Computer science First Class Lecture 1

Transcription

1 Historical Brief 1- The First Computer Man's need to handle data & information increases with the evaluation of society& with industrial development it was Blaise Pascal in 1647 who designed an adding machine it was the first ever calculation machine to calculate taxes in 1666 Morland made a made a calculating machine do adding & Subtracting,later he improved it in 1673 to do multiplying, also in that period Leibinz designed a machine do all four calculating operations& finding root based on algebraic principles it was called Stepped Reckoner.In 1830 Charles Babbage designed the Difference engine it operate based on Number difference then in 1859 he also design a Big & Complicated Machine called the Analytic Engine it had the five basic consumptions of a modern day computer and the possibility to take a decisions between Two course of action the speed was 60 addtion per second that is way he was called the father of the computer. his work inspired lady Ada Augesta who suggested that computer should Be programmed to solve problems, she was interested in the problem of computing, suggested that computer will be programmable in the future that is why she is the first programmer in the world and the first programming language was named after her (ADA) in 1880 Dr.Hreman Hollerith developed A Punched card system design a sorting & punching Machine for general population Counting using a code known as Hollerth code was to store information which can be read a sorting machine by storing data in punched card was punched by a machine in which that the card is the stored information,1890 this machine was bought By (international Business Machine Company ) also Known as IBM. in 1935 the first digital computer was Z1 it was designed by (Konrad Zuse ) it had a keyboard and Output unit then he design Z2 it used electro magnetic storage device it was bought by Siemens. In 1943 the first computer was designed (Harvard Mark I) in the Second World War it was 15 m length 24 m Height it depended on Vacuumed vulvae it contained 1000 of them, in 1945 (mauckly & Eckart ) designed A Computer Called (ENIAC) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator it was faster than mark I But it was more heaver & Bigger it Contained 1800 tube,in 1949 J.W.Newman made (EDSAC) with software and based on programming. In 1950's IBM Produced (IBM 701) computer for commercial Use then later was followed By (IBM 704) it was the beginning of computer as Known now.

2 2-babbage Criteria Charles babbage was the first to give a definition of a computer,according to Him a machine is called a computer when if it satisfies the following criteria 1. it must be able to solve of arithmetic & logical calculations 2. the machine must have some type of storage unit where it can store data which may be required by the user. 3. the machine must have some Input-Output Device through which it can communicate with the User. 4. The machine must have some kind of decision making power Charles Babbage 's difference engine Konrad Zuse's Z1 3-Computers in Iraq The first computer entered Iraq in 1963 For Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in Karkuk it was a second generation computer (IBM 1401) then in 1966 four computers entered Iraq 1. NCR 315 (Japanese) For Iraqi National Electricity Administration 2. ICL 1902 (British) For Iraqi Railways Administration 3. Two IBM 1130 (USA) for Ministry of Health & College of Engineering University of Baghdad Then in 1968 two computers entered Iraq for ministry of Planning & The Central Statistical Board then 1985 Electrical Industries Company (EIC)

3 Assembled NEC PC 6001 then 1988 assembled Olivetti (IBM XT) Compatible 1990 Saladin Company Assembled an IBM XT compatible Computer Science & Engineering entered in Iraqi Universities in 1970's In the 1980's Iraqi High schools started teaching computer science. 3-Computer Generations This term means the evaluation of computers electronically throw time after inventions, or also an be the advancement in the felid of computer Hardware & software in earlier days the term means hardware only 3-1First Generation ( ) This generation began with (IBM 701)& These computers used vacuum tubes or valve which worked on the principles of thermionic emissions. the vacuum contain filaments which on heating, emitted electrons. at that time the vacuum tube was the only medium can process any electron signal, it can perform mathematical calculations in 0.001Sec. the Major software development was programming language is FORTRAN form word Formula and Translation by IBM, but that generations had has limitations & drawback 1- the size was very Huge and was not portable 2- Extremely slow 3- Unreliable as filament frequently burnt out 4- Needed an initialization time to start operations 5- Needed a large amount of power to run the machine 6- Very High Heat generations & radiations 7- Needed Heavy of air conditioning system 8- costly (Harvard Mark I)

4 EVIDAC ENIAC 3-2 second Generation Then invention of the transistor in 1947 as a revolution in semi conductor technology it was a small metallic.this generation began in 1953 with (IBM 7090)also a major breakthrough was the Operating System (O.S) and data Processing was started in many types (Inter active, Time shear real time), now the power requirement was reduced and the speed had increased and also to compare that 1stb generations : 1- size was small 2- require Less power 3- Speed of operations is relatively 4- Portable & robust 5- No initialization time is required 6- less Heat is generated 7- cost is less 8- More reliable and less prone to faults During this period some other high level language were developed 1. cobol (Common Business Oriented Language) it was design for commercial & Business application 2. Basic (Beginner s all purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) for all tasks 3. PL/1 (Programming Language 1) a multi purpose language in which used for (Scientific Computing, Business)

5 2-3 third Generation This generation began in 1959 with the production of the first computer for commercial use (pdp8) with the use of Integrated Circuit (IC) of silicon chips size 1/16 th in 2 in which led to deferent types from main frames( IBM 360) to mini computers & The features of this generation was 1- size was small as group of transistors by a single IC 2- Portable & Handy 3- work in a higher speed sec 4- Robust & reliable 5- it need less power 6- cost are low the programming language developed during this period were 1.RPG (Report Program Genration) to change from punched cards to programs 2.ALGOL(ALGOrithm Language) to represent Algorithm Ppd8 IBM 360

6 2-4 Fourth Generation( ) This generation began in 1971 example (NEC,MSX) with the use of More powerful IC named (S.S.I) Small Scale Integration then (M.S.I) Medium Scale Integration then (L.S,I) Large Scale Integration and Then (V.L.S.I) Very Large Scale Integration which led to invention of a microchip by Motorola Personal computers & The features of this generation was 1- Very Small in size & weight 2- a better storage capacity compared with other generations 3- it is a multi-purpose computer to do several task at the same time 4- Very Powerful in Mathematical Calculations & data Processing 5- Very fast 6- Need a little power 7- Reliable in true sense 8- Chip set among all generations of computer During this period application software were developed and High level programming language 1.PASCAL it was done by a swiss computer scientist 2.ADA for powerful programming 3.C it was done in bell laboratory 4.Structure Query Language (SQL) like Oracle

7 2-4 Fifth Generation (1981- ) This generation began in 1981 with (IBM XT & AT ) with the use of Multi-integrated circuits in which led to more development in Personal computers ( Lap Tops)& The features of this generation was 1- the size was very small 2- a better storage capacity compared with other generations 3- a better programming & software than 4 th generations works in various Felids 4- more faster than other generation 5- it does not need large space & ventilation 6- less cost than other generations 7- the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in factories 8- more application in the felids of nuclear energy & Space