Typesetting with L A TEX: The Basics 1

Transcription

1 Typesetting with L A TEX: The Basics 1 Paul Bergeron Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City January 26, These slides will be available at

2 Further Reading Some documentation I keep on hand: (general and simple): A Simplified Introduction to L A TEX (general and technical): A Not So Short Introduction to L A TEX (math cheat sheet): A Short Math Guide to L A TEX A Beamer Quick Start manual TikZ & PGF manual CircuitTikZ manual

3 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up

4 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control

5 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page

6 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more

7 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more Open source a swiss army knife who anyone can add to

8 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more Open source a swiss army knife who anyone can add to Available for any platform Apple, Windows, or Linux

9 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more Open source a swiss army knife who anyone can add to Available for any platform Apple, Windows, or Linux Easy to learn with intuitive commands

10 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more Open source a swiss army knife who anyone can add to Available for any platform Apple, Windows, or Linux Easy to learn with intuitive commands Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...

11 Why L A TEX Designed in the 1980s by mathematicians tired of their equations being messed up Word processor that gives you near complete control Smart, e.g no sections at the bottom of a page Good for papers, homework, notes, posters, talks (like this one!), and more Open source a swiss army knife who anyone can add to Available for any platform Apple, Windows, or Linux Easy to learn with intuitive commands Excels at equations, figures, reference, structure, and more...

12 Why L A TEX, continued What else is it good at; some examples: OH OH O HO H OH OH L R v 1 (t) C v 2 (t) i(t)

13 How to Get L A TEX Command line always a bare-bones option.

14 How to Get L A TEX Command line always a bare-bones option. Many GUI s available (some cross platform). See for details

15 How to Get L A TEX Command line always a bare-bones option. Many GUI s available (some cross platform). See for details Popular ones are: Apple: TeXShop Windows: Miktex Linux: TeX Live Many other distributions out there!

16 How to Get L A TEX Command line always a bare-bones option. Many GUI s available (some cross platform). See for details Popular ones are: Apple: TeXShop Windows: Miktex Linux: TeX Live Many other distributions out there!

17 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} \begin{document} \end{document}

18 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} Document specifications and type \begin{document} \end{document}

19 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} Document specifications and type Preamble (meta editing) \begin{document} \end{document}

20 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} Document specifications and type Preamble (meta editing) \begin{document} Where the document is written \end{document}

21 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \begin{document} \end{document}

22 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \begin{document} \end{document}

23 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! Specify what functions to include \begin{document} \end{document}

24 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \title{a Lovely Title} \author{your Name} \begin{abstract}an abstract here! \end{abstract} \begin{document} \end{document}

25 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \title{a Lovely Title} \author{your Name} \begin{abstract}an abstract here! Cover page information \end{abstract} \begin{document} \end{document}

26 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \title{a Lovely Title} \author{your Name} \begin{abstract}an abstract here! \end{abstract} \begin{document} \maketitle %This makes a cover page We can now write up our awesome results for publication. \end{document}

27 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \title{a Lovely Title} \author{your Name} \begin{abstract}an abstract here! \end{abstract} \begin{document} \maketitle %This makes a cover page We can now write up our awesome results for publication. \begin{thebibliography}[#] \end{thebibliography} \end{document}

28 Like Programming, but Easier \documentclass[options]{class} %Comment a line by using a % \usepackage{url}%the document can now embed web links! \title{a Lovely Title} \author{your Name} \begin{abstract}an abstract here! \end{abstract} \begin{document} \maketitle %This makes a cover page We can now write up our awesome results for publication. \begin{thebibliography}[#] \bibitem{citation ident} a citation to reference References to cite \end{thebibliography} \end{document}

29 documentclass \documentclass[options]{class}

30 documentclass \documentclass[options]{class} class specifies document style article, beamer (presentation), book, etc. options detail document wide formatting, e.g.

31 documentclass \documentclass[options]{class} class specifies document style article, beamer (presentation), book, etc. options detail document wide formatting, e.g. paper/font size (e.g. a4paper/11pt) number of columns (e.g. twocolumn) formula alignment/formula label position (fleqn/leqno)

32 documentclass, continued Class can be used for journal formats, some possibly relevant examples: APS & AIP revtex4-1 (1) aps/api options: (2) journal AAS aastex Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society mnrs American Chemical Society achemso journal options Institute of Electircal and Electronics Engineers ieee *usepackage not documentclass: JCAP jcappub

33 usepackages L A TEXhas many abilities, many you wont use To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what you want \usepackage{}in the preamble

34 usepackages L A TEXhas many abilities, many you wont use To keep things manageable (for the computer), load what you want \usepackage{}in the preamble Some useful ones: xcolor color graphicx for loading pictures (esp. figures) tikz/circuitikz drawing diagrams (very powerful) feynmp & chemfig Feynman & chemical diagrams url embedding urls amsmath & amssymb always load if doing math geometry paper geometry (e.g. A4 paper) hyperref adds clickable links to the cross refferences index, nag, siunitx, multicol, todo And many, many more!

35 Special Characters Used for commands, they need to be escaped Command Character \textbackslash \ \textasciicircum ˆ \textasciitilde \&\$\%\{\#\ & $ % { # \LaTeX L A TEX

36 Notes on Document Structure comments start at % (anywhere in a line)

37 Notes on Document Structure comments start at % (anywhere in a line) One or more whitespace = single space

38 Notes on Document Structure comments start at % (anywhere in a line) One or more whitespace = single space One carriage return = ignored

39 Notes on Document Structure comments start at % (anywhere in a line) One or more whitespace = single space One carriage return = ignored Two carriage returns = new paragraph

40 Notes on Document Structure comments start at % (anywhere in a line) One or more whitespace = single space One carriage return = ignored Two carriage returns = new paragraph Environments \begin{environment name} {\environment name \environment name{... \end{environment name} } }

41 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing

42 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip vertical spacing

43 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip vertical spacing \section{title}, \section*{title} Numbered and unnumbered

44 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip vertical spacing \section{title}, \section*{title} Numbered and unnumbered similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title}

45 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip vertical spacing \section{title}, \section*{title} Numbered and unnumbered similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title} table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available

46 Adding Structure \vspace{-1mm}, \hspace{10pt} vertical/horizontal spacing \bigskip, \medskip, \smallskip vertical spacing \section{title}, \section*{title} Numbered and unnumbered similarly \subsection{title}, \subsection*{title} table of contents, indexes, and appendices also available margins are customizable individual page styles

47 Environments Lists and \begin{itemize} \item A bulleted item \begin{itemize} \begin{enumerate} \item A bulleted item \begin{enumerate} Each can be nested and the styles changed (more preamble commands)

48 Environments Figures \begin{figure}[options] \centering \includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image} \caption{below the caption or above, but always before the label} \label{fig:name} \end{figure}

49 Environments Figures \begin{figure}[options] \centering \includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image} \caption{below the caption or above, but always before the label} \label{fig:name} \end{figure} Options: h,t,b,p,!

50 Environments Figures \begin{figure}[options] \centering \includegraphics[scale=#]{path to image} \caption{below the caption or above, but always before the label} \label{fig:name} \end{figure} Options: h,t,b,p,! subfigures and side captions possible (needs usepackage)

51 Environments Figures Figure 1 : here s a caption above the figure!

52 Environments Tables and Tabular Tabular creates the table itself, Table wraps it like the Figure environment

53 Environments Tables and Tabular Tabular creates the table itself, Table wraps it like the Figure environment \begin{table} \centering \begin{tabular}{l c r } \hline\hline left & center & right \\ \hline second & row & \\ \hline line before & the row & below \end{tabular} \end{table}

54 Environments Tables and Tabular left center right second row line before the row below

55 Environments Tables and Tabular left center right second row line before the row below Tabular environments can be nested for more detail

56 Environments Math Mode Time for equations, like E = γmc 2, which display inline; try: blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah

57 Environments Math Mode Time for equations, like E = γmc 2, which display inline; try: blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah But some equations should be displayed on their own, like: E 2 = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2

58 Environments Math Mode Time for equations, like E = γmc 2, which display inline; try: blah blah blah $math$ blah blah blah But some equations should be displayed on their own, like: E 2 = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 which are displayed by using: \[math\]

59 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \;

60 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \; return to text mode with \text{...}

61 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \; return to text mode with \text{...} Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma

62 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \; return to text mode with \text{...} Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma xˆ{ab} {cd} x ab cd xˆab cd x a b c d

63 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \; return to text mode with \text{...} Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma xˆ{ab} {cd} x ab cd xˆab cd x a b c d \cdot: \circ: \pm: ± \infty: \ell: l

64 Math Mode Commands Many commands and intrinsic functions, keeping intuitive names White spaces are ignored, pad with \,, \:, or \; return to text mode with \text{...} Greek letters are simple: \gamma, γ; \Gamma xˆ{ab} {cd} x ab cd xˆab cd x a b c d \cdot: \circ: \pm: ± \infty: \ell: l Tip: math mode allows for extra flexibility of text mode e.g. Degrees Celsius is written as C

65 Math Mode Commands, continued \sqrt{...}:... \frac{numerator}{denominator}: escape italicization: \cos\ln: cos ln \int\sum: force inline style: \textstyle{}, e.g. b force display style: \displaystyle{}, e.g. Much more not shown! numerator denominator a n b a n

66 Equations Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation \begin{equation} equation here! \end{equation}

67 Equations Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation \begin{equation} equation here! \end{equation} E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet: M KdA + k g ds = 2πχ(M) (1) M

68 Equations Works like \[ \], but numbers the equation \begin{equation} equation here! \end{equation} E.g.: Gauß-Bonnet: M KdA + k g ds = 2πχ(M) (1) M The numbering can be disabled, set the environment as: equaiton*

69 Math Mode: align Used for series or system of equations

70 Math Mode: align Used for series or system of equations Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\

71 Math Mode: align Used for series or system of equations Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\ & marks where each line should be aligned

72 Math Mode: align Used for series or system of equations Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\ & marks where each line should be aligned Each line gets a number

73 Math Mode: align Used for series or system of equations Like \equation{}, but with newlines \\ & marks where each line should be aligned Each line gets a number S E = B (2) t E d B l = d s (3) t S

74 Possibilities v r (p)v s (p) = [ η r p σ η r p σ ] [ ] γ 0 p ση s p ση s. = 2η r (p 0 ) 2 (p i ) 2 η s

75 Possibilities v r (p)v s (p) = [ η r p σ η r p σ ] [ ] γ 0 p ση s p ση s. = 2η r (p 0 ) 2 (p i ) 2 η s F = k B T ln g(u)e βu U }{{} Partition Function, Z

76 l N 0, m l Z l Possibilities v r (p)v s (p) = [ η r p σ η r p σ ] [ ] γ 0 p ση s p ση s Y m l l (θ, φ) = ( 1) m l. = 2η r (p 0 ) 2 (p i ) 2 η s F = k B T ln g(u)e βu (2l + 1 U }{{} Partition Function, Z 4π l m ) l P m l l + m l (cos(θ)) e im lφ l

77 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name}

78 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1

79 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1 Note: compile at least twice for cross references

80 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1 Note: compile at least twice for cross references equations (after the environment declaration) can be given labels, too.

81 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1 Note: compile at least twice for cross references equations (after the environment declaration) can be given labels, too. user defined handles to keep track, e.g. name

82 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1 Note: compile at least twice for cross references equations (after the environment declaration) can be given labels, too. user defined handles to keep track, e.g. name counters for L A TEXto keep track, e.g. fig

83 Cross Referencing L A TEXallows for easy citation and referencing, e.g.: Figures label: \label{fig:name}, and reference as \ref{fig:name} My Bryce Canyon picture can be seen in Figure 1 Note: compile at least twice for cross references equations (after the environment declaration) can be given labels, too. user defined handles to keep track, e.g. name counters for L A TEXto keep track, e.g. fig Some handles are defined by default (fig,tab,eq) User can create their own labels

84 thebibliography... which follows from Reference \cite{citationhandle}. \begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max \bibitem{citationhandle} P. Bergeron, A Paper I Wrote arxiv:##### [made up subfield] \end{thebibliography}

85 thebibliography... which follows from Reference \cite{citationhandle}. \begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max \bibitem{citationhandle} P. Bergeron, A Paper I Wrote arxiv:##### [made up subfield] \end{thebibliography} We can cite the reference with \cite{citationhandle}

86 thebibliography... which follows from Reference \cite{citationhandle}. \begin{thebibiography}[6] %LaTeX expects 6 refs. max \bibitem{citationhandle} P. Bergeron, A Paper I Wrote arxiv:##### [made up subfield] \end{thebibliography} We can cite the reference with \cite{citationhandle} : conjoining space Reference and the citation number (great for numbers and units, too)

87 Beamer Presenting with L A TEX Notes Splits document into frames by using \pause frames are split into slides Each slide is a page

88 Beamer Presenting with L A TEX Notes Splits document into frames by using \pause frames are split into slides Each slide is a page Themes Many default themes exist All can be edited this one is the Copenhagen Theme

89 Beamer Presenting with L A TEX Notes Splits document into frames by using \pause frames are split into slides Each slide is a page Themes Many default themes exist All can be edited this one is the Copenhagen Theme Functionality Can hide elements Can include presenter notes Used to make posters Even embed videos!

90 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects

91 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects Complicated... but extremely powerful

92 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects Complicated... but extremely powerful Looping is possible, allows graphing

93 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects Complicated... but extremely powerful Looping is possible, allows graphing circuitikz

94 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects Complicated... but extremely powerful Looping is possible, allows graphing circuitikz use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images

95 TikZ Drawing with L A TEX Uses an coordinate system, manipulates objects Complicated... but extremely powerful Looping is possible, allows graphing circuitikz use \includegraphicsinside tikz: draw on images Seriously extremely powerful

96 Computational Problems Computational Models Lecture 1: Computational Problems Knowledge of several key problems Knowledge of problem encodings Being able to formalize problems Lecture 2: Computational Models Knowledge of Turing machines Being able to compare the computational power of different models TikZ example from the manual April 2009 Fixed- Describing Comparing Parameter Randomization Complexity Complexity Algorithms Parallel Exact Classifying Computation Algorithms Complexity Measuring Solving May 2009 Complexity Problems Partial Complexity Solutions Measures Approximation June 2009 Computational Complexity Programming in Logic Problem Oracle Measures Machines Computationatational Compu- Problems Models Binary Problem Turing Decision Aspects Machines Diagrams Random- Problem Key Access Circuits Domains Problems Machines

97 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon

98 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states

99 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states Opposite charges can combine at the interface

100 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states Opposite charges can combine at the interface Region is no longer neutral E-field (depletion region)

101 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states Opposite charges can combine at the interface Region is no longer neutral E-field (depletion region) Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other

102 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states Opposite charges can combine at the interface Region is no longer neutral E-field (depletion region) Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other A current forms that can be detected!

103 TikZ Example: Silicon PN-Junctions TikZ and Beamer Start with a block of silicon Dope half with acceptor states, half with donor states Opposite charges can combine at the interface Region is no longer neutral E-field (depletion region) Charges appearing here will get swept one way, holes the other A current forms that can be detected! The bigger the region the stronger the field larger signal!

104 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks 2

105 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) 2

106 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) create your own macros (commands): \newcommand these can take argument(s)! 2

107 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) create your own macros (commands): \newcommand these can take argument(s)! \footnote{} 2 2 You can customize the footnote symbols

108 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) create your own macros (commands): \newcommand these can take argument(s)! \footnote{} 2 \include{}/\input{} great for long documents 2 You can customize the footnote symbols

109 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) create your own macros (commands): \newcommand these can take argument(s)! \footnote{} 2 \include{}/\input{} great for long documents page number customizations: setting page counter, arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers 2 You can customize the footnote symbols

110 Miscellaneous backticks/apostrophes for beginning/ending quotations marks diacritic marks and other characters supported (ß, ç, é, ü,) create your own macros (commands): \newcommand these can take argument(s)! \footnote{} 2 \include{}/\input{} great for long documents page number customizations: setting page counter, arabic/latin numerals, removing numbers Multiple compilations of long documents may throw errors memory issue; delete auxiliary files to fix 2 You can customize the footnote symbols