Middleware for Communications

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2 Middleware for Communications Edited by Qusay H. Mahmoud University of Guelph, Canada

4 Middleware for Communications

6 Middleware for Communications Edited by Qusay H. Mahmoud University of Guelph, Canada

7 Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): Visit our Home Page on or All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN Typeset in 10.25/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

8 To all those who helped in the creation of this book in one way or another

10 Contents Preface List of Contributors Introduction xix xxi xxvii 1 Message-Oriented Middleware 1 Edward Curry 1.1 Introduction Interaction Models Synchronous Communication Asynchronous Communication Introduction to the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Introduction to Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) When to use MOM or RPC Message Queues Messaging Models Point-to-Point Publish/Subscribe Comparison of Messaging Models Common MOM Services Message Filtering Transactions Guaranteed Message Delivery Message Formats Load Balancing Clustering Java Message Service Programming using the JMS API Service-Oriented Architectures XML Web Services 23

11 viii Contents MOM Developing Service-Oriented Architectures Summary 26 Bibliography 26 2 Adaptive and Reflective Middleware 29 Edward Curry 2.1 Introduction Adaptive Middleware Reflective Middleware Are Adaptive and Reflective Techniques the Same? Triggers of Adaptive and Reflective Behavior Implementation Techniques Meta-Level Programming Software Components and Frameworks Generative Programming Overview of Current Research Reflective and Adaptive Middleware Workshops Nonfunctional Properties Distribution Mechanism Future Research Directions Advances in Programming Techniques Open Research Issues Autonomic Computing Summary 48 Bibliography 49 3 Transaction Middleware Stefan Tai, Thomas Mikalsen, Isabelle Rouvellou 3.1 Introduction Transaction Processing Fundamentals ACID Transactions Distributed Transactions Common Extensions Programming Models for Transactions Distributed Object Transactions Transaction Model Transaction APIs Container-Managed Transactions Messaging Transactions Messaging Models Programming Models Queued Transaction Processing Web Transactions Web Services Coordination and Transactions Programming model 69 53

12 Contents ix Web Services Messaging Advanced Transactions Long Running Unit of Work (LRUOW) Conditional Messaging and D-Spheres Transactional Attitudes (TxA) Conclusion 77 Bibliography 78 4 Peer-to-Peer Middleware Markus Oliver Junginger 4.1 Introduction Peer-to-Peer and Grids Lack of Peer-to-Peer Middleware Group Communication Challenges Chapter Outline JXTA Overview Resources and Advertisements Peer Groups Services and Modules Protocols Messages and Pipes Security Relay and Rendezvous Peers Group Communication Applications using JXTA Challenges Summary P2P Messaging System Self-Organizing Overlay Networks Failure Tolerance Implicit Dynamic Routing Quality-of-Service System Model Network Abstraction Layer Implementation Challenges and Comparison with JXTA Summary Hybrid Middleware a Conceptual Proposal Service Providers Conceptual Model and Services Service Connectors Peer Group Membership Service Synchronization Service and P2P Synchronization Summary Conclusion 105 Bibliography

13 x Contents 5 Grid Middleware Gregor von Laszewski and Kaizar Amin 5.1 The Grid Grid Architecture Grid Middleware Software Grid Middleware Challenges Grid Middleware Standardization Grid Middleware Services Elementary Grid Middleware Services Advanced Grid Management Services Grid Middleware Toolkits Globus Toolkit Commodity Grid Kits Open Grid Services Architecture Portal Middleware for Grids Applications Using and Enhancing Grid Middleware Astrophysics Earthquake Engineering High-energy Physics Grids Concluding Remarks 127 Acknowledgments 127 Bibliography QoS-enabled Middleware 131 Nanbor Wang, Christopher D. Gill, Douglas C. Schmidt, Aniruddha Gokhale, Balachandran Natarajan, Joseph P. Loyall Richard E. Schantz, and Craig Rodrigues 6.1 Introduction Emerging Trends Key Technical Challenges and Solution Approaches Chapter Organization The Evolution of Middleware Overview of Middleware Limitations of Conventional Middleware Component Middleware: A Powerful Approach to Building DRE Applications Overview of Component Middleware and the CORBA Component Model Limitations with Conventional Component Middleware for Largescale DRE Systems QoS Provisioning and Enforcement with CIAO and QuO Qoskets Static Qos Provisioning via QoS-enabled Component Middleware and CIAO Dynamic QoS Provisioning via QuO Adaptive Middleware and Qoskets Integrated QoS provisioning via CIAO and Qoskets

14 Contents xi 6.5 Related Work Concluding Remarks 158 Bibliography Model Driven Middleware 163 Aniruddha Gokhale, Douglas C. Schmidt, Balachandran Natarajan, Jeff Gray, Nanbor Wang 7.1 Introduction Overview of the OMG Model Driven Architecture (MDA) Capabilities of the MDA Benefits of the MDA Overview of Model Driven Middleware Limitations of Using Modeling and Middleware in Isolation Combining Model Driven Architecture and QoS-enabled Component Middleware Model Driven Middleware Case Study: Integrating MDA with QoS-enabled Middleware Related Work Concluding Remarks 183 Bibliography High-Performance Middleware-Based Systems 189 Shikharesh Majumdar 8.1 Introduction Performance of CORBA Middleware Impact of Client-Server Interaction Architectures Three Interaction Architectures Performance Comparison Middleware Performance Optimization Systems with Limited Heterogeneity Flyover Performance of Flyover Application Level Performance Optimizations Connection Setup Latency Parameter Passing Combination of Methods and Performance Recovery Method Placement and Object Packing Load Balancing Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments 208 Bibliography Concepts and Capabilities of Middleware Security 211 Steven Demurjian, Keith Bessette, Thuong Doan, Charles Phillips 9.1 Introduction 211

15 xii Contents 9.2 Security in CORBA,.NET, and J2EE CORBA Security Capabilities NET Security Capabilities J2EE Security Capabilities RBAC and MAC using CORBA and JINI Overview of the RBAC/MAC Security Model The Security Services of USR Prototyping/Administrative and Management Tools Conclusion 232 Bibliography Middleware for Scalable Data Dissemination Panos K. Chrysanthis, Vincenzo Liberatore, Kirk Pruhs Introduction Architecture Overview Background and Historical Notes Multicast Data Dissemination Multicast Middleware Components Transport Adaptation Layer Document Selection Multicast Push Scheduling Multicast Pull Scheduling Multicast Indexing Data Consistency and Currency Client Cache Building Block Integration Integration Scheduling for Layered Multicast Application: Real-Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance Conclusions 254 Bibliography Principles of Mobile Computing Middleware Cecilia Mascolo, Licia Capra, Wolfgang Emmerich Introduction Mobile Distributed Systems Characterization of Distributed Systems Traditional Distributed Systems Mobile Nomadic Systems Mobile Ad Hoc Systems Middleware Systems: A Reference Model Middleware for Fixed Distributed Systems Middleware for Mobile Nomadic and Ad hoc Systems 268

16 Contents xiii 11.4 Fault Tolerance Connectivity Data-sharing Heterogeneity Openness Scalability Discovery Quality of Service Resource-sharing Transactions Security Conclusions 278 Bibliography Application of Middleware Technologies to Mobile Enterprise Information Services Guijun Wang, Alice Chen, Surya Sripada, Changzhou Wang Introduction Wireless Technologies Middleware Technologies for Enterprise Application Integrations An Integrated Architecture for Mobile Enterprise Information Services Enterprise Requirements Design Considerations and Our Approach An Integrated Mobile EIS Architecture Deployment and Operation J2EE-Based Middleware in Mobile EIS J2EE Middleware Platform JMS JMS in Our Mobile EIS Data Representation and Presentation in Mobile Enterprise Information Services Challenges and Future Directions Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgment 302 Bibliography Middleware for Location-based Services: Design and Implementation Issues Peter Langendörfer, Oliver Maye, Zoya Dyka, Roland Sorge, Rita Winkler, Rolp Kraemer Introduction Related Work Architecture Infrastructure 307

17 xiv Contents Platform Components Concepts of Selected Components Event Engine and Auras and Objects Engine Profile Servers and Profile Database Measurements Testbed Settings Results Conclusions Realization of PLASMA Design Decisions and Lessons Learned Implementation Notes Conclusions 327 Bibliography QoS-Enabled Middleware for MPEG Video Streaming 331 Karl R.P.H. Leung, Joseph Kee-Yin Ng, Calvin Kin-Cheung Hui 14.1 Introduction Related Works Overview of MPEG Quality of Services Video Distribution Requirements for QoS-enabled MPEG-Streaming Middleware Environment Analysis Requirements for the Middleware QoS Facilities QoS-GFS Transmission Scheme QoS Tuning Scheme Architecture Clientware Serverware Experiments System Setup Experiment Results QoS in QoS-Index QoS-Frame and QoS-Byte Discussions Acknowledgment Conclusion & Future Works 355 Bibliography Middleware for Smart Cards 359 Harald Vogt, Michael Rohs, Roger Kilian-Kehr 15.1 Introduction ISO Communication between Card and Card Reader 360

18 Contents xv 15.3 Data Structures on Smart Cards Command Sets JavaCards Hardware Architecture Runtime Environment Developing JavaCard Applets PC/SC: Data Communications OpenCard Framework Architectural Concepts Configuration Programming Model Summary JavaCard RMI On-Card JCRMI Off-Card JCRMI Summary PKCS #11 Security Tokens Smart Cards as Distributed Objects Smart Card Middleware for Mobile Environments SIM Application Toolkit J2ME Smart Card Middleware JiniCard Smart Cards on the Internet A Browser Interface for Smart Cards Smart Cards as Mobile Web Servers Internet Smart Cards Conclusion 389 Bibliography Application-Oriented Middleware for E-Commerce Jesús Martínez, Luis R. López, Pedro Merino Introduction Previous Work on Networked Smart Card Applications A Public Transport Ticketing System for e-commerce The System Architecture The Electronic Ticket Choosing a Smart Card for the System Advanced Ticketing Management Using Middleware Middleware Platform Security The Smart Card Service The Smart Card Object-Oriented Library The Application Prototype Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments 411 Bibliography 411

19 xvi Contents 17 Real-time CORBA Middleware 413 Arvind S. Krishna, Douglas C. Schmidt, Raymond Klefstad, Angelo Corsaro 17.1 Introduction DRE System Technology Challenges Challenges of Today s DRE Systems Challenges of Future DRE Systems Limitations with Conventional DRE System Development Overview of Real-time CORBA Overview of CORBA Overview of Real-time CORBA Overview of Real-time CORBA TAO: C++-based Real-time CORBA Middleware Motivation TAO Architecture and Capabilities TAO Successes ZEN: RTSJ-based Real-time CORBA Middleware Motivation ZEN Architecture and Capabilities ZEN Successes Related Work Concluding Remarks 433 Bibliography Middleware Support for Fault Tolerance 439 Diana Szentiványi, Simin Nadjm-Tehrani 18.1 Introduction Terminology Replication Styles Consensus Unreliable Failure Detectors Broadcast Background Middleware Fault Tolerance CORBA and Fault Tolerance Standard Support for FT in CORBA The FT-CORBA Standard Architecture Units Adding Support for Full Availability Architecture Units Infrastructure Interactions Platform Implementation Experiments with a Telecom Application The Service Experiment Setup Measuring Overheads 456

20 Contents xvii 18.7 Trade-off Studies Overheads Failover Times Conclusions Acknowledgments 463 Bibliography 463 Index 465

QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario Marchese Department of Communications, Computer and System Science University of Genoa, Italy QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario