Networking Technologies and Applications
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1 Networking Technologies and Applications Rolland Vida BME TMIT September 29, 2016
2 Switch (bridge) vs. router Intelligent store-and-forward devices Router In the network layer (L3), based on IP addresses Stores routing tables, uses routing protocols Switch In the data link layer (L2), based on MAC addresses Stores switching tables, uses address learning algorithms September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 2
3 STP Spanning Tree Protocol Part of the IEEE 802.1D standard Radia Perlman (MIT, DEC) Loop-free trees on a bridged LAN No TTL in Ethernet (Time To Live) In case of a loop, packets travel indefinitely in the network Need for redundancy In case of an error, there should be an alternative path September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 3 3
4 Example topology B8 B2 B3 B5 B1 B7 B6 B4 September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 4
5 STP operation Choosing the root bridge Each bridge has a MAC address and a configurable priority number BID Bridge Identification (64 bits) The bridge with the lowest priority will be the root In case of equal priorities, the lowest MAC address wins There will be a secondary (backup) root as well Priority 16 bits MAC address 48 bits Totally automatic, but if the network manager wants a specific device to be the root, it sets a low priority number September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 5
6 Choosing the root bridge B8 B2 B3 B5 B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 6
7 STP operation Finding the cheapest path to the root bridge BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Units Sent periodically (2s) among the bridges A bridge calculates the cost of all the possible paths to the root bridge Each port has a Port Cost Administrative value, e.g., inversely proportional with the bandwidth Chooses the least-cost path The port belonging to that path will be the root port If several paths with the same cost, the lower Port ID wins Root Bridge September 29, 2016 Root Port Networking technologies and applications 7
8 Choosing the root port B8 B2 B3 B5 Root Port B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 8
9 STP operation Finding the cheapest paths to the root bridge for each LAN segment The bridges calculate together, for each LAN segment, which is the bridge that belongs to the least-cost path towards the root bridge Designated bridge, designated port The designated and root ports are switched to forwarding state On all the other ports traffic is blocked Only BPDUs pass After building the tree, addresses are learned 15 seconds learning time September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 9
10 Choosing the Designated bridge/port B8 B2 B3 B5 Root Port B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 Designated bridge, port September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 10
11 Port blocking B8 B2 B3 B5 Root Port B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 Designated bridge, port September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 11
12 Handling errors BPDUs sent periodically Two BPDUs missed means an error The bridges recalculate the topology If there is a blocked port, they will use it New topology built in 15 sec Then, MAC addresses are learned again In 30 secs the network is operational again September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 12
13 Handling errors B8 B2 B3 B5 Root Port B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 Designated bridge, port September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 13
14 Handling errors B8 B2 B3 B5 Root Port B7 B6 B1 Root Bridge B4 Designated bridge, port September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 14
15 Fiber networks
16 Why fiber? Today the killer application is not web browsing anymore, but multimedia MPEG-1 ISO/IEC standard Moving Pictures Experts Group 50:1 100:1 compression rate 1.5 Mbps, VHS quality image MPEG-2 DVD quality image High resolution, high color depth, high movement video (e.g., sport events) 4-8 Mbps HDTV 14 Mbps, 8K UHD TV 50 Mbps (7680 x 4320, 60 fps) The ADSL speeds are far from being enough Only in case of very short loops September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 16
17 Why fiber? HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) The traditional MHz coaxial cables replaced with 850 MHz cables Additional 300 MHz 50 new 6 MHz wide channels With QAM-256, 40 Mbps per channel 2 Gbps new bandwidth 500 houses on a segment each subscriber gets 4 Mbps downstream, which might be enough for an MPEG-2 stream Sounds nice, but... All the cables should be changed to 850 MHz coax New CMTS, new fiber nodes, two-way amplifiers Nearly the entire network has to be changed Why not bringing the fiber as close to the subscriber as possible? September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 17
18 Slow speed is today a torture! September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 18
19 Speed is important! August 17, 2001: MGM, Paramount Pictures, Warner Brothers and Universal Studios announce a common plan to support on-line movie renting 2002 december 9 Hollywood s Latest Flop, Fortune Magazine: The data files are huge. At 952 megabytes, Braveheart took just less than five hours to download using our DSL line at home. Video-on-demand? Hardly. In the same time we could have made 20 roundtrips to our neighborhood Blockbuster Estimated minimum download time for the Braveheart movie Technology Minutes Hours Days Modem 56 kb/s 12 DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5 Cable 2.5 Mb/s 45 FTTH September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 19
20 Data transfer over the fiber Three main components: Source of light LED (light emitting diode), laser Fiber Very thin glass fiber Light detector If it detects a light pulse logical 1 bit If not logical 0 bit The digital data has to be transformed to light pulses, and vice versa The transfer speed is only limited by the speed of the conversion Actual speeds today on a single fiber ~10-50 Gbps September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 20
21 Fiber categories Multi-mode fiber Light pulses are spread inside the fiber Many rays of light reflected under different angles Cheap solution, but suitable only for small distances (500 m) Single-mode fiber The diameter of the fiber is very small, a single ray of light is transmitted inside the fiber, no reflections Much more expensive, needs much higher capacity lasers Suitable for much larger distances 50 Gbps on 100 km without amplifiers Very important for transatlantic cables, where amplifiers are hard to install The core network is built only with single-mode fibers September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 21
22 Submarine optical systems September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 22
23 WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Many wavelengths (colors) on the same fiber At the beginning only 2 colors Today up to 160 On a 10 Gbit/s fiber a theoretical speed of 1.6 Tbit/s September 29, 2016 Networking technologies and applications 23
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