ADVANCED CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION 2G/2.5G/3G... EVOLUTION TO 4G

Transcription

1 ADVANCED CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION 2G/2.5G/3G... EVOLUTION TO 4G Edited by Ajay R Mishra Nokia Networks

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3 ADVANCED CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION

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5 ADVANCED CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION 2G/2.5G/3G... EVOLUTION TO 4G Edited by Ajay R Mishra Nokia Networks

6 Copyright C 2007 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, ONT, L5R 4J3 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN (HB) ISBN (HB) Typeset in 9/11pt Times by TechBooks, New Delhi, India. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, England. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 Dedicated to The Lotus Feet of my Guru

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9 Contents Forewords Acknowledgements Introduction xiii xvii xix 1 Cellular Networks 1 Ajay R Mishra 1.1 Introduction First Generation Cellular Networks NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Second Generation Cellular Networks D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) Third Generation Cellular Networks CDMA UMTS HSDPA in UMTS 12 2 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation 15 Johanna Kähkönen, Nezha Larhrissi, Cameron Gillis, Mika Särkioja, Ajay R Mishra and Tarun Sharma 2.1 Radio Network Planning Process Network Planning Projects Network Planning Project Organisation Network Planning Criteria and Targets Network Planning Process Steps Preplanning in a GSM Radio Network GSM Network Planning Criteria Introducing GPRS in the GSM Network Introducing EGPRS in the GSM Network WCDMA in UMTS Radio Network Dimensioning Link Budget Calculations 29

10 viii Contents Dimensioning in the EGPRS Network Dimensioning in the WCDMA Radio Network Radio Wave Propagation Okumura Hata Model Walfish Ikegami Model Ray Tracing Model Model Tuning Coverage Planning Coverage Planning in GSM Networks Coverage Planning in EGPRS Coverage Planning in WCDMA Networks Capacity Planning Capacity Planning in GSM Networks EGPRS Capacity Planning Capacity Planning in WCDMA Networks Frequency Planning Power Control Discontinuous Transmission Frequency Hopping Interference Analysis Parameter Planning Parameter Planning in the GSM Network Parameter Planning in the EGPRS Network Parameter Planning in the WCDMA Network Radio Network Optimisation GSM Radio Network Optimisation Process Optimisation in the EGPRS Network Optimisation in the WCDMA Network Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation 197 Ajay R Mishra and Jussi Viero 3.1 Access Transmission Network Planning Process Master Planning Detail Planning Fundamentals of Transmission Modulations Multiple Access Schemes Digital Hierarchies PDH and SDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Microwave Link Planning Microwave Link Microwave Tower Microwave Link Design LOS Check Link Budget Calculation Repeaters Microwave Propagation Slow Fading 253

11 Contents ix Fast Fading Overcoming Fading Interface Planning A bis Planning Dynamic A bis Interface Planning in the UMTS Access Transmission Network Topology Planning Frequency Planning and Interference Loop Protection Equipment Planning BSC and TCSM Planning Timeslot Planning Linear TS Allocation Block TS Allocation TS Grouping TS Planning in the EDGE Network Transmission Management Element Master Management Buses Parameter Planning BTS/AXC Parameters RNC Parameters Transmission Network Optimisation Definition of Transmission GSM/EDGE Transmission Network Optimisation UMTS Transmission Network Optimisation Core Network Planning and Optimisation 315 James Mungai, Sameer Mathur, Carlos Crespo and Ajay R Mishra Part I Circuit Switched Core Network Planning and Optimisation Network Design Process Network Assessment Network Dimensioning Detailed Network Planning Network Evolution GSM Network GPP Release 99 Network GPP Release 4 Network GPP Release 5 and 6 Networks GPP Release 4 Circuit Core Network Release 4 Core Network Architecture CS Network Dimensioning CS Core Detailed Network Planning Control Plane Detailed Planning Control Plane Routing User Plane Detailed Planning Configuring Analyses in the MSS Routing Components of the MSC Server User Plane Routing 360

12 x Contents 4.7 CS Core Network Optimisation Key Performance Indicators Network Measurements CS Core Network Audit Audit Results Analysis Network Optimisation Results 379 Part II Packet Switched Core Network Planning and Optimisation Introduction to the PS Core Network Basic MPC Concepts Packet Routing (PDP Context) Interface of the GPRS with the 2G GSM Network IP Addressing Types of Network Dotted-Decimal Notation Subnetting IP Routing Protocols Dimensioning GPRS Protocol Stacks and Overheads IP backbone Planning and Dimensioning Current Network Assessment Dimensioning of the IP Backbone Bandwidth Calculations Mobile Packet Core Architecture Planning VLAN Iu-PS Interface Gn Interface Planning Gi Interface Planning Gp Interface Planning Packet Core Network Optimisation Packet Core Optimisation Approaches Packet Core Optimisation Main Aspects Key Performance Indicators KPI Monitoring Security Planning for Security Operational Security Additional Security Aspects Quality of Service Introduction to QoS QoS Environment QoS Process QoS Performance Management Fourth Generation Mobile Networks 417 Ajay R Mishra 5.1 Beyond 3G G Network Architecture Feature Framework in a 4G Network Diversity in a 4G Network Planning Overview for 4G Networks 419

13 Contents xi Technologies in Support of 4G Network Architectures in 4G Network Planning in 4G Networks OFDM What Is OFDM? MIMO Systems All-IP Network Planning Model All-IP Architecture Quality of Service Challenges and Limitations of 4G Networks Mobile Station Wireless Network Quality of Service 437 Appendix A: Roll-Out Network Project Management 439 Joydeep Hazra A.1 Project Execution 439 A.2 Network Implementation 440 A.2.1 Site Selection and Acquisition 440 A.2.2 Provision of Site Support Elements 444 A.2.3 Site Planning and Equipment Installation 444 A.2.4 Legal Formalities and Permissions 445 A.2.5 Statutory and Safety Requirements 446 A.3 Network Commissioning and Integration 446 A.3.1 Confirming the Checklist 447 A.3.2 Powering-Up and System Precheck 447 A.3.3 Commissioning 447 A.3.4 Inspection and Alarm Testing 448 A.3.5 Parameter Finalisation 448 A.3.6 Tools and Macros 449 A.3.7 Integration of Elements 449 A.3.8 System Verification and Feature Testing 451 A.3.9 System Acceptance 452 A.4 Care Phase 453 A.4.1 Care Agreement 453 A.4.2 Care Services 455 A.4.3 Other Optional O&M Assistance Services 462 Appendix B: HSDPA 467 Rafael Sánchez-Mejías B.1 Introduction 467 B.2 HSDPA Performance 468 B.3 Main Changes in HSDPA 468 B.3.1 HSDPA Channels 469 B.3.2 MAC Layer Split 470 B.3.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheme 471 B.3.4 Error Correction (HARQ) 471 B.3.5 Fast Packet Scheduling 472 B.3.6 Code Multiplexing (Optional) 473 B.3.7 Impact on the Iub Interface 474 B.4 Handset Capabilities 475

14 xii Contents B.5 HSDPA Planning and Dimensioning 476 B.5.1 Planning Basics 476 B.5.2 HSDPA Dimensioning 476 B.5.3 HSDPA Planning 478 B.6 Further Evolution: Release 6 HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA 480 B.6.1 HSDPA Release 6 Improvements 480 B.6.2 HSUPA 480 Appendix C: Digital Video Broadcasting 483 Lino Dalma C.1 Introduction 483 C.2 Handheld Television: Viewing Issues 483 C.3 System Issues of DVB-H and Broadband Wireless 484 C.4 Mobile Broadcasting 485 C.5 Mobile Broadcasting 485 C.5.1 DVB-H Technology Overview 486 C.6 DVB-H Introduction 486 C.6.1 Motivation for Creating DVB-H 486 C.6.2 Overview of Mobile TV Broadcasting Technology (DVB-H) 487 C.6.3 Overview of DVB-T 488 C.6.4 DVB-H Innovative Elements 490 C.6.5 DVB-T and DVB-H Coexistence 491 Conclusion 492 Appendix D: TETRA Network Planning 493 Massimiliano Mattina D.1 TETRA Standard 493 D.2 TETRA Services 495 D.3 TETRA Network Elements 496 D.4 TETRA Main Features 499 D.4.1 Physical Layer 500 D.4.2 TETRA Memorandum of Understanding 502 D.5 Introduction to TETRA Network Planning 502 D.5.1 Radio Network Planning 503 D.5.2 Traffic Capacity Planning 505 Suggested Reading 507 Index 511

15 Forewords Mobile Revolution A global revolution is going on and most people do not even realise that it is happening. I am talking about the Mobile Revolution. During each of the next 5 years there will be about 350 million additional people on this earth who will be connected to the communications network or, in other words, 1 million new subscribers every day or 10 new subscribers every second. By the time you will have finished reading this page, another 1000 more people will have become members of the global communications community. For most of them it will not only be their first mobile phone, it will be their first phone, and for at least half of them it will be their first camera, their first music player and, of course, their first Internet access. Mobile Revolution is a big word, you might say. Why not be more humble and call it a Mobile Evolution? Actually, the growth pattern of the cellular industry in the 1990s was very much evolutionary. However, in the last couple of years the momentum has attained a different quality. From making voice mobile we are moving to all aspects of our lives. Mobile music, mobile TV, mobile and mobile office all allow us to liberate ourselves from a fixed location. People no longer need to rush back home in order not to miss the first minutes of a sports event on television and sales people update their sales catalogue and price lists over-the-air directly into the mobile device on the way to their clients. Mobile services with video capabilities have the capacity to transform the way production plants are being monitored and maintained. Complete value chains are just now being redefined. Sociologists have started academic studies on the effect of mobile communications on societies, for instance regarding community building among teenagers. Whereas tribal behaviour among teenagers used to be tied to a certain location, e.g. the local park, communities nowadays are formed through communications devices irrespective of location. This will have a significant effect on the way societies will develop. In April 1991, I saw the first commercial GSM Base Station in the field. Most probably the last pieces of this first generation equipment have long found their way into the technical museums of this world. Since then thousands of innovative and experienced engineers have worked together in order to take technology from GSM to GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA and HSPA; soft switching is replacing traditional switching concepts and IP technology enables true technology and service convergence. The true challenge of the future, however, does not lie in bringing even higher speeds into the networks or in connecting even more people faster. In my mind the real engineering masterpiece will be to create superior quality-ofexperience for the end user. Consumers are not interested at all in three- or four-letter abbreviations, let alone in understanding how they work. Consumers want ease-of-use and superior quality anytime and anywhere. The ultimate engineering challenge is to understand the desired experience and implement the technical ecosystem from the user interface and the operating system of the mobile device through the radio network and the air interface, passing through the application middleware and connecting to the Internet, the voice network or the corporate environment. Mobile networks enable an uninterrupted phone conversation to be enjoyed while driving on German motorways with no speed limits at speeds of 200 km/h with handovers every s or allow businessmen to check their s while riding elevators in some of the highest buildings in the world in Shanghai or