Last Lecture. methods. ! How to send data from end to end: two switching. ! Packet loss and delay in a packet switched network. !
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1 Last Lecture! How to send data from end to end: two switching methods! Circuit switching! Packet switching! Packet loss and delay in a packet switched network SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 1
2 This Lecture! Modular view of the Internet! Layering, protocol architecture! The TCP/IP reference model SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 2
3 What Is a Protocol?! We have just seen an example of a protocol (the HTTP protocol)! Protocol:! A formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how peer entities on a network exchange information.! Peer entities: same-level network entities like processes, routers, modems,! A protocol s key elements:! Syntax: data format, signal levels! Semantics: control information and error handlings! Timing: speed matching and sequencing SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 6
4 What Is a protocol? a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi Got the time? 2:00 time TCP connection req TCP connection response Get <file> SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 7
5 An Example Protocol: HTTP GET /dir/page.html HTTP/1.1! HOST: Connection: close! User-agent: Mozilla/4.0! Accept-language:fr! \n! HTTP Request Message Optionally: Cookie: ! HTTP/ OK! Date: Wed, 29 Aug :14:59 GMT! Server: Apache/ Ben-SSL/ 1.44 (Unix) PHP/4.0.6! Connection: close! Content-Type: text/html! (requested file..)! HTTP Reply Message Optionally: Set-cookie: ! SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 8
6 Protocol Architectures! The Internet is extremely complicated! Just imagine what happens in every detail how those simple HTTP request and response get through the network! Key idea in CS: Modularize! To simplify network design complexity,! Organize protocols and the hardwares/softwares that implement the protocols in to layers! Each layer is a software and/or hardware module! Upper layers use services provided by lower layers! The protocol layers form a protocol stack (protocol suite, protocol architecture) SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 9
7 A Practical Example SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 10
8 A More Practical Example SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 11
9 Our view in the first few weeks SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 12
10 A Theoretical Figure PDU: Protocol Data Unit, H: header (control information) SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 13
11 Typical Functions of a Layer! Connection setup: handshaking with peer! Error Control! Flow Control! Segmentation & Reassembly! Multiplexing SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 14
12 Service Characteristics! Connection-Oriented! Connection established, used, and released (think of telephony systems)! Connectionless! Each packet carries the destination address, that s it (think of postal systems)! Reliable! I ensure the packet gets there, sooner or later! Unreliable! I will try my best to serve you SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 15
13 In Reality 99% of services are! Reliable, connection-oriented (TCP)! Unreliable, connectionless (UDP) also called datagram service Questions:! Discuss Pros and Cons of these two types! When to use what? SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 16
14 Service Primitives! The set of operations provided by the lower layer to the upper layer to perform a service! Example:! Connection-oriented services: connect, send, receive, disconnect!! Connectionless services: send, receive! SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 17
15 Service Access Points! How do two processes on two computers identify themselves to each other?! Answer: use a triple (protocol, ip_address, port_number) = socket e.g. (TCP, , 80)! (Actually a socket is a quintuple, more later)! In general: each entity of a layer access lower layer s services via Service Access Points SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 18
16 Services vs. Protocols! Service: a set of function prototypes of a module! Protocols: algorithms to implement those functions! Algorithms can be changed without affecting users of the functions SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 21
17 Our Protocol Stack Supports Network Applications Transports applications messages TCP: connection-oriented, reliable UDP: connectionless, unreliable Routes data packets from hosts to hosts IP: Internet Protocol, and many routing protocols Deals with algorithms to achieve reliable, efficient communication between two adjacent machines Moves raw bits (0/1) between adjacent nodes depending on the physical medium used SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 22
18 Summary! Lots of basic concepts introduced! Essential ones:! Circuit switching vs. packet switching! Small packets vs. large packets! Protocols! Protocol Architectures, TCP/IP Stack! Services SUNY AT BUFFALO; CSE 489/589 MODERN NETWORKING CONCEPTS; Fall 2010; INSTRUCTOR: HUNG Q. NGO 25
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