Overview p. 1 Broadband and ATM p. 2 The Evolution Toward Broadband p. 3 Access Networks, Core Networks, and Service Providers p.

Transcription

1 Contents p. v Preface p. xxiii Conventions p. xxiv Acknowledgments p. xxiv Overview p. 1 Broadband and ATM p. 2 The Evolution Toward Broadband p. 3 Access Networks, Core Networks, and Service Providers p. 3 Broadband Technology p. 4 Access Network Technology p. 4 Upgrading the Core Network p. 7 The Boundary Between Core and Access Networks p. 8 Summary p. 9 Network Architecture p. 11 Computer Networks p. 12 Repeaters, Bridges, and Routers p. 12 Internets, Intranets, and the Internet p. 13 Remote Internet Access p. 14 Broadband Access and Service Providers p. 14 Service and Service Provider Interfaces p. 15 End-User Choice and Network Complexity p. 16 Broadband Access Architecture p. 16 Technology, Services, and Dimensioning p. 16 Services and the Core Architecture p. 18 The ATM Core p. 18 Permanent Virtual Connections p. 19 Switched Virtual Connections p. 20 Summary p. 21 References p. 22 Economic Considerations p. 23 Broadband Service Considerations p. 23 Video-on-Demand (VoD) p. 24 Internet Access p. 25 Video Telephony p. 27 Broadband Connection Considerations p. 28 Summary p. 29 Sonet/Sdh p. 31 The Historical Background p. 31 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies p. 32 Synchronous Transport Signals p. 33 Multiplexing and Architecture p. 34

2 The Three Laws p. 34 From Tributaries to Synchronous Interfaces p. 36 The Functional Architecture p. 41 Adaptation Overheads and Synchronization p. 43 Synchronization and Coordination p. 44 Pointers and Rate Adaptation Channels p. 45 Layer-Specific Overheads and OAM Flows p. 46 Common OAM Functions p. 47 Section Layer Overheads p. 48 Path Layer Overheads p. 48 The Management Interface and Management Model p. 49 Objects and Relationships in the Management Model p. 50 Transactions for the Management Model p. 53 Summary p. 54 References p. 55 ATM Fundamentals and Management Modeling p. 57 Paths, Channels, and Cells p. 57 Physical Paths, Virtual Paths, and Virtual Channels p. 58 The Format of ATM Cells p. 58 Comments on ATM Cells p. 60 ATM Layers and Functions p. 61 The Transmission Convergence Layer p. 62 The VP and VC Layers p. 63 Higher Order Layers p. 63 The Basic Management Model for ATM p. 64 ATM Configuration Management p. 64 ATM Performance Management p. 68 Summary p. 69 References p. 71 ATM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Flows p. 73 OAM Flow Layers and Ranges p. 74 OAM Cell Types and Functions p. 76 Fault Management p. 77 Performance Management p. 79 Activation/Deactivation p. 82 The Operations System (OS) Interface p. 84 The Notification for Defect Reporting p. 84 Loopback p. 85 Continuity Checking p. 85 Performance Monitoring p. 87 Problems and Deficiencies p. 88

3 Summary p. 90 References p. 90 ATM Adaptation for Client Services p. 91 Introduction p. 91 The Structure of the ATM Adaptation Layers p. 92 Management Modeling of ATM Adaptation p. 93 Synchronous Traffic (AAL1 and AAL2) p. 94 AAL1 Segmentation and Reassembly p. 95 AAL1 Synchronization Modes p. 96 The AAL1 Convergence Sublayer (CS) p. 97 AAL1 Management and Modeling p. 98 Synchronous Variable Rate Traffic (AAL2) p. 99 Asynchronous Traffic--Original (AAL3/4) p. 100 AAL3/4 Segmentation and Reassembly p. 100 AAL3/4 Convergence Sublayer (CS) p. 101 AAL3/4 Management and Modeling p. 102 Asynchronous Traffic--Streamlined (AAL5) p. 104 AAL5 Segmentation and Reassembly p. 104 The Common Part of the AAL5 Convergence Sublayer p. 105 AAL5 Management and Modeling p. 106 Internet Protocol (IP) over AAL5 p. 107 The Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) p. 107 The Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol (SSCOP) p. 108 The Service-Specific Coordination Functions (SSCFs) for the SAAL p. 112 Management Modeling of the SAAL p. 113 Comments on ATM Adaptation p. 114 Summary p. 114 References p. 115 ATM Signaling p. 117 Background p. 117 ITU-T and the ATM Forum p. 118 Interworking p. 119 Services, Addresses, and Topology p. 119 Bearer Services and Telecommunications Services (Teleservices) p. 119 ATM Addresses p. 120 Connection Topologies p. 121 UNI Signaling p. 122 ITU-T UNI Signaling p. 122 ATM Forum UNI Signaling p. 124 NNI Signaling p. 124 ITU-T NNI Signaling p. 125

4 ATM Forum Intra-NNI Signaling p. 129 ATM Forum Inter-NNI Signaling p. 131 Summary p. 131 References p. 132 Management of ATM Switches p. 133 Background p. 133 ATM Interfaces p. 134 Modeling of UNIs p. 134 Modeling of NNIs p. 135 Service Profiles p. 136 Bearer Services, Teleservices, and Supplementary Services p. 137 Modeling of Supplementary Services p. 138 Customizing Services for Addresses p. 140 The Circuit Emulation Service p. 140 Configuration of the Routing Algorithm p. 141 Modification of Destination Addresses p. 142 Local Destinations p. 142 Abstract (Remote) Destinations p. 143 Routes to Remote Destinations (Post Analysis Evaluation) p. 143 Summary p. 144 References p. 145 Internet Communication p. 147 Introduction p. 147 IP Addresses and Address Resolution p. 149 The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) p. 150 The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) p. 152 Multicasting on the Internet p. 153 Advanced Address Registration: BOOTP and DHCP p. 154 IP Over ATM p. 155 ATM Link-Level Addresses p. 156 The ATM Address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP) p. 157 Internet Control Messages p. 159 Control on the Local Network p. 160 Reporting Discarded Datagrams p. 161 End-to-End Control p. 163 End-to-End Data Transport p. 164 The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) p. 165 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) p. 167 Routing p. 171 Algorithms: Distance Vector and Shortest Path p. 171 Autonomous Systems, Gateway Protocols, and the Internet Core p. 172

5 The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) p. 173 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Routing Loop Avoidance p. 176 The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) p. 176 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) p. 177 Summary p. 177 References p. 179 Internet Applications p. 181 Introduction p. 181 User-Friendly Addresses: The Domain Name System p. 182 The Internet Trinity p. 184 Remote Login: TELNET p. 184 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) p. 185 Electronic Mail ( ) p. 186 Hypertext and the World Wide Web p. 187 HTTP Messages p. 188 HTTP Methods p. 188 Responses to HTTP Requests p. 189 Remote Procedure Calls p. 190 Summary p. 191 References p. 193 Management of the Internet (SNMP) p. 195 Messages and MIBs p. 196 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) and SNMP Messages p. 196 MIBs and Internet Management p. 198 Basic MIB-II Groups and Their Evolution p. 198 The System Group p. 198 The Interfaces Group p. 198 The Internet Protocol (IP) Group p. 201 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Group p. 201 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Group p. 201 The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Group p. 202 The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Group p. 202 The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Group p. 203 Additional Groups p. 203 Internet Additions p. 203 Network Groups p. 205 Other Groups p. 206 The Technology-Specific Groups p. 207 Summary p. 207 References p. 208 ADSL Transmission p. 211

6 Tones, Modulation, and Coding p. 212 Tones p. 212 Modulation p. 213 Trellis Coding p. 214 Frames, Superframes, and Symbols p. 216 Frames, Superframes, and Tone Allocation p. 216 Payload Frames and ADSL Channels p. 216 Forward Error Correction p. 217 Error Detection and Error Correction p. 217 Forward Error Correction in ADSL p. 219 Channels, Ports, and Framing p. 219 Bearer Channels, ADSL Channels, and ATM Ports p. 219 Framing and Overheads p. 220 Summary p. 221 References p. 222 ADSL Management p. 223 The ADSL MIB Module p. 224 Technology-Independent Information p. 224 ADSL-Specific Information p. 224 The CMIP Model for the Management of ADSL p. 229 Configuration, Status, and Alarms p. 231 Profiles p. 231 Performance Monitoring p. 231 Summary p. 234 References p. 234 VB5 Access Architecture p. 237 Service Nodes (SNs) and VB5 Interfaces p. 237 Logical Ports and Physical Ports p. 238 Logical User Ports (LUPs) p. 239 The Logical Service Port (LSP) p. 240 System Configuration p. 241 Signaling and UNI Accesses p. 242 The VB5 Protocols p. 242 User Signaling and UNI Accesses p. 244 Comments on the VB5 Architecture p. 244 Summary p. 245 References p. 245 VB5 Protocols p. 247 VB5 Messages and Message Format p. 247 Protocol Errors p. 249 The Protocol Error Cause Information Element p. 250

7 The Real-Time Management Coordination (RTMC) Protocol p. 250 Some Problems with I.610 p. 250 RTMC Messages p. 251 RTMC Information Elements p. 261 The Broadband Bearer Connection Control (B-BCC) Protocol p. 263 B-BCC Messages p. 263 B-BCC Information Elements p. 271 B-BCC Protocol Anomalies p. 273 Summary p. 275 References p. 275 VB5 Management p. 277 Background p. 277 VPs, Logical User Ports, and Logical Service Ports p. 279 VP Level Configuration in the Service Node p. 279 VP Level Configuration in the Access Network p. 281 Configuration of VB5 Protocols p. 281 The Relationship with VB5 Messages p. 282 Start-Up of an Interface p. 282 Checking the Interface p. 283 Resetting the VB5 Interface p. 283 The State of Resources p. 283 Broadband Access Coordination: X-VB5 p. 284 Specific X-VB5 Transactions p. 284 Generalized X-VB5 Transactions p. 285 RPC Specification of X-VB5 Transaction Requirements p. 286 Summary p. 287 References p. 288 Optical Access p. 289 Background p. 289 ATM PON Architecture p. 290 ATM PON Transmission p. 291 VDSL Transmission on Hybrid Architectures p. 293 PLOAM Cells on ATM PONs p. 294 Common PLOAM Fields p. 295 Downstream-Only PLOAM Fields p. 296 Upstream-Only PLOAM Fields p. 297 OLT/ONU Coordination p. 298 Summary p. 298 References p. 299 ATM Enhancements p. 301 Background p. 301

8 Enhanced OAM Flows p. 302 ATM (Automatic Protection Switching) APS p. 304 Types of Protection Switching p. 304 The Protection Protocol p. 305 Conditions, Commands, and States p. 306 Paths and Connections p. 307 Switched Virtual Paths p. 307 Soft Permanent Virtual Connections (S-PVCs) p. 308 Multipoint Connections p. 309 Traffic, Services, and Quality p. 311 ATMF Service Categories and ITU-T Transfer Capabilities p. 312 Traffic Parameters, QoS Parameters, and QoS Classes p. 313 Summary p. 314 References p. 315 Optical Technology for IP p. 317 Background p. 317 IP over Serial Data Links p. 318 Optical IP Transmission p. 320 IP over SONET/SDH p. 320 ATM Versus SONET/SDH p. 321 IP over WDM p. 322 Optical IP Networks p. 323 Optical Burst Switching p. 323 Optical Flow Switching p. 324 WDM LANs and WANs p. 325 Superimposed Optical Topologies p. 326 Summary p. 326 References p. 327 The Way Forward p. 329 Background p. 330 Multiprotocol Label Switching p. 330 Forwarding Equivalent Classes p. 331 Creating Label-Switched Paths (LSPs) p. 332 MPLS Versus ATM p. 333 Internet Protocol Version 6 p. 334 Datagram Format p. 334 Fields and Headers p. 334 The Resource Reservation Protocol p. 336 Shortcut Routing p. 337 Policy-Based Shortcuts p. 338 Next Hop Resolution Protocol p. 339

9 Topology-Independent Shortcuts p. 340 RSVP for ATM p. 341 Quality in IP and ATM p. 341 Making Shortcuts with Reservations p. 342 Proxy Addresses and VB5 p. 343 Summary p. 343 References p. 345 Acronyms and Abbreviations p. 347 About the Author p. 363 Index p. 365 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.