simulation results are calculated from all simulation runs. The nodes will go through sharp turn, rapid acceleration and unexpected stop when using this mobility model. There is also a difficult association between node speed and pause time in the Random Waypoint Mobility Model Performance metrics For finding the performance Evaluation of the selected protocols we consider throughput, packet delivery ratio and delay [97]. Throughput is defined as the total average number of data packets received by the destination in bytes per second. Packet Delivery ratio is the ratio of the data packets received at the destination to the number of data packets transmitted by the source. Average End-to-End Delay represents the average time i.e. the transmission delay of data packets that are

12 45 delivered successfully. This delay consists of propagation delays, queuing delays at the interfaces and buffering delays during route discovery. 3.5 Simulation Scenario Scenario Setup The simulator for evaluation of proposed routing protocol is implemented using Network Simulation (NS2) in Linux. The network size is of nodes incrementing by 50 nodes placed randomly over 1100m x 1100m area. The transmission range for each node is 250m, and the channel capacity is 2Mbits/s. The mobility model of the nodes in the simulations is the Random Waypoint model. Every node alone starts at a random position in the simulation area and remains stationary for an interval of pause time. The node then generates a uniformly distributed recent location, which is a random destination within the simulation area. The mobility speed is uniformly distributed between a specific mobility speed of 0mts/sec to 10 mts/sec, with a pause time of 0 seconds equivalent to a constant motion of 10sec Channel and Radio Model The propagation models in NS2 have free space model, two-ray ground reflection model and the shadowing model [59]. Free space model assumes the ideal situation wherein only one clear line-of-sight path among the transmitter and receiver. The two-ray ground reflection model considers the direct path and ground reflection path together. The shadowing model consists of two parts i.e. the first part is path loss

13 43 example, mobile nodes might not move in straight lines at constant speeds for the entire simulation because real mobile nodes would not move in such a restricted manner. There are different types of mobility models which are available i.e. Random mobility model, Group mobility model, Temporal mobility model and Spatial mobility model [102, 103]. Again in the Random models, Random walk mobility model, Random Waypoint mobility model, Random Direction mobility etc. are available. In the proposed protocols we consider the widely used Random Way Point mobility model [58] for the performance of the protocols Random Waypoint Mobility Model Random Waypoint Mobility Model comprises the pause times which involves the changes in the direction and/or speed [110, 111, 112]. A node starts in staying at one position meant for a specific period of time i.e. pause time. When this time expires the mobile node selects a random destination inside the simulation area and the speed which is uniformly distributed among the maximum speed and minimum speed. The mobile node moves in the direction of the newly selected destination by the selected speed. On arrival, the mobile node pauses for a particular time period prior to starting the process again. In most of the performance analysis that use the Random Waypoint Mobility Model, the mobile nodes are originally distributed randomly throughout the simulation area. The random distribution of

14 46 model and the second part reflects the variation of the received power at specific distance. The two-ray ground reflection model is used for simulation in the proposed protocol MAC Protocol The IEEE MAC protocol through distributed coordination function (DCF) is used as the MAC layer. DCF uses a RTS / CTS / DATA /ACK for all unicast packets. For multicast data packets they are sending without using ACK in the series Simulation Parameters and Traffic scenario The selected protocols are evaluated using Network simulator (NS2) of nodes incrementing by 50 nodes. The mobility model is selected as Random Way Point model. In this mobility model a node randomly selects a destination and it moves in the direction of the destination with a speed uniformly chosen between the minimal speed and maximal speed. After it reaches the destination, the node stays there for a pause time and then moves again. Each node moves randomly with a speed of 0-10 mts/sec and stays at the same place with a pause time 0-10sec. The Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF) of IEEE for wireless LANs is assumed as the MAC layer protocol. The two ray ground model is selected for the propagation. A bandwidth of 2Mbps with a radio range of 250m is considered. We have chosen CBR as the type of communication and the maximum interface queue length is 250. The

15 47 performance metrics considered are Throughput, Average End-to-End Delay and Packet Delivery Ratio. 3.6 Simulation Results We evaluated and compared the performance of the tree based routing protocols i.e. ADMR and MAODV routing protocol, mesh based routing protocols i.e. ODMR and PUMA. We considered the varying node mobility, varying node density and their group sizes. In this we selected a network with node mobility ranging from 2mts/sec to 10mts/sec incrementing the steps of 2, node density ranges from which increments in the steps of 50 and their group sizes in (1, 2) with increments of one. Thus the possible combinations for evaluating above four protocols is 8 i.e. No. of distinct densities considered (4) multiplied with no. of distinct groups considered (2). The results for different performance metrics plotted in the graph for different parameters and node mobility are illustrated in Fig 3.1 to 3.3. In the performance analysis throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay comparisons are presented in the next three sub sections Throughput By observing the graphs plotted in Fig 3.1 one can notice that when the number of groups equal to one, PUMA is slightly better than ODMR and in turn ODMR is better than MAODV and ADMR. As the group count is increased from one to two, PUMA is much better than ODMR. This behavior is because of the difference in the format of the

16 48 control packets used. PUMA uses single control packet format for querying the receivers whereas ODMR has separate control packets for querying different control information. Thus the control packets exchanged between sender and receivers are more compared to data packets in ODMR than PUMA. Hence the result of throughputs is fewer in ODMR. PUMA delivers higher throughputs as it focuses on mesh redundancy in the region Packet Delivery Ratio By observing the graphs plotted in Fig 3.2, one can notice the unstable delivery ratios exhibited by ADMR for the various densities and group counts considered except the density equals to 200. But its behavior is poor compared to all other three protocols due to the fact that more number of link failures occurred in ADMR. The ODMR displays better delivery ratios with group count equals to one compared to MAODV. But with the number of groups equal to two, the delivery ratios of ODMR and MAODV are almost same and slightly dominated by ODMR End to End Delay Fig 3.3 conveys the fact that the end-to-end delay of ADMR is higher compared to MAODV except few cases where both of them are overlapping with each other. This is due to the fact that in ADMR the receiver must send a confirmation to every source.

17 49 The end-to-end delays in PUMA are lesser compared to the other three protocols and ODMR is dominating MAODV and ADMR. But with grouping count equals to two, ODMR displays higher delays compared to all other three protocols considered for evaluation. But PUMA still displays consistent end-to-end delays.

18 50 (a) 50 nodes, 1 group (b) 100 nodes, 1 group (c) 150 nodes, 1 group (d) 200 nodes, 1 group (a) 50 nodes, 2 groups (b) 100 nodes, 2 groups (c) 150 nodes, 2 groups (d) 200 nodes, 2 groups Fig 3.1 Throughput comparisons of selected protocols

19 51 (a) 50 nodes, 1 group (b) 100 nodes, 1 group (c) 150 nodes, 1 group (d) 200 nodes, 1 group (a) 50 nodes, 2 groups (b) 100 nodes, 2 groups (c) 150 nodes, 2 groups (d) 200 nodes, 2 groups Fig 3.2 Packet delay ratio comparisons of selected protocols

20 52 (a) 50 nodes, 1 group (b) 100 nodes, 1 group (c) 150 nodes, 1 group (d) 200 nodes, 1 group (a) 50 nodes, 2 groups (b) 100 nodes, 2 groups (c) 150 nodes, 2 groups (d) 200 nodes, 2 groups Fig 3.3 End-to-End Delay comparisons of selected protocols

21 Comparisons of selected tree and mesh based routing protocols All the above results are summarized and illustrated in the table below. QOS Parameters Throughput Delivery Ratio E2E Delay Group Count Tree Based ADMR MAODV Mesh Based ODMR PUMA Table 3.1 Comparisons of selected tree and mesh based routing protocols 3.7 Summary In this chapter we developed a schematic method of comparing the two tree based routing protocols i.e. MAODV and ADMR, the two mesh based routing protocols i.e. ODMR and PUMA. Simulation result shows that MAODV has better performance as compared to ADMR and PUMA has better performance as compared to ODMR. In recent years multipath routing is another area attracting the attention of researchers

22 54 which led to the design and development of some multipath routing protocols. To improve the MAODV we apply the concept of multipath in MAODV. In Chapter 5, we propose Node Disjoint Split Multipath Multicast Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (NDSM-MAODV) routing protocol which is a variant of Multicast Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol. To improve the performance of PUMA, we apply the concept of multipath in PUMA. In Chapter 6 we propose Node Disjoint Split Multipath Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements (NDSM-PUMA) which is a variant of Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements (PUMA).

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