L A TEXcourse. Carmen Alonso Montes. 30th May-2nd June, 2016

Transcription

1 L A TEXcourse Basque Center for Applied Mathematics -5pt 30th May-2nd June, 2016

2 Outline

3 In the previous lesson, we have a small introduction of the basics for LATEX Learnt basic document structure Basic commands Packages Bold, italic, letter size... Lists Input vs. include Logical division of the document using chapter, section, subsection... Right now you can use LATEX and manage basic stuff!

4 Outline

5 L A TEXin a nutshell Mathematics in L A TEX Floating environment: tables and images Bibliography management in LATEX Understanding the basic of bibliography items & bibtex Doing Presentation in LATEX A very basic introduction : Completing my document

6 Outline

7 Outline Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols 5 6 7

8 Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols The main aim for Donald Knuth when he began developing the original TeX system was to create something that allowed construction of mathematical formulae, while looking professional when printed. Typesetting mathematics is one of LATEX s greatest strengths. How to use Mathematical tools in LATEX? Simple mathematical formulas plain LATEX Complicated formulas, you have two options: amsmath package: introduces several new powerful and flexible commands (\usepackage{amsmath}) mathtools package:fixes some amsmath quirks and adds some useful settings, symbols, and environments to amsmath ( \usepackage{mathtools})

9 Mathematics & L A TEX Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols LATEX needs to know beforehand that the subsequent text does indeed contain mathematical element. Mathematical environments Inline text formulas Displayed formulas separated from the main text

10 Starting to write mathematical equations... Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols Direct symbols from the keyboard: + =!/()[] <> : Predefined symbols: LATEXprovide a quite big list of predefined symbols (Greek letters, set and relation symbols, etc). Some examples: x X, y ɛ \forall x \in X, \quad \exists y \leq \epsilon α, β, γ, π, φ, ϕ \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \pi, \phi, \varphi Operators: function that is written as a word: e.g. trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan), logarithms and exponentials (log, exp), limits (lim), as well as trace and determinant (tr, det) Powers and indices are equivalent to superscripts and subscripts in normal text mode. ^ (circumflex accent) - power _ - indices

11 Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols Fraction: \frac{numerator}{denominator} Roots: sqrt Sum and integral: \sum and \int Accents: an example: ā \bar{a} Help! I don t know the name to look for it in google! Don t worry. There is a very handy online tool that you can use to directly draw it, and it will give you the name of the LATEX command See Detexify:

12 Arrays to write formulae Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols A basic matrix may be created using the matrix environment: in common with other table-like structures, entries are specified by row, with columns separated using an ampersand (&) and a new rows separated with a double backslash (\\) Example of a matrix a b c d e f g h i \begin{displaymath} \begin{matrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{matrix} \end{displaymath}

13 Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

14 Some basics in mathematic formulae Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols Basically typing a formula in LATEXis pretty much straightforward, almost following the natural way of typing it. LATEX will take care of the proper format a + b a + b a b a - b a = bc a = b c a 2, a n+1 a^2, a^{n+1} a 2c a n+1 a_2, a_{n+1} f (x) = (x + 5)(x 2) f(x) = (x+5)(x-2) 1 2, 1 n+1 \frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{n+1} i n f (x) $\sum_{n}^{i} f(x) j,i f (x) \int_{j,i} f(x) cos(2θ) = cos 2 θ sin 2 θ \cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta n 1 + x + x 2 + x \sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\ldots}

15 Some Examples using displaymath Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols Some simple examples E = mc 2 \begin{displaymath} E = m c^2 \end{displaymath} a n+1 = a n + 1 \begin{displaymath} a_{n+1} = a_n + 1 \end{displaymath} And a bit more complex examples [ ] 1 2 \begin{displaymath} \left[ \dfrac{1}{2} \right] \end{displaymath} { a + b = 4 2a + 3b = 36 \begin{displaymath} \left\{\begin{array}{rcl} a+b & = & 4 \\ 2a+3b & = & 36\\ \end{array}\right. \end{displaymath}

16 Equation environment Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols The equation environment automatically numbers your equation, and you can also use the commands to to label and reference equations \label \ref \eqref from the amsmath package An example f (x) = (x + a)(x + b) (1) \begin{equation} f(x)=(x+a)(x+b) \end{equation}

17 Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols An example with references this references the eq = 20 (2) \begin{equation} \label{eq:myeq} 5^2-5 = 20 \end{equation} this references the eq. \ref{eq:myeq}

18 Some suggestions Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols The $$...$$ may cause problems, particularly with the AMS-LATEX macros The equation* and displaymath environments are functionally equivalent. Differences among text and math mode: Math mode: most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, you need to specify with special commands such as \quad Empty lines are not allowed. Only one paragraph per formula. Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such.

19 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

20 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

21 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

22 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

23 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

24 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

25 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

26 Summary of symbols Matrices and arrays Some examples Equation environment Symbols source:

27 Outline Figure Environment Table Environment Figure Environment Table Environment 6 7 8

28 Floating: what s that? Figure Environment Table Environment Floats are containers for things in a document that cannot be broken over a page. table figure Features: part of the normal stream of text, Separate entities, positioned in a part of the page to themselves (top, middle, bottom, left, right, or wherever the designer specifies). always have a caption they can be referred to from elsewhere in the text LATEX automatically floats Tables and Figures, depending on how much space is left on the page at the point that they are processed. If there is not enough room on the current page, the float is moved to the top of the next page

29 Adding figures Figure Environment Table Environment To create a figure that floats, use the figure environment. Example \begin{figure}[placement specifier]... figure contents... \end{figure} The placement specifier parameter exists as a compromise, and its purpose is to give the author a greater degree of control over where certain floats are placed.

30 Placement positions Figure Environment Table Environment Placement permissions lists which of the options you wish to make available to LATEX. These are simply possibilities, and LATEX will decide when typesetting your document which of your supplied specifiers it thinks is best. So, how LATEXworks? The algorithm, was proposed by Frank Mittelbach: 1 If a float is encountered, LATEX attempts to place it immediately according to its rules if this succeeds, the float is placed and that decision is never changed; if this does not succeed, then L A TEX places the float into a holding queue to be reconsidered when the next page is started (but not earlier). 2 Once a page has finished, LATEX examines this holding queue and tries to empty it as best as possible. Try to generate as many float pages as possible Try to place the remaining floats into top and bottom areas. The remaining floats and either places them or defers them to a later page 3 If the end of the document has been reached or if a \clearpage is encountered, LATEX starts a new page, relaxes all restrictive float conditions, and outputs all floats in the holding queue by placing them on float page(s)

31 Including my figure: Howto Figure Environment Table Environment As it was explained the first day, our preferred formats will be either PDF and PNG (PdfLATEX ) or EPS (LATEX ). Including my figure You need to include the package: \usepackage{graphicx} And the syntax is \includegraphics[attr1=val1, attr2=val2,..., attrn=valn]{imagename} source:

32 Scaling the image Figure Environment Table Environment Usually images are bigger than expected, or we need to customize its size. Trying to define exact width and height is a bit complicated. Your best choice is to make use of \scalebox, which will allows you to scale the image by writing the % of scale. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{images/myfig.png}} \end{figure} Figure environment The figure environment is useful when you might want to accompany an image with a caption and possibly a cross-reference. Tip: In 2column papers, if you have a big image occupying the two columns, you must use \figure* To list all the figures use \listoffigures

33 Figure Environment Table Environment source:

34 Figure Environment Table Environment Example \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{images/myfig.png}} \caption{awesome Image} \label{fig:myfig} \end{figure} Figure : Awesome Image

35 Figure Environment Table Environment But, what if I have several figures? The subfigure The subfigure and subfig packages allows to have subfigures within figures, or subtables within table floats. They are deprecated but useful alternatives when used in-conjunction with LATEX templates (i.e templates for journals from Springer and IOP, IEEETran and ACM SIG) \begin{figure} \centering \subfigure[mycaption]{ \scalebox{0.22}{ \includegraphics{images/fig1.png}} \label{subfig:fig1} } \subfigure[mycaption2]{ \scalebox{0.05}{ \includegraphics{images/fig2.png}} \label{subfig:fig2} } \caption{my global text:and refers to~\ref{subfig:fig1} and ~\ref{subfig:fig2} } \label{fig:globfig} \end{figure} (a) mycaption (b) mycaption2 Figure : My global text:and refers to 2(a) and 2(b)

36 The tabular environment Figure Environment Table Environment The tabular environment is used to construct the tables Tabular environment is not a float by default. For tables you wish to float, wrap the tabular environment within a table environment It is good to use dedicated editors to create the tables, and export it to LATEX (e.g. Example The format of tabular command is: \begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec} And the tabular environment inside a table environment looks like this \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{...}... table data... \end{tabular} \end{table}

37 Figure Environment Table Environment \begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec} The table spec argument tells LATEX the alignment to be used in each column and the vertical lines to insert. The number of columns does not need to be specified as it is inferred by looking at the number of arguments provided. The optional parameter pos can be used to specify the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text: b (bottom),c(center,default), t (top) source

38 Figure Environment Table Environment

39 Figure Environment Table Environment \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ l c r } \hline 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline 4 & 5 & 6 \\ \hline 7 & 8 & 9 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center}

40 Rows spanning multiple columns Figure Environment Table Environment The command is \multicolumn{num_cols}{alignment}{contents} num cols is the number of subsequent columns to merge; alignment is either l, c, r, or to have text wrapping specify a width p{5.0cm} contents is simply the actual data you want to be contained within that cell \begin{tabular}{ l l } \hline \multicolumn{2}{ c }{Team sheet} \\ Team sheet \hline GK Paul Robinson GK & Paul Robinson \\ LB Lucas Radebe LB & Lucas Radebe \\ DC Michael Duberry DC & Michael Duberry \\ DC Dominic Matteo DC & Dominic Matteo \\ RB & Dider Domi \\ \hline \end{tabular} RB Dider Domi source:

41 Columns spanning multiple rows Figure Environment Table Environment Add \usepackage{multirow} \multirow{ num_rows }{ width }{ contents }. \begin{tabular}{ l l l } \hline \multicolumn{3}{ c }{Team sheet} \\ \hline Goalkeeper & GK & Paul Robinson \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{defenders} & LB & Lucas Radebe \\ & DC & Michael Duburry \\ & DC & Dominic Matteo \\ & RB & Didier Domi \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Team sheet Goalkeeper GK Paul Robinson LB Lucas Radebe Defenders DC Michael Duburry DC Dominic Matteo RB Didier Domi

42 The table environment Figure Environment Table Environment The table environment allows to use caption and labels for the table, in the same fashion as the figure environment The table environment is also useful when you want to have a list of tables at the beginning or end of your document with the command \begin{table}[position specifier] \centering \begin{tabular}{ l }... your table... \end{tabular} \caption{this table shows some data} \label{tab:myfirsttable} \end{table}

43 Outline

44 Incorporating references into a document is an important task LATEX has a built-in support for citing references The auxiliary tool called BibTeX automates the process through a flat.file database (.bib) This database file can be referenced in any L A TEX document, and citations made to any record that is contained within the file centralized bibliography source can be linked to as many documents as desired Classical approach \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{lamport94} Leslie Lamport, \emph{\latex: a document preparation system}, Addison Wesley, Massachusetts, 2nd edition, Using BibTex \bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{sample1,...,samplen} \end{thebibliography}

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46 Citating To actually cite a given document is very easy. Go to the point where you want the citation to appear, and use the following: \cite{cite_key} the cite_key is that of the bibitem you wish to cite When LATEXprocesses the document, the citation will be cross-referenced with the bibitems and replaced with the appropriate number citation. The advantage here, once again, is that LATEX looks after the numbering for you.

47 Understanding the bibitems A BibTeX database is stored as a.bib file. It is a plain text file, and so can be viewed and edited easily. The structure of the file is also quite simple. An example of a BibTeX author = "George D. Greenwade", title = "The {C}omprehensive {T}ex {A}rchive {N}etwork ({CTAN})", year = "1993", journal = "TUGBoat", volume = "14", number = "3", pages = " " }

48 Understanding the bibitems Each item begins with the declaration of the reference type, in the form book, article, and for papers presented at conferences, there is inproceedings. the content of the item is enclosed in a block using { } The different elements we can find by order: citation key: identifier that you will use within your document to cross-reference it to this entry Attributes in the format BibTex keyword = value. The value can be also surrounded by { } each attribute must be followed by a comma to delimit one from another citation key standard use the author s surname, followed by the year of publication In any case, as we said the first day, use a bibliography manager to do this automatically!

49 Bibliography styles There are several different ways to format lists of bibliographic references and the citations to them in the text. These are called citation styles citation style It Consist of two parts: The format of the abbreviated citation (i.e. the marker that is inserted into the text to identify the entry in the list of references) Numbered (Vancouver referencing system) are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text Textual (Harvard referencing system) use the author surname and (usually) the year as the abbreviated form of the citation The format of the corresponding entry in the list of references, which includes full bibliographic details.

50 Outline

51 L A TEX beamer The package beamer can be used to do presentations The usual header information may then be specified. \documentclass{beamer} \begin{document} \begin{frame} \frametitle{this is the first slide} %Content goes here \end{frame} \begin{frame} \frametitle{this is the second slide} \framesubtitle{a bit more information about this} %More content goes here \end{frame} % etc \end{document} Frametitle keyword example.png

52 Outline

53 1 Add images Use the image you create the first day Add the eps image and compile with L A TEX and with pdfl A TEX, what does it happen? Add the png image and compile with L A TEX and with pdfl A TEX, what does it happen? Add a label to your image and reference it in the text Add a caption to the image (short and long caption) Add list of images in the document and check if your image appear 2 Add a table of at least 2 columns and 3 rows The header of the table must be in bold Use lines to separate each row Give a label to the table and reference it in the text Add the list of tables in the document and check if your table appear 3 Add a set of equations using $ $$ Equation environment Give a label to the equation and reference it in the text 4 Generate your.bib file with Mendeley and cite one of the papers in the text using \cite Change the bibliography styles in your main document