EMERGING WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Transcription

1 EMERGING WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Apostolis K. Salkintzis Motorola, Greece Nikos Passas University of Athens, Greece

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3 EMERGING WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA

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5 EMERGING WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Apostolis K. Salkintzis Motorola, Greece Nikos Passas University of Athens, Greece

6 Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop # 02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be availabe in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emerging wireless multimedia services and technologies/edited by A. Salkintzis, N. Passas. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (alk.paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Multimedia systems. I. Salkintzis, Apostolis K. II. Passas, N. (Nikos), 1970 TK E dc British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN (HB) ISBN (HB) Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 To my wife Sophie, daughter Rania and son Constantine, for bearing with me so many years and supporting my work with endless understanding, love and patience. Apostolis K. Salkintzis To my wife Kitty, for her unconditional love, and to my daughter Dimitra, for coming into my life. Nikos Passas

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9 Contents List of Contributors xvii 1 Introduction 1 Apostolis K. Salkintzis and Nikos Passas 1.1 Evolving Towards Wireless Multimedia Networks Key Aspects of the Evolution Multimedia Over Wireless IP over Wireless Networks Multimedia Services in WLANs Multimedia Services in WPANs Multimedia Services in 3G Networks Multimedia Messaging Multimedia Services for the Enterprise Hybrid Multimedia Networks and Seamless Mobility Book Contents 12 References 13 Part One Multimedia Enabling Technologies 2 Multimedia Coding Techniques for Wireless Networks 17 Anastasios Delopoulos 2.1 Introduction Digital Multimedia and the Need for Compression Standardization Activities Structure of the Chapter Basics of Compression Entropy, Entropy Reduction and Entropy Coding A General Compression Scheme Understanding Speech Characteristics Speech Generation and Perception Digital Speech Speech Modeling and Linear Prediction General Aspects of Speech Compression Three Types of Speech Compressors Waveform Compression Open-Loop Vocoders: Analysis Synthesis Coders Closed Loop Coders: Analysis by Synthesis Coding Speech Coding Standards Understanding Video Characteristics Video Perception 36

10 viii Contents Discrete Representation of Video Digital Video Basic Video Compression Ideas Video Compression Standards H H MPEG MPEG MPEG H References 46 3 Multimedia Transport Protocols for Wireless Networks 49 Pantelis Balaouras and Ioannis Stavrakakis 3.1 Introduction Networked Multimedia-based Services Time Relations in Multimedia Non-Real-time and Real-time Multimedia Services CBR vs. VBR Encoding for Video Transmission of VBR Content Over Constant Rate Channels Classification of Real-time Services One-Way Streaming Media on Demand (MoD) Delivery Conversational Communication Adaptation at the Video Encoding Level Non-adaptive Encoding Adaptive Encoding Scalable/Layered Encoding Quality of Service Issues for Real-time Multimedia Services Bandwidth Availability Delay and Jitter Recovering Losses Protocols for Multimedia-based Communication Over the Wireless Internet Why TCP is not Suitable for Real-time Services RTP/UDP/IP Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Multimedia Session with RTP or how RTP is Used RTP Fixed Head Fields RTCP Packet Format How Intra-media and Inter-media Synchronization is Achieved Monitoring RTT, Jitter and Packet Loss Rate RTP and Loss Repairing Techniques RTP Payload Types RTP Profiles for Audio and Video Conferences (RFC3551) RTP in 3G Supported Media Types in 3GPP RTP Implementation Issues For 3G 79 References 81

11 Contents ix 4 Multimedia Control Protocols for Wireless Networks 83 Pedro M. Ruiz, Eduardo Martínez, Juan A. Sánchez and Antonio F. Gómez-Skarmeta 4.1 Introduction A Premier on the Control Plane of Existing Multimedia Standards ITU Protocols for Videoconferencing on Packet-switched Networks IETF Multimedia Internetworking Protocols Control Protocols for Wireless Networks Protocol for Describing Multimedia Sessions: SDP The Syntax of SDP Messages SDP Examples Control Protocols for Media Streaming RSTP Operation RTSP Messages RTSP Methods Session Setup: The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Components SIP Messages Addresses Address Resolution Session Setup Session Termination and Cancellation Advanced SIP Features for Wireless Networks Support of User Mobility Personal Mobility Session Modification Session Mobility Multimedia Control Panel in UMTS: IMS IMS Architecture Session Establishment in IMS Streaming Services in UMTS Research Challenges and Opportunities 118 Acknowledgement 119 References Multimedia Wireless Local Area Networks 121 Sai Shankar N 5.1 Introduction ETSI s HiperLAN IEEE Overview of Physical Layers of HiperLAN/2 and IEEE a Overview of HiperLAN/ MAC Protocol of HiperLAN/ Overview of HiperLAN/ Data Link Layer MAC Protocol Error Control Protocol Association Control Function (ACF) Signaling and Radio Resource Management 131

12 x Contents Convergence Layer Throughput Performance of HiperLAN/ IEEE MAC Distributed Coordination Function Point Coordination Function Overview of IEEE Standardization IEEE e HCF EDCA HCCA Support For Parameterized Traffic Simple Scheduler Admission Control at HC Power Management ACK Policies Direct Link Protocol (DLP) Simulation Performance of IEEE Throughput vs. Frame Size Throughput vs. Number of Stations EDCA ACs Effect of Bad Link Support for VoIP in IEE e Comparison of Simulation and Analysis for VoIP Traffic Video Transmission Over IEEE E Scenario 1: System Efficiency Scenario 2: TXOP Limit vs. Medium Accessing Frequency Comparison of HiperLAN/2 and IEEE E Protocol Overhead Comparison of Features Conclusions A Appendix: Analysis of the Frame Error Rate and Backoff Process of EDCA Using One Dimensional Markov Chain A.1 MAC/PHY Layer Overheads A.2 Link Model A.3 Backoff Procedure A.4 Throughput Analysis for EDCA Bursting 165 References Wireless Multimedia Personal Area Networks: An Overview 169 Minal Mishra, Aniruddha Rangnekar and Krishna M. Sivalingam 6.1 Introduction Multimedia Information Representation Bluetooth 1 (IEEE ) The Bluetooth 1 Protocol Stack Physical Layer Details Description of Bluetooth 1 Links and Packets Link Manager Secret Discovery and Connection Establishment 177

13 Contents xi Bluetooth 1 Security Application Areas Coexistence with Wireless LANs (IEEE ) Overview of Standard b and Bluetooth 1 Interference Basics Coexistence Framework High-Rate WPANs (IEEE ) Physical Layer Network Architecture Basics Piconet Formation and Maintenance Channel Access Power Management Security a Ultra-Wideband Low-rate WPANs (IEEE ) Applications Network Topologies Overview of Standard Summary 197 References QoS Provision in Wireless Multimedia Networks 199 Nikos Passas and Apostolis K. Salkintzis 7.1 Introduction QoS in WLANs QoS During Handover Traffic Scheduling in e RSVP over Wireless Networks QoS in Hybrid 3G/WLAN Networks UMTS/WLAN Interworking Architecture Reference Points Signaling During UMTS-to-WLAN Handover Interworking QoS Considerations Performance Evaluation Performance Results Contention-Based Scenario Contention-Free Scenario Conclusions 231 Acknowledgements 232 References Wireless Multimedia in 3G Networks 235 George Xylomenos and Vasilis Vogkas 8.1 Introduction Cellular Networks First Generation Second Generation Third Generation UMTS Networks 239

14 xii Contents Services and Service Capabilities Core Network Radio Access Network Multimedia Services IP Multimedia Subsystem Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service IMS Architecture and Implementation Service Architecture Session Setup and Control Interworking Functionality MBMS Architecture and Implementation Service Architecture Service Setup and Control Interworking Functionality Quality of Service Quality of Service Architecture Policy-based Quality of Service Session Setup and Control Summary Glossary of Acronyms 256 References 258 Part Two Wireless Multimedia Applications and Services 9 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 263 Alessandro Andreadis and Giovanni Giambene 9.1 Introduction to WAP Protocol and Architecture WAP-based Multimedia Services: Potentials and Limitations WAP Protocol Stack Wireless Application Environment Wireless Session Protocol Wireless Transaction Protocol Wireless Transport Layer Security Wireless Datagram Protocol WAP languages and Design Tools WML, WMLScript Complementary Technologies Conversion of Existing Wepages to WAP Dynamic Content Adaptation for WAP Pages Delivery WAP Service Design Principles Performance of WAP over 2G and 2.5G Technologies WAP Traffic Modeling Issues and Performance Evaluation Examples of Experimented and Implemented WAP Services 286 References Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 293 Alessandro Andreadis and Giovanni Giambene 10.1 Evolution From Short to Multimedia Message Services MMS Architecture and Standard 294

15 Contents xiii Detailed Description of MMS Architecture Elements Communications Interfaces MMS Capabilities, Iimitations and Usability Issues MMS Format MMS PDU Transaction Flows MMS-based Value-added Services Survey of MMS-based Services MMS Development Tools MMS Evolution 316 References Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS) 319 John Buford and Mahfuzur Rahman 11.1 Introduction Basic Concepts Brief History Standardization Issues Overview of Chapter Client Desktop Mobile Design Considerations Basic Functional Elements Basic System Concepts Management Aspects Service Architectures: Client-server and Peer-to-peer Protocols OMA Wireless Village IETF SIP/SIMPLE XMPP Functional Comparison Gateways Standard APIs Security and Protocols Authentication, Confidentiality/Privacy and Integrity Spam in IM Gateways and End-to-End Services Denial of Service Security Features of Specific Standards Evolution, Direction and Challenges Rich Presence Home Appliance Control Context-Aware Instant Messaging Virtual Presence at Websites IMP as Application Middleware Summary 347 References 347