CELL PHONE BASED VOTING MACHINE

Transcription

1 A MAJOR PROJECT ON CELL PHONE BASED VOTING MACHINE SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. FROM KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA SUBMITTED BY: NIKHIL ( ) HEMANT KUMAR ( ) PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN ( ) GUIDED BY: Prof. G.C. Lall CO-GUIDED BY: Asstt. Prof. Vijay Lamba DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AMBALA ROAD,

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions & opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to continuous process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The process of completion of this project was a tedious job & requires care & support at all stages. I would like to highlight the role played by individuals towards this. I am eternally grateful to honorable principal Dr. D.P. Gupta for providing us the opportunity & infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree. I am very thankful to Asst. Prof. Rajiv Chechi, Head of Department, for his kind support & faith in us. I would like to express my sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Prof. G.C Lall for their keen interests my project. I also thank Mr. Varun Sharma for his valuable help in our project. I am also thankful to all visible & invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a feeling of success. Nikhil ( ) Hemant Kumar ( ) Priyanshu Chauhan ( ) (i)

3 CERTIFICATE We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the project entitled CELL PHONE BASED VOTING MACHINE by NIKHIL SHARMA, HEMANT KUMAR, PRIYANSHU CAUHAN in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. at Haryana College Of Technology & Management, Kaithal under Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from August2008 to December2008 under the supervision of Prof. G.C. Lall Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, HCTM Kaithal. The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me in any other University/ Institue for the award of B.Tech. Degree. NIKHIL SHARMA ( ) HEMANT KUMAR ( ) PRIYANSHU CHAUHAN ( ) This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our knowledge. Prof. G.C. Lall Project Guide Asstt. Prof. Vijay Lamba Project Co-guide The B.Tech Viva Voce Examination of Nikhil Sharma, Hemant Kumar, Priyanshu Chauhan has been held on and accepted. (Asstt. Prof. Rajiv Chechi) H.O.D (ii)

4 ABSTRACT India is world s largest democracy. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of Indian democracy. In India all earlier elections a voter used to cast his vote by using ballot paper. This is a long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors. This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this condensed into a simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine. Cell phone based voting machine is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out the chance of invalid votes. Its use results in reduction of polling time, resulting in fewer problems in electoral preparations, law and order, candidates' expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the counting centre. Our cell phone based voting machine consists of microcontroller ATMEL AT89S51, a DTMF decoder CM8870C, a memory storage device EEPROM. DTMF is sent to the microcontroller which is decoded by CM8870C and the password is fed with the candidate number. The EEPROM is used to store the memory in case of power failure. This project is based on assembly language programming. The software platform used in this project are Keil uvision3 and SPIPGM37.

5 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1.1 List of Components Port 1 Configuration Port 3 Configuration Cost Analysis 35 (iv)

6 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1.1 Pin Diagram of AT89S Block Diagram of AT89S Pin Diagram of CM8870C Pin Diagram of 24C Voltage Regulator Schematic Diagram of LCD Power Supply Bridge Rectifier Basic Forms of Transformer Diode Symbol of Capacitor Capacitor & Battery Connection LED & LED Symbol Block Diagram Circuit Diagram 34 (v)

7 CONTENTS CONTENTS Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract List of Tables List of Figures Page No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Chapter 1 Introduction 1-23 Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 PCB Designing Working 32 Block Diagram 33 Circuit Diagram 34 Chapter 4 Cost Analysis 35 Problem Faced & Troubleshooting 36 Chapter 5 Conclusion 37 Future Scope 37 REFERENCES 38 APPENDIX Program Coding Datasheets 50-56

8 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS INTRODUCTION The aim of our project is to design & develop a mobile based voting machine. In this project user can dial the specific number from any land line or mobile phone to cast his vote. Once the user is connected to the voting machine he can enter his password & choice of vote. If he has entered a valid choice & password his vote will be caste with two short duration beeps. For invalid password/choice long beep will be generated. User is allotted 15 seconds to enter his password & choice. A reset button is provided for resetting the system. A total key is provided to display the result. We have also used non-volatile memory for storing all data. EEPROM will preserve all information in case of power failure. In this project all information is transmitted through DTMF tones. The major block & their functions are described in details below. DTMF DECODER In DTMF decoder circuit we use IC IC 8870 converts the dual tones to corresponding binary outputs. DTMF SIGNALLING AC register signaling is used in DTMF telephones, here tones rather than make/break pulse are used for dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones (one from low group for row and another from high group for column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400 HZ, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid DTMF signal is the sum of two tones, one from a lower group ( Hz) and the other from a higher group ( Hz). Each group contains four individual

9 2 tones. This scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1 through 9 and 0.. tones in DTMF dialing are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of are other tone. Therefore is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The DTMF signal contains only one component from each of the high and low group. This significantly simplifies decoding because the composite DTMF signal may be separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled individually.

10 3 COMPONENTS LIST OF COMPONENTS USED Table No. 1.1 List of components Sr. no Equipment Quantity 1 IC AT89S51 MC 1 2 IC MT8870DE 1 3 IC ATMEL AT24C Voltage Regulator line LCD display 1 6 Transformer 1 7 Crystal Oscillator 2 8 Switch 2 9 LED 2 10 Resistors(1KΩ,10KΩ,47kΩ,100KΩ,330kΩ,) Capacitors(22pf,.1µf,10µf,470µf,1000µf) Diodes 5 13 Mobile Speaker Port 1 14 Mobile MIC Port 1

11 4 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 1) MICRO-CONTROLLER AT89S51 FEATURES Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

12 5 DESCRIPTION The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel s highdensity non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. PIN DIAGRAM Figure No. 1.1: Pin Diagram of AT89S51

13 6 PROCESSOR A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way specified by a sequence of instructions. INSTRUCTIONS Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions are also called opcodes or machine codes. Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core. Every processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and functionality. PROGRAM The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of instructions may be altered to suit the application. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very difficult,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor. ASSEMBLER An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors. Software called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code. Ease of programming and portability.

14 7 PIN DESCRIPTION VCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Table 1.2 : Port 1 Configuration Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.

15 8 Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table: Table 1.3: Port 3 Configuration RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.

16 9 PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

17 10 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE Figure No. 1.2: Block Diagram of Microcontroller

18 11 ALU The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers and ALU. Operations performed by the ALU are Addition, Subtraction, Not, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, Shift Left/Right, Rotate Left/right, Compare etc. Some ALU supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location from ALU output. REGISTERS Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies significantly between processor architectures. WORKING REGISTERS Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers. INDEX REGISTERS Points to memory addresses. STATUS REGISTERS Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from various operations. CONTROL REGISTERS Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating modes of various internal subsystems.

19 12 MEMORY Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor. SRAM Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support circuitry. DRAM Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence require external circuitry. OTP ROM One time programmable, used for shipping in final products. EPROM Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and debugging. EEPROM Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit, Used for storing system parameters. FLASH Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors. BUSES A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor. Processor buses are of three types: Data bus Address bus Control bus

20 13 CONTROLLER LOGIC Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units. It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor. I/O Peripherals The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world Parallel Ports. Serial Ports. ADC/DAC. 2) IC CM8870 FEATURES Full DTMF receiver Less than 35mW power consumption Industrial temperature range Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators Adjustable acquisition and release times 18-pin DIP, 18-pin DIP EIAJ, 18-pin SOIC, 20-pin PLCC DESCRIPTION The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split filter and digital decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and dial tone rejection. The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This device contains input protection against damage due to high static voltages or electric fields; however, precautions should be taken to avoid application of voltages higher than the maximum rating.

21 14 PIN DIAGRAM Fig No.: Pin Diagram of CM8870C PIN CONFIGURATION IN+: Non-inverting IN : Inverting GS: Gain select VREF: Reference Output Voltage (nominally VDD/2) INH: Inhibits OSC3: Digital buffered oscillator output PD: Power down OSC1: Clock input OSC2: Clock output VSS: Negative power supply TOE: Three-state output enable (Input) Q1: Three-state outputs Q2, Q3, Q4: Tone pair received StD: Delayed Steering output ESt: Early steering output St/Gt: Steering input/guard VDD: Positive power supply IC: Internal connection

22 15 3) ATMEL 24C16 FEATURES Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation 2.7 (VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V) 1.8 (VCC = 1.8V to 5.5V) Internally Organized 128 x 8 (1K), 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K), 1024 x 8 (8K) or 2048 x 8 (16K) 2-wire Serial Interface Schmitt Trigger, Filtered Inputs for Noise Suppression Bi-directional Data Transfer Protocol 100 khz (1.8V, 2.5V, 2.7V) and 400 khz (5V) Compatibility 8-byte Page (1K, 2K), 16-byte Page (4K, 8K, 16K) Write Modes Partial Page Writes are Allowed Self-timed Write Cycle (10 ms max) High-reliability Endurance: 1 Million Write Cycles Data Retention: 100 Years Automotive Grade and Extended Temperature Devices Available 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP and 8-lead TSSOP Packages DESCRIPTION The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 provides 1024/2048/4096/8192/16384 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as 128/256/512/1024/2048 words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 is available in space-saving 8-pin PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP and 8-lead TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface.

23 16 PIN DIAGRAM Fig No. Pin Diagram of AT 24C16 PIN CONFIGURATION A0 - A2 : Address Inputs SDA : Serial Data SCL : Serial Clock Input WP : Write Protect NC : No Connect GND : Ground 4) VOLTAGE REGULATOR FEATURES Output current in Excess of 1.0 A No external component required Internal thermal overload protection Internal short circuit current limiting Output transistor safe-area compensation Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

24 17 DESCRIPTION Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current and overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Figure No. 1.5: 7805 Voltage Regulator 5) LCD DISPLAY This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board. Figure No. 1.8: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display

25 18 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly. 6) POWER SUPPLY A AC Suppl y D1 D F D4 D2 B 2 Figure No. 1.10: Power Supply

26 19 BRIDGE RECTIFIER Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as shown in figure. A 1 D1 D3 AC Supply 3 Load D4 D2 B 2 Figure No. 1.11: Bridge Rectifier OPERATION During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point1 of bridge positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 & D4 become reverse biased. As a result a current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D2 to the negative end.during negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1. Diodes D1 & D2 now become reverse biased.thus a current flow from point 2 to point1. 7) TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings. In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the

27 20 flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little leakage flux. This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same. Figure 2.12: Basic Forms of Transformer 8) DIODE The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias. Figure No. 1.13: Diode When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode). APPLICATION Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc. Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc

28 21 9) RESISTORS The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical friction.this opposing force is called resistance of the material.in some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories, only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor.the third category is the wire wound type,where value are generally printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mohm. Figure No. 1.14: Symbol of Resistance TESTING Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a defective resistor the ohm-meter shows infinite high reading. 10) CAPACITORS In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at the other terminal. BASIC Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each other. You can

29 22 easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this: Figure No. 1.17: Symbol of Capacitor When you connect a capacitor to a battery, here s what happens: The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery accepts electrons that the battery is producing. The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery loses electrons to the battery. Figure No. 1.18: Capacitor & Battery Connection TESTING To test the capacitors, either analog meters or special digital meters with the specified function are used. The non-electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.

30 23 11) LED LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence. Figure No. 1.19: LED & LED Symbol LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed by led.the LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg. 12) CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator. Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without resorting to some sort of crystal control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators. The frequency of older FT-243 crystals can be moved upward by crystal grinding.

31 24 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW PREHISTORY: 8048 In fact, it should have started with chapter -2, the invention of microprocessor. Intel introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in It was a 4-bit microprocessor, with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators, especially if the software is based on BCD arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008 and it's grownup brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-intel employee as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times). In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, It integrated the processing core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a 1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallisation mask during the chip processing) or EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM (including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system). Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 rather than the Also it is said to bear remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether something of this is true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange features. Using four of its general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the hardware - dedicated pins on but also in the instruction set, having dedicated instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the expander. The 8048 already had a lot of useful features known well to 8051-users: external code memory support; external data memory support (inherently only 256 bytes addressed indirectly by R0 and R1 as there is no 16 bit pointer register such as the DPTR in the

32 inherited this 8-bit external data access); quasibidirectional I/O ports. Maximum clock is 11MHz, but an instruction cycle takes 15 oscillator clocks. The "A" version (advanced) introduced powerdown mode There were multiple variations of the 8048 around, mostly with different numbering, but generally denoted as the MCS-48 family itself denoted a mask-rom part, 8748 an EPROM part - windowed (CERDIP - erasable) for development, and unwindowed (PDIP) OTP. The romless part was a bit surprisingly marked 8035 (probably most of the parts sold as romless were parts with unusable ROM, due to error in the "programmed" firmware). There was a low-cost version with reduced pin count and omitted some of the features as 8021, and versions with more ROM and RAM as 8049 (2kB ROM/128B RAM) and 8050 (4kB ROM/256B RAM); with ROMless versions as 8039 and 8040; and 8049 had also an EPROM version 8749 (the funny thing is, that 8749 came in 1981, one year after 8051/8751). 8048's were second sourced by a number of manufacturers, including NEC, Toshiba, and were cloned also behind the then iron curtain in Czechoslovakia (Tesla MHB8048/8035) and USSR. Application specific versions of 8048 were also built quite early, with adding of various peripherals, such as 8-bit ADC in 8022 and a parallel-bus slave interface in 8041/8042. The MCS-48 family was used in a quite wide range of applications. One of the first applications of 8048 was in a gaming console (Magnavox Odyssey2), but there were also more "serious" applications, for example in one of the first car engine "computerized" control units. But the biggest hit came when IBM decided to use 8048 in its original PC keyboard. Although in the AT keyboard IBM used the (presumably cheaper) 6805, it used 8042 as a coprocessor on the mainboard, communicating with the keyboard. The 8042 is still present in almost each and every PC even today, but don't search for a chip with "8042" on it - it is integrated in the chipset. It may come as a surprise to somebody, but thanks to this fact the 8048 with its derivatives is most probably the most widespread microcontroller at all. As in the 70s there were no pdf-s and no world-wide web, datasheets and other documentation is hardly available over the internet. I believe Intel will give out a copy if one really wants it (there is a "literature request" form at their "museum" pages). However, there

33 26 seems to be a couple of enthusiastic people, one of the maintaining a wonderful document called Grokking the MCS-48 System at : THE CLASSICS In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the Intel made sure that the transition from the already successful model will be as smooth as possible. Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to Almost every feature and resource of 8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form. 4kB ROM and 128B RAM on chip. Pin compatibility was not maintained, but it was not a real issue. Software compatibility is not binarywise but source-wise, but that is also acceptable. The preliminary datasheet read: "Enhanced MCS-48 Architecture". The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with appropriate support in instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional and unconditional jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a 256-byte page in 8048), four register banks instead of two, "unlimited" stack (8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes), multiple and divide instructions. As for peripherals, second timer was added and both were extended to 16 bits with multiple modes (including 8-bit autoreload mode), and an UART (which was a luxury that many lower-end microcontrollers didn't have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock frequency did not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle is 12 clocks now. Similarly to 8048, also the 8051 had variants, but there was no cut-down "low-cost" version (presumably because of the cost of ROM/RAM and the DIP40 package went low enough). The romless version was 8031 and the EPROM version was The "extended" version (with 8032 and 8752) came 3 years later and featured besides 8kB ROM and 256B RAM also an extra 16-bit timer. An unusual chip was the 8052AH-BASIC, which according to Intel was "software-onsilicon version of the 8052 microcontroller with a BASIC interpreter on-chip in 8K ROM". The whole family was eventually called MCS-51 and was manufactured in NMOS, since 1986 in CMOS.

34 27 Intel provided all the needed initial tools and support with the assembler, application notes, example software, in-circuit emulator. Some of the appnotes and software still can be found on Intel's webpages and are of excellent quality. The basic datasheet set - dubbed in the community as "the bible" - is still THE reference source of information on 8051 and its derivatives, even today. So, Intel did its job, providing everything needed to make 8051 successful, and the rest is history. THE BIRDS ARE OUT OF THE NEST Similar to 8048, also the 8051 has been licensed to various manufacturers worldwide. Some of the early adopters include Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra) and Siemens. Most of these companies don't exist any more, some have been taken over, others have been renamed; but most of them still manufacture some derivative of The licensees started to make fully compatible models. Naturally, they took over also the datasheets, for example the "bible" is better used in the Philips version, which is a verbatim copy of the Intel version, except that it is a true searchable pdf, while the Intel is a scanned copy of paper document, unsearchable. More than that, the manufacturers took over the annoying practice of Intel to include in datasheets only the specific differences to the "bible", very confusing for the newbies (but there are opinions on this, some of the users consider this arrangement better than having huge datasheets containing all the common details). The manufacturers published their own appnotes, which all together form a huge knowledge base and code library, but... due to competition it is scattered across the manufacturers' sites, an another confusing fact for the newbies. Later, the manufacturers rolled out their own derivatives and variants with varying marking - there is no real standard in it (although there are some idiosyncrasies present in the marking of most manufacturers). All types of modifications described in the following chapters were applied; but the compatibility to the original 8051 was usually maintained. This, together with

35 28 the availability of second-, third-,...,35th-,...-source of 8051 is the true source of its immortality. EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be embedded in various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks. Typically, the resources of the ASIC are mapped as external data memory, as if the ASIC would be connected to a conventional 8051 chip. This approach allows to use an unmodified core, which speeds up the chip development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC could be breadboard-prototyped in this form easily. As an example, Intel produced 80C51SL, a descendant of Philips has a line of based teletext controllers. In a particular USB webcamera, the chip interfacing the CCD and USB was controlled by an embedded There are probably much more examples around, but most of them never get public. In spite of this, the 8051 in this form is produced probably in much higher volumes than as general-purpose microcontrollers. EXTRAS Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been introduced by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased code and data memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above, these chips tend to implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed usually via extra SFRs. This allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct addressing (mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation instructions, too. One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which introduced the programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052 otherwise). It was intended for automotive applications (brake control). Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and more code memory. 80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal external" data memory. These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "sub-family", produced by Philips, Atmel (as ex-temic), SST and Winbond.

36 29 FAT BOYS: 16-BIT EXTENSIONS When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications started to grow and soon required more power than the 8051 even with enhancements could provide. There were 16-bit microcontrollers around (e.g. Intel had it's 80C196 line), but it seemed a good idea to provide a more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit version of Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C251. It went all the way to achieve compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to switch to native 16-bit 251- mode) and had a package pin-compatible with It was not a big success, most probably for bad market timing (although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel). Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family, which seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy code has to be maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and poses little constraint on the chip design itself. All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the 8051 and are less widespread. FLASH FOR THE MASSES In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory, enabling fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-grade chip in development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be reprogrammed when upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs. It brought down the 8051 to the masses - the small "garage" companies and hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced also 89C2051 with decreased pin count (and price).this was a smart move, the chip proved to be extremely popular in many small applications. Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most of them able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-situ programming (ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end versions also able to reprogram themselves (inapplication programming, IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed or OTP - seems to become extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.

37 30 CHAPTER 3 P.C.B. DESIGNING & WORKING 1) P.C.B. DESIGNING P.C.B. LAYOUT The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of component side is to be made in accordance with available components dimensions. The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B. 1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained. 2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors. 3. The most important points are that the components layout is making proper compromise with copper side circuit layout. Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the components; they are small in size and efficient in performance. PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the copper clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between the leg of the component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it is allowed to dry.

38 31 DRILLING After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at desired points where we have to fix the components. ETCHING The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is known as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed circuit is placed in the solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed from the P.C.B. After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in order to get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of the circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the P.C.B. is ready for use. SOLDERING Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two metal conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also present oxidation. SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES: These are basically two soldering techniques. Manual soldering with iron. Mass soldering.

39 32 2) WORKING OF PROJECT The working of this project is controlled by a microcontroller ATMEL AT89C51 and a DTMF decoder CM8870 is used for decoding key tones of cell phone and EEPROM is used for memory storage. The project works in the following ways: 1. Switch on power supply. 2. Message wait will appear on LCD. 3. Type #22 followed with candidate number to enter the vote where 22 is the password. 4. If vote is casted then vote casted successfully on the LCD & if not then invalid vote try again will appear. 5. To check the number of vote press the button on the PCB and number of votes of each candidate & total number of vote will appear on LCD. 6. A reset key is present to reset the microcontroller..

40 33 3) BLOCK DIAGRAM 230V AC Step Down T/F Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Voltage Regulator +5VDC/500mA DTMF Decoder (MM8870) Microcontroller AT89C2051 LCD Display MOBILE PHONE EEPROM (24C16) Figure No. 3.1: Block Diagram

41 34 4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure No. 3.2: Circuit Diagram

42 35 CHAPTER 4 COST ANALYSIS & TROUBLESHOOTING COST ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS USED Table no. 4.1: Cost Analysis Sr. no Equipment Quantity Rate (in Rs.) 1 IC AT89S51 MC IC MT8870DE IC ATMEL AT24C Voltage Regulator line LCD display Transformer Crystal Oscillator Switch LED Resistors(1KΩ,10KΩ,47kΩ,100KΩ,330kΩ,) Capacitors(22pf,.1µf,10µf,470µf,1000µf) Diodes Mobile Speaker Port Mobile MIC Port 1 20 TOTAL 629

43 36 PROBLEM FACED First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE that, it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor & LCD. Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of STEPPER MOTOR We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder the connection and did soldering again. A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be replaced. LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the new one. TROUBLESHOOT Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints. Proper power supply should maintain. Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate Component change and check again circuit

44 37 CHAPTER 5 CONCULSION FUTURE SCOPE Number of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller. It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly from the machine itself. It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers. Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds AREA OF APPLICATIONS Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare association, panchayat level election and other society level elections. It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting. It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation. It is used in various TV serials as for public opinion.

45 38 REFRENCES Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER Tutorial on microcontroller: Tutorial on LCD: WEBSITES

46 39 APPENDIX CODING SOFTWARE:- #include<8051.h> #include<intrpt.h> #include<conio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<delay.h> #include<e2prom16.h> #include<lcd4bit.h> #define DTMF_PORT P1 #define DTMF_READY P3_BITS.B2 #define TIMER0_INT ET0 #define DELAY1 ( ) #define RESET_KEY P2_BITS.B7 void interrupt dtmf_isr(void); void interrupt timer0_isr(void); void on_ack(void); void off_ack(void); const char msg_1[] = "***WELCOME TO***"; const char msg_2[] = " MOBILE VOTING. "; const char msg_3[] = " TOTAL VOTE "; const char msg_4[] = "CANDIDATE-1 VOTE"; const char msg_5[] = "CANDIDATE-2 VOTE"; const char msg_6[] = "CANDIDATE-3 VOTE"; const char msg_7[] = "CANDIDATE-4 VOTE";