Data Encoding & CDP Protocol
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1 U 4 Data ncoding & DP Protocol DP
2 ncoding Data For ransmission DP
3 Modulation he process of superimposing data on a steady state carrier wave Used in all methods of transmitting data both analog and digital Requires both modulator and demodulator hardware to work DP
4 nalog Modulation M amplitude modulation transmits from 5 to 171 Kz FM frequency modulation transmits from 87.7 to 17.9 Kz PM - pulse code modulation is used to convert analog signals into digital signals DP
5 ransmission Modes Simplex transmission in one direction only from transmitter to receiver (eg. fiber) alf Duplex transmission in both directions but must take turns (eg. walkie talkie) Full Duplex simultaneous transmissions possible (eg. Digital circuits) DP
6 Pulses Pulse a voltage of a defined length and amplitude (range + to -, +5 to -5 and +6 to -6) Voltage state voltage level of a pulse Pulse mask shape that defines a pulse Polarity positive and negative of a signal DP
7 nalog to Digital onversion Sampling PM Pulse mplitude Modulation is sampling the analog signal 8, times a second and encoding it in 8 bits giving 64KB/s transmission speed. odec coder/decoder software PM Pulse code modulation is a codec consisting of 55 discrete levels (DPM using compressed words) Quantizing comparing the samples to the 55 PM levels and assigning the closest one ncoding format the samples into PM words for transmission DP
8 Modems ll modems convert the input signal into the proper format to be transmitted to the receiving network or device Dial up modem does an /D conversion normally using PM DS modem does both /D and D/D encoding able modems do D/D encoding Baud rate number of signal changes per second 96 baud is also 9.6 Kbps DP
9 Multiplexing Multiplexing method of sending multiple signals simultaneously on a single wire Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) use difference frequency ranges to create discrete channels (used by DS and called DM divides into 56, 4Kz channels) ime Division Multiplexing (DM) uses separate time slots (used by x and Dx cables) DP
10 isco DP Protocol DP
11 isco Discovery Protocol DP is a proprietary isco protocol orks at layer of the S model DP can discover what other devices are present on the network and basic information about them without needing to know the names or passwords of the devices Devices using DP advertise their presence on the network DP
12 Discovery Details Device dentifier usually the host name ddress list network and data link addresses Port identifier another name for an interface usually a port number apabilities list what is and what features it has Platform the model and S level running on the device VP Management domain ative V Full/alf duplex DP
13 DP imers DP Update timer the time between advertisements. he default is 6 seconds DP holdtime the length of time the information received should be considered valid. t is reset after receiving a new advertisement. F the timer expires, the information is removed from the network map. he default is 18 seconds DP
14 nabling/disabling DP DP run enables DP globaly R1(config)#cdp run o DP run disables DP globally R1(config)#no cdp run DP
15 show cdp command DP
16 Verifying DP Status show cdp show whether enabled and the default update and hold timers show cdp interface shows on which interfaces cdp is enabled show cdp traffic shows how many advertisements sent and received clear cdp counters resets the traffic counters to zero debug cdp packets turns the debug on DP
17 DP ncapsulation Uses only layer frames Devices must support the SP (sub network address protocol) thernet D PPP Frame relay DP
18 telnet elnet allows you to remotely access the router, switch or other device Requires the remote device to run a telnet server Requires the local device to run a telnet client telnet Sign off using either exit or logout Must configure a password for the V lines for telnet to work DP
19 ping orks at layer of the S model ests whether another machine can be reached over the network Ping sends a series of MP echo request messages to another host he default is five messages DP
20 traceroute orks at layer of the S model Discover the route that the message takes to reach a remote host Useful to find out how many routers are between you and the destination address an be used to find out where a problem on the network is located DP
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