Karl Iliev, San Diego Gas & Electric Company

Transcription

1 INTEGRATING DER THROUGH DISTRIBUTION SYNCROPHASORS Karl Iliev, San Diego Gas & Electric Company 2002 San Diego Gas and Electric Co. and Southern California Gas Company. All copyright and trademark rights reserved.

2 Outline 1. SDG&E Utilization of Syncrophasors 2. Lessons Learned 3. Future Applications

3 SDG&E Distribution System 4,100 square mile service territory 22,000 conductor miles of distribution 60% underground and 40% overhead 12.47, 12.0, and 4.16 kv 3 and 4 wire effectively grounded

4 SDG&E Rooftop PV Solar MW of roof top solar Over 93,000 interconnections Equivalent to a combined cycle power plant No foreseeable slow-down in solar interconnections 700, , , , , ,000 Customer-Owned Renewables 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20, ,000 10, Total kw Number of Interconnections

5 Distribution Syncrophasor Benefits Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are advanced monitoring technologies relying on highspeed, GPS time-synchronized, analogue and digital measurements Driven by need to understand high penetration of PV Additional benefits include: Enhance monitoring and visualization that improves safety, operability, reliability and efficiency GPS time-synchronize to allow fast acting and coordinated control operations 30 syncrophasor sets per second for fast measurement Data accuracy improved by 5 times and measurements frequency increased by 300 times Improved forensics, critical to understand events and behavior of the system Improved distribution system protection, including development of falling conductor protection Voltage profile monitoring and control Phase angles from across circuit Selective load shedding/restoration Power quality monitoring Apparatus condition monitoring IEC GOOSE messaging for real-time control

6 Site Selection Borrego Springs Key Strengths: Distant and isolated load pocket of 2800 cust. entirely surrounded by a state park High concentration of solar generation NEM (~ 1 MW) Transmission (LGIA) 26 MW Distribution (WDAT) 6 MW Potential for reliability enhancements Opportunity to balance supply and demand to be more self-sufficient

7 Borrego - Hardware/Software Install Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) at various locations along a distribution feeder and necessary control and data management hardware at the substation: Phase 1: 4 PMUs on the Borrego Circuit 170 feeder 1 set of regulator controllers - SEL 2431s 2 SCADA capacitors - SEL 734Bs 1 PMU for message testing - SEL 734B 4 PMUs in the hardware to be installed in the yard at Borrego sub 1 Trayer switch - SEL 487E 2 generator controllers - SEL 700Gs 1 CB Relay - SEL 351 Hardware to be installed in the control house at Borrego sub 1 PDC SEL GPS Clock SEL Secure Gateway Data Track RTAC SEL 3530 Hardened Ethernet Switch SEL 2730M 1 Rack Mounted HP Server Visualization application software SynchroWAVe Central Software allows you to translate Synchrophasor data into visual information SEL 5073

8 Borrego - Circuit Design Circuit kv Class Connecting to 69kV Systems Penetration Rate 2 x 12.5MW XFMRs w LTC 0.77MW Minimum Load 225KW + 5MW Centralized PV 135KW Distributed PV Future 26MW PV (Dedicated) Devices on Circuit (1) Regulator Controller (2) SCADA Capacitors (1) PMU

9 Avocado - Hardware/Software Install Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) at various locations on distribution feeder and necessary control and data management hardware at the substation: Phase 1: 15 PMUs on the Avocado Circuit 520 feeder and 1 PMU in the circuit breaker (CB) relay at the sub 5 reclosers - SEL 651Rs 6 sets of regulator controllers - SEL 2431s 2 SCADA capacitor controllers - SEL 734Bs 1 PMU at GE Dynamic Voltage Regulator - SEL 734B 1 PMU for message testing - SEL 734B 1 CB Relay - SEL 351 Hardware to be installed in the control house at Avocado sub 1 PDC SEL GPS Clock SEL Secure Gateway Data Track RTAC SEL 3530 Hardened Ethernet Switch SEL 2730M 1 Rack Mounted HP Server Visualization application software SynchroWAVe Central Software allows you to translate Synchrophasor data into visual information SEL 5073

10 Avocado - Circuit Design Circuit kv Class Connecting to 69kV Systems Penetration Rate 30MW XFMR w LTC 3MW Minimum Load 2MW Centralized PV 300KW Distributed PV Devices on Circuit (6) Voltage Regulator Controllers (2) SCADA Capacitor Controllers (5) Reclosers (1) Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR) (1) PMU for latency testing 10

11 Avocado Radio Network Hybrid mesh with PTP/PTMP with PTP backhaul Requirement Present Future Single Node Throughput 275 kbps 350 kbps Aggregate Node Throughput 3.5 Mbps 5.25 Mbps One-way Latency 50 ms 33 ms 11

12 LESSONS LEARNED 2002 San Diego Gas and Electric Co. and Southern California Gas Company. All copyright and trademark rights reserved.

13 Visualization Situational Awareness and Visualization tools enable operators to: Monitor voltage and current characteristics Monitor Frequency Monitor distributed generation (Photovoltaics (PV), Wind, etc.) Monitor Advanced Energy Storage use and performance

14 Visualization 14

15 Legacy SCADA vs Syncrophasors

16 P h a s e A Capacitive voltage sensor discoveries V o l t a g e d V A / dt 11 kv Load Side Source Side Nominal 6.9 kv 6.8 kv Time 2. 8 kv / s 0 dva /dt > 1000 V /s 1.7 kv /s Time 577 V / s d V 0 / dt dv 0 /dt > 400 V / s V / s Time

17 Voltage Differences

18 Voltage Sensors Issues During Rain

19 Microgrid Parallel/Island Protection SEL-351 Voltage SEL-351 Current Frequency SEL-487E Voltages SEL-487E Currents Frequency

20 Telecom Operations

21 Detected Oscillation Frequency Voltage Magnitude df/dt Invisible to EMS

22 FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF DISTRIBUTION SYNCROPHASORS 2002 San Diego Gas and Electric Co. and Southern California Gas Company. All copyright and trademark rights reserved.

23 PMUs as Advanced SCADA Devices Quantify: Same cost of entry as Traditional SCADA Devices (on the circuit) with reduced O&M Eliminates Traditional SCADA Deployment Requirements Remote Event Downloads Remote Firmware Upgrades Remote Engineering Access Event Trending Immediate Response, Reducing Outages/Events Realize Track Advanced SCADA Device (PMU) installation against traditional SCADA install plan/budget for avoided costs Track equipment Standards deployment against historical data Calculate eliminated vehicle, labor and overhead elimination from historical: Labor Vehicle Mileage/Depreciation/Upkeep Carbon Footprint

24 Syncrophasor Opportunities Falling Conductor Protection (Voltage Comparisons) Branch-End Voltage Loss Detector Post-Event Playback: Pause, Instant Replay, Slow Motion Determine Circuit Topology with Manual Switches whose States are not Reported Control Smart Inverter Output Utilize PMU Data to Code Circuit Segment Dynamic PV Penetration Map Verify/Adjust Voltages in Real-Time utilizing PMU Measurements Along Circuit Reclosing Assistance Integrated event reporting to improve efficiency and accuracy of event analysis and fault location Automatic Event Detection Optimize real-time capacity reservation through load monitoring Detect islanding conditions / Controlled Islanding Understand THD impact

25 Anti-Islanding with Multiple DGs Using PMUs to change balance of system Anti-Islanding is an issue with multiple DGs of various technologies: PV Inverters & Synchronous Generators Transient analysis is needed to determine P,Q and V characteristics subsequent to islanding Evaluating anti-islanding for cases with various P & Q mismatches Verify new protection schemes *Arrows denote total load downstream of location 230kV 21.6kV (breaker opens for islanding) 7.4 MW 3.3 MVAR (caps off) Islanded area 1.7 MW 0.7 MVAR 5.4 MW 2.4 MVAR C1 1.5 MW C2 1.2 MW PV2 2 MW Synchronous Generator 2.85 MW PV1 2 MW C3 1.2 MW PV3 1 MW

26 Evaluating Protection Response Islanding detection (trip time) varies significantly with the power mismatch Fast trip: t<1 sec Slow detection: 1 < t < 1.5 sec Very slow detection: t > 1.5 sec Synchronous generator supplied Q More sensitive to Q surplus

27 Smart PV Inverter Controls Lead Using PMUs close to Large PV Inverters to dictate mode of operation and controls Power curtailment & ramp rate control Three modes of voltage controls: Power factor (± 0.8) V set point Q(V) droop Islanding control for Microgrid MVAR Lag MW

28 Dynamic Live Penetration Map Target PV Installations

29 Additional Protection Applications High Impedance Fault Detection Condition Monitoring (e.g. Insulation Breakdown)

30 Additional Considerations Enhanced Auto Restoration Power restored to customers on healthy sections of feeder (1 5 min) WITH FLISR Restoration completed (feeder back to normal) Outage report 5 10 min Travel time min Patrol Time 5 10 min Repair time 1-4 hrs Fault Occurs Outage report 5 10 min Travel time min Fault Investigation & Patrol Time min Manual switching min Repair time 1-4 hrs WITHOUT FLISR Power restored to customers on healthy sections of feeder (45 75 min) Restoration completed (feeder back to normal)

31 Questions? 2002 San Diego Gas and Electric Co. and Southern California Gas Company. All copyright and trademark rights reserved.