o MAC (6/18 or 33%) o WIN (17/18 or 94%) o Unix (0/18 or 0%)
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1 Computer OS: Feel comfortable with these operating systems o MAC (6/18 or 33%) o WIN (17/18 or 94%) o Unix (0/18 or 0%) CS120 The Information Era LECTURE 2 TOPICS:, Review, Computer Basics, Computer History, Network History Programming: o Java (0/18 or 0%) o C/C++ (4/18 or 22%) o BASIC (4/18 or 22%) o JAVASCRIPT (1/18 or 5%) o HTML (28/18 or %) Computer Hardware at Home: o MAC (4/18 or 22%) o PC (11/18 or 61%) 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 1 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 2 Majors: o BUSINESS (10/18 or 56%) o ECONOMICS (2/18 or 11%) o MEDIA ARTS (4/18 or 22%) o PSYCHOLOGY (2/18 or 11%) o POLSCI (1/18 or 5%) o EXERCISE SCIENCE (1/18 or 5%) o BIOLOGY (1/18 or 5%) Things that you would most like to get from this course: o WEB PAGE CONSTRUCTION (MOST COMMON RESPONSE) o NETWORKING o MAC OS o PROGRAMMING HTML 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 3 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 4 Bits and Bytes: Review What is a bit? What is a byte? o Kilobyte? o Megabyte? o Gigabyte? What is ASCII? What are files? o Characters stored in a text file are usually one byte. Approximate sizes One page text 5KB One color cartoon 50KB One high-resolution photo 500KB One floppy disk 1.44MB 3 Minutes of music (MP3) 3 MB One medium sized website 50MB One Standard ZIP disk 100 MB 3 minutes of video 400 MB One CD-ROM 640 MB One hard drive GB One DVD GB 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 5 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 6 1
2 MP3 What is it? Why is it revolutionary? Storing Music 3 minutes of music o Uncompressed: 45 MB o Compressed: 3 MB 10 GB hard drive o store 15 audio CDs uncompressed o store 200 audio CDs compressed 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 7 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 8 Computer History Computer History: ENIAC The ENIAC: The first operational electronic general purpose computer (1946) o Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator o Moore School at University of Penn. o Used for computing artillery firing tables o U-shaped, 80 feet long by 8.5 feet high by several feet wide o 18,000 vacuum tubes o Funded by US Government: $500,000 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 9 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 10 Computer History (cont.) Several large machines followed o Programmed by switches, plugs and punch cards o Very expensive to own and run o Many users of one system o Difficult to program Computer History (cont.) In the mid to late 70 s, the personal computer (PC) was born o Technology was cheap enough to build a computer meant for one o Concentrate on making it easy to use 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 11 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 12 2
3 PC s Apple computer was first o Apple II was the first big commercial success o IBM wound up being more successful o Used Intel chips o Used Microsoft software (DOS and programming languages) o These machines and clones have become what we call PC s today 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 13 PC vs. Mac Misnomer: PC stands for personal computer Personal computers are both PC s and Mac s PC comes from shortened version of IBM compatible PC o IBM built PC to compete with Apple o Made with Intel processor, Microsoft OS and software o Open architecture many other companies besides IBM 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 14 PC Basics Operating system (OS) o Software that controls all aspects of the computer system o Starts when turn on computer Different OS s o Microsoft Windows o Mac OS o Linux/Unix o Palm OS 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 15 CPU Brain of computer Executes instructions and performs calculations Microprocessors hold CPU unit in personal computers o Pentium IV, Xenon, Celeron (INTEL) o UltraSPARC III (SUN) o G4, G5 (APPLE) 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 16 CPU 3 characteristics of the CPU o clock speed o instruction set o bandwidth 1. Clock speed How many instructions per second it executes Given in megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second o cycle: smallest time unit o 800 MHz: 800 million cycles per second One instruction can execute in one cycle, but sometimes more 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 17 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 18 3
4 1. Clock speed (cont.) Moore s law: computers double in speed every 18 months at no additional cost Can you determine the Clock Speed of your computer? 2. Instruction Set Instructions execute all functions Different for different chips Can simulate instruction set of different computer, but slower 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 19 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era Bandwidth Amount of data that can move around within a computer CPU, instruction sets, network connection all affect bandwidth Anything slow or small--bottleneck Networks and the Internet The internet is a network of computers networks o More specifics next lecture The communication links o phone lines o digital cables o optical fiber o satellite transmissions 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 21 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 22 Speed by Connection Type MODEM: 56 kbps ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Kbps T1: Mbps DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): 512 Kbps-8Mbps ETHERNET: 10Mbps CABLE MODEM: 512 Kbps-52 Mbps T3: Mbps GIGABIT ETHERNET: 1 Gbps OC-256: Gbps Check out 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 23 Department of Defense started ARPAnet First came online in 1970 NSFnet (started by National Science Foundation) started connecting universities to the internet in 1988 Funding for new technology o IBM, MCI, MERIT Too big for government to subsidize 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 24 4
5 First subscription-based, commercial Internet company, UUNET, was founded in to 1991, the Internet took another great leap forward with the conceptualization and design of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in Geneva Advanced Networks and Services built new backbone in 1992 (20x bandwidth) called ANSnet The first really friendly interface to the Internet was an online menu system called a gopher developed at the University of Minnesota, in 1991 In 1993, Mark Andreesen launched Mosaic, the first easy-to-use Web browser at the National Center for SuperComputing Applications in Illinois. Andreesen soon went on to form Netscape, and released a new version of Mosaic called Navigator. 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 25 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 26 Who s in charge? Federal Networking Council used to decide who got on the internet Before 1990, had to be sponsored by a government agency Federal Networking Council dropped the requirement o Opened door for commercialization! Continued No one really in charge--just some agencies that monitor FCC regulates billing practices of phone companies Self-regulated o Effective or like the Wild West? 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 27 2/2/05 CS120 The Information Era 28 5
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