Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Project Editor, International Edition:

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2 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Editorial Assistant: Emma Snider Vice President Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Vice President and Director of Production: Vince O Brien Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Publisher, International Edition: Angshuman Chakraborty Acquisitions Editor, International Edition: Somnath Basu Publishing Assistant, International Edition: Shokhi Shah Print and Media Editor, International Edition: Ashwitha Jayakumar Project Editor, International Edition: Jayashree Arunachalam Publishing Administrator, International Edition: Hema Mehta Art Director, Cover: Anthony Gemmellaro Art Coordinator: Janet Theurer/Theurer Briggs Design Art Studio: Patrice Rossi Calkin/Rossi Illustration and Design Cover Designer: Liz Harasymcuk Text Designer: Joyce Cosentino Wells Cover Image: Fancy/Alamy Media Editor: Dan Sandin Full-Service Vendor: PreMediaGlobal Senior Project Manager: Andrea Stefanowicz Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: Pearson Education Limited 2013 The rights of James M. Kurose and Keith W. Ross to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Computer Networking, 6th edition, ISBN by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross published by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. ISBN 10: ISBN 13: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset in Times Roman, by PreMediaGlobal Printed and bound by Courier Westford in The United States of America The publisher's policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.

3 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach: International Edition - PDF - PDF - PDF Table of Contents Cover Table of Contents Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet 1.1 What Is the Internet? A Nuts-and-Bolts Description A Services Description What Is a Protocol? 1.2 The Network Edge Access Networks Physical Media 1.3 The Network Core Packet Switching Circuit Switching A Network of Networks 1.4 Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks Overview of Delay in Packet-Switched Networks Queuing Delay and Packet Loss End-to-End Delay Throughput in Computer Networks 1.5 Protocol Layers and Their Service Models Layered Architecture Encapsulation 1.6 Networks Under Attack 1.7 History of Computer Networking and the Internet The Development of Packet Switching: Proprietary Networks and Internetworking: A Proliferation of Networks: The Internet Explosion: The 1990s The New Millennium 1.8 Summary Wireshark Lab Interview: Leonard Kleinrock Chapter 2 Application Layer 2.1 Principles of Network Applications Network Application Architectures

4 2.1.2 Processes Communicating Transport Services Available to Applications Transport Services Provided by the Internet Application-Layer Protocols Network Applications Covered in This Book 2.2 The Web and HTTP Overview of HTTP Non-Persistent and Persistent Connections HTTP Message Format User-Server Interaction: Cookies Web Caching The Conditional GET 2.3 File Transfer: FTP FTP Commands and Replies 2.4 Electronic Mail in the Internet SMTP Comparison with HTTP Mail Message Format Mail Access Protocols 2.5 DNSThe Internets Directory Service Services Provided by DNS Overview of How DNS Works DNS Records and Messages 2.6 Peer-to-Peer Applications P2P File Distribution Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) 2.7 Socket Programming: Creating Network Applications Socket Programming with UDP Socket Programming with TCP 2.8 Summary Socket Programming Assignments Wireshark Labs: HTTP, DNS Interview: Marc Andreessen Chapter 3 Transport Layer 3.1 Introduction and Transport-Layer Services Relationship Between Transport and Network Layers Overview of the Transport Layer in the Internet 3.2 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 3.3 Connectionless Transport: UDP

5 3.3.1 UDP Segment Structure UDP Checksum 3.4 Principles of Reliable Data Transfer Building a Reliable Data Transfer Protocol Pipelined Reliable Data Transfer Protocols Go-Back-N (GBN) Selective Repeat (SR) 3.5 Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP The TCP Connection TCP Segment Structure Round-Trip Time Estimation and Timeout Reliable Data Transfer Flow Control TCP Connection Management 3.6 Principles of Congestion Control The Causes and the Costs of Congestion Approaches to Congestion Control Network-Assisted Congestion-Control Example: ATM ABR Congestion Control 3.7 TCP Congestion Control Fairness 3.8 Summary Programming Assignments Wireshark Labs: TCP, UDP Interview: Van Jacobson Chapter 4 The Network Layer 4.1 Introduction Forwarding and Routing Network Service Models 4.2 Virtual Circuit and Datagram Networks Virtual-Circuit Networks Datagram Networks Origins of VC and Datagram Networks 4.3 Whats Inside a Router? Input Processing Switching Output Processing Where Does Queuing Occur? The Routing Control Plane 4.4 The Internet Protocol (IP): Forwarding and Addressing in the Internet

6 4.4.1 Datagram Format IPv4 Addressing Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) IPv A Brief Foray into IP Security 4.5 Routing Algorithms The Link-State (LS) Routing Algorithm The Distance-Vector (DV) Routing Algorithm Hierarchical Routing 4.6 Routing in the Internet Intra-AS Routing in the Internet: RIP Intra-AS Routing in the Internet: OSPF Inter-AS Routing: BGP 4.7 Broadcast and Multicast Routing Broadcast Routing Algorithms Multicast 4.8 Summary Programming Assignments Wireshark Labs: IP, ICMP Interview: Vinton G. Cerf Chapter 5 The Link Layer: Links, Access Networks, and LANs 5.1 Introduction to the Link Layer The Services Provided by the Link Layer Where Is the Link Layer Implemented? 5.2 Error-Detection and -Correction Techniques Parity Checks Checksumming Methods Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 5.3 Multiple Access Links and Protocols Channel Partitioning Protocols Random Access Protocols Taking-Turns Protocols DOCSIS: The Link-Layer Protocol for Cable Internet Access 5.4 Switched Local Area Networks Link-Layer Addressing and ARP Ethernet Link-Layer Switches Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) 5.5 Link Virtualization: A Network as a Link Layer

7 5.5.1 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 5.6 Data Center Networking 5.7 Retrospective: A Day in the Life of a Web Page Request Getting Started: DHCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet Still Getting Started: DNS and ARP Still Getting Started: Intra-Domain Routing to the DNS Server Web Client-Server Interaction: TCP and HTTP 5.8 Summary Wireshark Labs: Ethernet and ARP, DHCP Interview: Simon S. Lam Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wireless Links and Network Characteristics CDMA 6.3 WiFi: Wireless LANs The Architecture The MAC Protocol The IEEE Frame Mobility in the Same IP Subnet Advanced Features in Personal Area Networks: Bluetooth and Zigbee 6.4 Cellular Internet Access An Overview of Cellular Network Architecture G Cellular Data Networks: Extending the Internet to Cellular Subscribers On to 4G: LTE 6.5 Mobility Management: Principles Addressing Routing to a Mobile Node 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Managing Mobility in Cellular Networks Routing Calls to a Mobile User Handoffs in GSM 6.8 Wireless and Mobility: Impact on Higher-Layer Protocols 6.9 Summary Wireshark Lab: IEEE (WiFi) Interview: Deborah Estrin Chapter 7 Multimedia Networking

8 7.1 Multimedia Networking Applications Properties of Video Properties of Audio Types of Multimedia Network Applications 7.2 Streaming Stored Video UDP Streaming HTTP Streaming Adaptive Streaming and DASH Content Distribution Networks Case Studies: Netflix, YouTube, and Kankan 7.3 Voice-over-IP Limitations of the Best-Effort IP Service Removing Jitter at the Receiver for Audio Recovering from Packet Loss Case Study: VoIP with Skype 7.4 Protocols for Real-Time Conversational Applications RTP SIP 7.5 Network Support for Multimedia Dimensioning Best-Effort Networks Providing Multiple Classes of Service Diffserv Per-Connection Quality-of-Service (QoS) Guarantees: Resource Reservation and Call Admission 7.6 Summary Programming Assignment Interview: Henning Schulzrinne Chapter 8 Security in Computer Networks 8.1 What Is Network Security? 8.2 Principles of Cryptography Symmetric Key Cryptography Public Key Encryption 8.3 Message Integrity and Digital Signatures Cryptographic Hash Functions Message Authentication Code Digital Signatures 8.4 End-Point Authentication Authentication Protocol ap Authentication Protocol ap2.0

9 8.4.3 Authentication Protocol ap Authentication Protocol ap Authentication Protocol ap Securing Secure PGP 8.6 Securing TCP Connections: SSL The Big Picture A More Complete Picture 8.7 Network-Layer Security: IPsec and Virtual Private Networks IPsec and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) The AH and ESP Protocols Security Associations The IPsec Datagram IKE: Key Management in IPsec 8.8 Securing Wireless LANs Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) IEEE i 8.9 Operational Security: Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems Firewalls Intrusion Detection Systems 8.10 Summary Wireshark Lab: SSL IPsec Lab Interview: Steven M. Bellovin Chapter 9 Network Management 9.1 What Is Network Management? 9.2 The Infrastructure for Network Management 9.3 The Internet-Standard Management Framework Structure of Management Information: SMI Management Information Base: MIB SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings Security and Administration 9.4 ASN Conclusion Interview: Jennifer Rexford References

10 Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Table of Contents. Computer Networks and the Internet

Table of Contents. Computer Networks and the Internet Table of Contents Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet 1.1 What Is the Internet? 1.1.1 A Nuts-and-Bolts Description 1.1.2 A Services Description 1.1.3 What Is a Protocol? 1.2 The Network Edge 1.2.1