Part I Components and Component-based Development
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1 Contents The Griffin... Acknowledgements... vii ix 1 Introduction A ClearDrop Testing Components and Recording Approximations SynthesizingaSystem DiscussionoftheExample Roadmap of this Monograph Theoryvs.Practice FormalTheoryofSoftwareTesting ExploratoryTools Insights into Component Composition ImplicationsforTestinginGeneral Part I Components and Component-based Development 2 Engineering, Components, and Software Standardized Components Make Engineering Possible MechanicalEngineeringofaVacuumSystem Electrical/ComputerEngineeringofaLaptop CanItBeDonewithSoftware? Software Components and Component-based Development The Parts: Components CommonEnvironmentforSoftware Reuse InformationHiding Object-orientedDesign Szyperski s Definition The Systems: Component-based Software Development (CBSD) xi
2 xii Contents Product Families Component Development and Cataloging System Design using Components The Viewpoint: Testing Simple Components and Systems Simple Components SimpleSystems CritiqueoftheModel CBSD in Practice and Theory Components and Connectors SystemArchitecture Component Models MiddlewareandContainerServices Immutable Components BroaderTheoryofCBSD General Component-based System Design Theory Component-based Verification Testingvs.Proving SummaryofCBSDIssues Part II Software Testing: Practice and Theory 5 Software Testing s Place in Development Lifecycle ModelsofDevelopment DevelopmentPhases WaterfallModels AgileModels WhichModelisBest? Functional/RequirementsTesting UnitTestingvs.SystemTesting PreventingBugs SoftwareInspection Formal Methods CreatingPerfectionvs.FindingFailure TestinginCBSD Software Testing Theory Floyd-Hoare-Mills Semantics FunctionalTestingTheory Functional Testing Theory without State ExtendingFunctionalTheorytoIncludeState TestingConcurrentSoftware SummaryofTestingTheory... 75
3 Contents xiii 7 Subdomain Testing Divide and Conquer (or Multiply and Founder?) Historyof Coverage Testing FunctionalCoverage StructuralCoverage CombiningFunctionalandStructuralCoverage Usage Profiles Subdomain Testing in the Presence of State Concurrency Comparing Subdomain Techniques The Subsumes PartialOrdering Random Testing Comparing Random- and Subdomain-testing Part III Composition of Components 8 Subdomain Theory of Stateless Component Composition SoftwareTestingis Non-compositional Approximating and Measuring Component Properties CalculatingPropertiesofStatelessSystems SeriesSystem ConditionalSystemControlStructure IterativeSystemControlStructure Combining Different Component Approximations Synthesizing a Component-based System CombiningTestingandProving Summary of the Subdomain Testing Theory Tutorial Example SYN Tools for Stateless Components Getting Started ASimpleCompleteExample ApproximationandPredictionErrors Better Component Approximations Splitting and Adjusting Subdomains Piecewise-linear Component Approximation How Well Can a Component Developer Do? Internal Profiles IncrementalProcessing TutorialSummary Persistent State Extended Subdomain Theory of Composition Algorithms for Synthesizing Systems from Components withstate VerifyingtheAlgorithms TestingMeasurements...145
4 xiv Contents DGraphsandApproximationErrors Equi-spaced vs. Sequence Sampling SystemPredictions SynthesisofSystemswithState ATutorialExamplewithState Tutorial:Modes(Preferences) Concurrent Execution Adding Concurrency to Composition Theory Algorithm for Synthesizing Components in Parallel Testing Measurements, Behavior Graphs, and System Predictions ATutorialExamplewithConcurrency Tutorial:MultiversionSoftware The Other Non-functional Property: Reliability Reliability in Other Engineering Disciplines Software Reliability Theory Software Time Parameter The MinefieldAnalogy ASpeculativeSoftwareFailureRate MeasuringSoftwareFailureRate Failure Rate in Subdomains Component Independence Reliability Synthesis Difficulties in Component Measurements SynthesisRules Part IV Supporting Tools 13 CBSD Support Tools Component Developers and System Designers IdealToolsforI-CBSD Ideal Component-level Testing/Measurement Tools IdealSystem-levelSynthesis(CAD)Tools SYN Tools:AnExistenceProof Tool Implementation Component Conventions Artificial Components UnderlyingAlgorithms Execution by Table-lookup ValidatingTools ANastyMistake ToolPerformance...216
5 Contents xv 15 Debugging Components, Component-based Systems, and Support Tools Debugging Components CheckingTestsAgainstRequirements Executing Code Outside the SYN Tools Finding Good Subdomains GraphicalAids Debugging Component-based Systems Component Mismatch Interface Profiles Debugging of Support Tools Problem Decomposition IterativeEnhancement Components and Debugging of SYN Tools Unfinished Business: Volunteer Tool Makers UnstableAlgorithmsandCode Improving the SYN Tools Who snext? Part V Case Studies 17 Accuracy of Component Measurements and System Predictions Better Component Approximation, Better System Prediction Tuning Subdomains with Tool Support PredictingPredictionAccuracy PredictionErrorisLinearinMeasurementError TheoryofErrorPropagation PredictionErrorisanEmergentSystemProperty ApproximatingSystemPredictionErrors Approximation Accuracy as a Component Test-quality Metric The Right Subdomains for Component Testing Case Studies of I-CBSD Fundamental Questions about Subdomain Testing How to Sample Subdomains? IsSeriesSynthesisAssociative? Moving Control Structures between Components and Systems Series Composition within a Component Conditionals in Code and Conditional Components RaisingtheLevelofProgramming PersistentState InfeasibleStates ModesandStorageinState AControlled Editor System IterationatSystemLevel...284
6 xvi Contents 18.5 Component and System Reliability Substituting one Component for Another Meeting a Non-functional System Requirement Bound Part VI Implications for Software Testing 19 Unit vs. System Testing Components Make Ideal Software Units SolvingUnit-testingProblems Choosing Unit-test Subdomains UnitTestingIsMoreThanitSeems SavingandUsingUnit-testResults UnitTeststheOnlyTests TrustingUnitTests Trustworthy Component Testing Matching Interface Profiles ComparingSystemPredictionstoRequirements Functional vs. Non-functional Properties Non-functionalDependsonFunctional Non-functional Compositional Properties RunTime Reliability SafetyFactorsandPredictionAccuracy PredictingEmergentProperties MemoryLeaks Security Emergent PredictionError Conclusion: Lessons Learned from I-CBSD Software Components are Unlike Mechanical Components Software Functions Are Inherently Discontinuous Simple Component Behaviors Lead to Complicated SystemBehaviors Testing Theory is Unlike Other Formal Methods ConservativeReductions SpecialRoleofPersistentState TheSeveralMeaningsof Compositional CompositionalProperties TestingCanBeMadeCompositional SimpleToolsareRemarkablyPowerful...327
7 Contents xvii 22 Open Problems Subdomain Testing in Non-numeric Domains CompletingaTestingTheoryincludingState Reliability in the Presence of State Better SYN ToolsforState Limited Input Domain References Appendix A Tool Specifications A.1 Documentation A.2 SYN DocumentationTricks A.2.1 Stand-aloneScriptExecution A.2.2 ErrorMessages A.2.3 Message-discovery Documentation A.2.4 #debug Statements A.2.5 TheScriptHeaderComments A.3 DetailsoftheToolScripts A.3.1 FileFormats A.3.2 Testing and Approximating Components: COMP and friends 353 A.3.3 Synthesizing and Predicting Systems: SYN and Calc A.3.4 Auxiliary Scripts Index...363
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