Computers Are Your Future
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1 Computers Are Your Future Networks: Communicating and Sharing Resources. Network Fundamentals What You Will Learn About Basic networking concepts Advantages and disadvantages of networks Peer-to-peer and client/server LANs Importance of network protocols Most widely used LAN protocol Special components of a WAN The difference between circuit-switching and packet switching networks Slide 2 Slide 3 A computer network consists of two or more linked together to exchange data and share resources LAN local area network (small geographic area) WAN wide area network (large geographic area) Slide 4 Convert data into signals Transform data from analog into digital signals and back Computers, modems, routers, switches, wireless access points, network interface cards modems Workstations computer connected to a network Called clients Contains a network interface card (NIC) routers switches Network Interface Cards Slide 5 Slide 6 1
2 Routers connect two or more LANs or WANs File server Can determine the best path to route data LANs often use switches which are similar to routers High capacity, high speed computer Large hard drive Contains a network operating system (NOS) Slide 7 Network Fundamentals Advantages of Networks Network administrators Reduced hardware costs Application sharing Sharing information resources Centralized data management Connecting people Install Maintain Support Interact with users Troubleshoot problems Slide 8 Slide 9 Slide 10 Local Area Networks (LANs) Disadvantages of Networks Network access is controlled by a network administrator Loss of autonomy Lack of privacy Security threats Loss of productivity Users can access software, data, and peripherals LANs require special hardware and software Computers connected to a LAN are called or nodes Types of LANs: Peer-to-peer Client-server Slide 11 Slide 12 2
3 LAN Hardware and Software Peer-to-Peer Networks Networking Hardware Network interface card Networking Software Operating system that (NIC) Provides the connection between the computer and the network Inserted into a computer s expansion slot supports networking (Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS) Additional system software All on the network are treated as equal There are no file servers Users decide which files and peripherals to share Peer-to peer is not suited for networks with many NIC Peer-to-peer is easy to set up; example: home networks Slide 13 Slide 14 Client-Server Networks LAN Topologies The physical layout of a LAN is called its topology Topologies resolve the problem of contention, which occurs when multiple users try to access the LAN at the same time Collisions or corrupt data occur when different use the network at the same time Click totopology see examples Ring Star topology Bus Typical corporate networks are client-server Client-server requires various topologies or physical layouts The network requires file servers, networked (clients), and a network operating system (NOS) All Called Contains a daisy a hubchain orare central attached wiring in a Every workstation concentrator circular arrangement is connected to a single A Easy special tocable add unit of data called a Resolves token travels collisions aroundthrough the ring contention management Workstations can only transmit Difficult data whentothey add possess a token Clients send requests to servers for programs and data, and to access peripherals Slide 15 Slide 16 Protocols Modulation Protocols Protocols are fixed, formalized standards that specify Modulation protocols are communications standards that modems conform to how can communicate over a network Protocol suite The total package of protocols that specify how a network functions Data transfer rate is the rate at which two modems can exchange data. It is measured in bits per second (bps) A modulation protocol called V.90 enables modems to transfer data at 56 Kbps Slide 17 Slide 18 3
4 Network Layers user LAN technologies user layer physical media receiving sending protocol stack Ethernet standard for large and small LocalTalk simplest LAN technology IBM Token Ring Network business physical media Network architecture is the overall design of a network The network design is divided into layers, each of which has a function separate from that of the other layers Protocol stack The vertical (top to bottom) arrangement of the layers; each layer is governed by its own set of protocols Slide 19 Slide 20 Wide Area Networks (WANs) Wi-Fi Wireless-fidelity Wireless LAN Use central server or access point Advantages Fast (11 Mbps) Reliable Long range Integrates with existing networks WANs are similar to long-distance telephone systems They have a local access number called a point of presence (POP) They contain long-distance trunk lines called backbones Slide 21 Slide 22 Backbones WAN Protocols X.25 is the oldest packet switching protocol; it is used by automated teller machines and credit card authorization devices New protocols designed for digital lines and faster data transfer rates are: Backbones, high-capacity transmission lines, can be Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) regional, continental, or transcontinental Internet backbones can carry 2.5 gigabits of data per second Slide 23 Slide 24 4
5 Switching and Routing Techniques Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit and Packet Switching Packet switching Circuit switching Networks create an endto-end circuit between the sending and receiving Electronic switches establish and maintain the connection Outgoing messages are divided into fixed-size data units called packets Packets are numbered and addressed to the receiving computer Routers examine the packets and send them to their destination Slide 25 Advantages Circuit switching Voice and real-time transmission No delivery delays Costly A direct electrical connection between the is required Packet switching Efficient, less expensive, and reliable Will function if part of the network is down Delays in receiving packets Not ideal for real-time voice communication Summary Transaction Acquisition Information about transactions is instantly relayed to the corporate headquarters Point-of-sale (POS) terminals relay transactions to central through WANs Slide 26 WAN Applications LAN-to-LAN WANs are used to connect LANs at two or more geographic locations Companies use WANs to connect their branches to one network system Disadvantages Slide 27 Computer networks link two or more to exchange data and share resources Two types of computer networks: Local area network (LAN) Wide area network (WAN) Computer networks: Reduce hardware costs Enable users to share applications Provide a means to pool an organization s data Foster teamwork Peer-to-peer uses no file server Slide 28 Summary continued Summary continued Network topologies are the physical layout of a LAN LAN topologies include: Bus topology Star topology Ring topology Protocols define how devices communicate with each other Ethernet is the most widely used LAN protocol Point of presence (POP) is a WAN connection point Circuit switching creates permanent end-toend circuit that is optimal for voice and realtime data Packet switching does not require a permanent switched circuit Slide 29 Slide 30 5
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